Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• , respectively [31]. In addition, the coupling of MOFs with conducting polymers was investigated to modulate their electrical properties. Conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes were coated with porphyrin-based MOFs to detect dopamine in the range of 2 × 10−6 to 270 × 10−6 M with a LOD of 0.04 × 10

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• fabrication of SLIPS by producing the required lubricant anchor layer through the polymerization of dopamine. This dopamine polymerization step is extremely simple and will form a “sticky” layer to almost any chemistry, thereby, providing a straightforward process to produce a SLIPS layer on almost any

• methanol for 20 min [30]. All substrates were then dried under a stream of nitrogen and sealed until use. The cleaned substrates were then immersed in dopamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at a concentration of 2 mg/mL for 24 h in a 10 mM Trizma base (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) solution

• roughness of all samples with the final layer of the coating were not significantly different from one another, suggesting universal attachment of the SLIPS porous component. The final structure of oxidative polymerization for dopamine into PDA is not fully agreed upon [20][44][45]. Therefore, information

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ratios as a result of dopamine polymerisation and covalent bonding of thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG). The VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles have a saturation magnetisation value of 60.40 emu/g in vibrating sample magnetometry, which proves their magnetisation. Vinorelbine, which is used as an effective

• ]. Many well-designed agents have been developed for photothermal therapy, including carbon, metal, and organic nanocomposites [21]. Due to their superparamagnetic and heating potential, Fe3O4 nanoparticles have recently garnered attention, particularly in photothermal therapy research. Dopamine (DA) is a

• The chemicals used in nanoparticle synthesis, namely iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, Mw = 270.30 g/mol), iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O, Mw = 198.81 g/mol), dopamine hydrochloride (Mw = 189.64 g/mol), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, (Tris-HCl, Mw = 157.60 g/mol

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• ]. These properties can even be controlled by an external signal [17][18][19]. PDA NPs are formed upon oxidation in dopamine (DA) solutions with additives such as surfactants, polyelectrolytes, and proteins [14]. Eumelanin-like NPs with a diameter less than 20 nm have been obtained by this method. The

• KE diad (e.g., catestatin) [13]. During the formation process, hydroxy groups of dopamine form hydrogen bonds with carboxylic groups (COO−) of glutamate (pKa = 4.3), whereas protonated amino groups (NH3+) of lysine (pKa = 10.5) further stabilize the aggregate by cation–π interactions with the

• aromatic ring of dopamine (Figure 1c). For this, K and E residues must be next to each other. Even a single glycine residue (G) located between K and E can destabilize the aggregates [13]. Among such possible additives, the albumin protein is an interesting candidate since it contains one KE diad and is

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• constructing electron donor–acceptor pairs. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations indicated donor–acceptor interactions between arginine and PDA subunits, including the formation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and indole-5,6-quinone (IQ). Dopamine and arginine were copolymerized in an aqueous solution at

• room temperature to produce APDA. During the polymerization, DHI or IQ moieties were formed by rearrangement of dopamine. The formed DHI and IQ moieties then reacted with each other or the amine groups of arginine. This was followed by further polymerization of DHI, IQ, arginine, and their oligomers

• coating method to obtain light-trapping coatings of nanofibers by the copolymerization of dopamine and pyrrole, which can be directly and rapidly synthesized on a polystyrene (PS) foam at room temperature (Figure 9). Due to its excellent wettability, the coating is water permeable and can be directly

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• Using Polyvinyl Alcohol-Wrapped Dopamine/Polyvinylidene Difluoride Nanofibers”, Small, with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2021 WILEY-VCH GmbH. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (k) MEGs in micro/nano drives. (l, m) The electrical output signal generated by the generator during

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• contact with Ag (WAg = 4.36 eV) and Au (WAu = 5.1 eV), whereby charge transfer occurs in the direction ZnO–Ag or Au. Furthermore, the PATP spacer between ZnO and Ag acts to inhibit the charge transfer. The study conducted by Zhou et al. [67] revealed the Raman signal of dopamine using Au–ZnO heterogeneous

• detection of dopamine, an enhancement factor of Au–ZnO NRs greater than 1.2 × 104 was obtained. The 3D SERS substrates based on Ag/ZnO/Au structures showed a higher SERS enhancement factor of 1 × 1010 and a limit of detection (LOD) down to 10−16 for rhodamine 6G (R6G) [68]. In this case, the charge transfer

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• interfering substances, that is, ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, NaCl, glucose, and acetaminophen, do not affect the electrochemical response. The real milk sample test showed a high recovery rate (more than 95%). According to the obtained results, this sensor is suitable for practical use for the

• ), uric acid (C5H4N4O3, CAS number: 69-93-2), dopamine hydrochloride ((HO)2C6H3CH2CH2NH2HCl, CAS number: 62-31-7), glucose (C6H12O6, CAS number: 50-99-7), acetaminophen (CH3CONHC6H4OH, CAS number: 103-90-2), and sodium chloride (NaCl, CAS number: 7647-14-5) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All reagents

• NaOH was used. The experiment was started at 0 µM concentration of H2O2, then every 60 s either H2O2 or an interfering substance at a concentration of 100 µM was added to the solution, in the following order: H2O2, ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, NaCl, glucose, and acetaminophen. Then, the whole

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• photosensitizers and limit their severe self-aggregation. Dopamine was chosen as the model substrate to illustrate the photooxidative properties of nanocapsules. After illumination, dopamine is converted to leucine on the nanocapsules. Hence, nanocapsules can be used as photocatalysts to improve the

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• the corresponding interactions with cell membranes can be changed with different conjugation ligands (type, proportion, and concentration). Cardoso et al. obtained 10–15 nm SPIONs covered with dopamine, tiron, glycerol, and o-phosphorylethanolamine in different combinations and proportions, which had

• release and not by the lipid peroxidation. Lee et al. [123] synthesized SPIONs functionalized with dopamine and lactobionic acid for MRI and nuclear imaging of the liver. They showed that their formulation targets hepatic cells in vitro and is endocytosed within two hours. In vivo, SPIONs were mainly

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• the drugs or to use prodrugs. One example of a prodrug is levodopa, a prodrug of dopamine used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, these options are not always possible depending on the structure of the molecule. Another possibility to increase drug delivery through the BBB is to

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• components have been utilized to functionalize capsules in many ways. Hollow capsules of approximately 400 nm in size with negligible toxicity to cells were reported by the oxidative self-polymerization of dopamine solution onto silica particles [114]. The thickness of multilayer films is comparable to the

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• activity of GO [17]. Moreover, GO-based sensors have been used for the detection of neonicotinoids [18], tyrosine [19], ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid [20], 4-nitrophenol [21], and glucose [22]. Among all biocompatible polymers, PEG has been extensively used as a GO cover. Feng et al. used PEG and PEI

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• transversal and longitudinal plasmonic peak intensities is 3.6, which is indicative to small amount of impurities in the AuNR sample. The adsorption of positively charged CTAB molecules on AuNR surface prevents a successful adsorption of dopamine. To make a PDA coating feasible, the CTAB molecules were

• replaced with the thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) as the latter molecules interact more strongly with the Au surface. Without this intermediate procedure, the adsorption of dopamine on CTAB-stabilized AuNRs resulted in nanoparticle aggregation. The formation of the PDA coating can be easily induced

• by polymerization of dopamine in alkaline environment. The polymerization process results in the formation of a PDA shell around the AuNR core (Scheme 1). The thickness of the PDA shell can be controlled by the concentration of dopamine added to reaction mixture. In this study we mixed 10 mL of AuNRs

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• (LDH). A uniform PDA coating initially covers the surface of LDH by dopamine self-polymerization under mild conditions. Well-dispersed Co nanoparticles are formed in the NPLs by the partial reduction of cobalt from Co2+ to Co0 with surface carbon during the heat treatment process. The surface

• morphology and specific surface area of the as-prepared NPLs can be tailored by adjusting the initial dopamine concentration and carbonization temperature. The mesoporous NPLs exhibit excellent sorption of rhodamine B (RhB) dye and fast magnetic separation in aqueous solution. Over 95% of RhB can be adsorbed

• . Thus, LDHs possess great potential, serving as ideal precursors for the preparation of 2D TM-MCNs. To achieve the reduction of metal cations by carbon in LDH lattices, a suitable carbon precursor is required. Dopamine (DA), a small biomolecule containing both amino and catechol functional groups, can

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• oxide MNPs were stabilized via organic polymers, such as polydopamine (PDA) [38][39], which introduce additional functional groups onto the nanoparticles surface. Polydopamine is a synthetic analogue of melanine which is composed of dihydroxyindole, indoledione and dopamine units that are believed to be

• ≥99.5%, dopamine hydrochloride and ethylenediamine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric acid 35–38%, sulfuric acid 95%, ethanol 99.8%, ethanol 96% and hydrogen peroxide solution 30% were purchased from POCH. Ammonia solution 25% and potassium permanganate were obtained from Chempur and J.T

• of DI-H2O. Modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with polydopamine from dopamine hydrochloride was performed in the same manner as described in ref. [38]. Citric acid and citric acid-polydopamine-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles are referred to as “Fe3O4” and “PDA@Fe3O4”, respectively. Three DI-H2O solutions

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• average size of 40 nm and they determined a maximum surface coverage of about 2.6 OTES molecules per square nanometer. Niederberger et al. developed a room-temperature non-aqueous in situ functionalization process of TiO2 nanoparticles with 4-tert-butylcatechol and dopamine [20]. A brittle brown solid and

• a dark red powder was obtained for 4-tert-butylcatechol and dopamine surface functionalized samples, respectively. More recently, Gao and Cui reported a sol–gel method in which TiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with chlorinated alcohols through hydrogen bonding were produced [21]. However, sol–gel

Photocatalysis applications of some hybrid polymeric composites incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles and their combinations with SiO₂/Fe₂O₃

• Andreea Laura Chibac,
• Tinca Buruiana,
• Violeta Melinte and
• Emil C. Buruiana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 272–286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.30

• phenol, hydroquinone and dopamine in aqueous solution under UV or visible-light irradiation. The best results were obtained for the films with TiO2/Fe2O3 or TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3 NPs. The degradation of the mentioned model pollutants varied between 71% and 100% (after 250 min of irradiation) depending on the

• an amine function (dopamine). The photodegradation experiments for these model pollutants were performed under ambient conditions, under UV irradiation with low intensity (ca. 8 mW/cm2) to imitate the UV radiation from solar light, as well as under irradiation with visible light. The degradation

• eliminated after 250 min of irradiation. We also tested the performance of our catalysts in the decomposition of dopamine, which has a catechol structure (a benzene ring with two hydroxyl side groups) and an amine group attached via an ethyl chain. From the best of our knowledge, the dopamine

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• -Newtonian behavior. Their shear viscosity increases with the increase of nanoparticle volume fraction and with a drop in temperature [86]. There is also an interaction between shear stress and cell response to NPs. A study considering cell response to PEGylated poly(dopamine)-coated liposomes under shear

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• associated with poor performance in the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test [58]. Maternal exposure to TiO2 NPs can also affect the production of dopamine and its metabolites, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [59], and alter gene expression related to dopamine

• activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase also decreased, and the levels of neurotransmitters, including acetyl choline (Ach), glutamic acid (Glu), and NO were elevated. The expression of monoamine neurotransmitters consisting of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic

Early breast cancer screening using iron/iron oxide-based nanoplatforms with sub-femtomolar limits of detection

• Dinusha N. Udukala,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Sebastian O. Wendel,
• Aruni P. Malalasekera,
• Thilani N. Samarakoon,
• Asanka S. Yapa,
• Gayani Abayaweera,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Pamela Maynez,
• Raquel Ortega,
• Yubisela Toledo,
• Leonie Bossmann,
• Colette Robinson,
• Katharine E. Janik,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Ping Li,
• Massoud Motamedi,
• Daniel A. Higgins,
• Gary Gadbury,
• Gaohong Zhu,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 364–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.33

• of detecting protease activities over a wide activity range down to sub-femtomolar LOD’s. These nanoplatforms consist of dopamine-covered, water-dispersable iron/iron oxide core/shell nanoparticles, to which one fluorescent dye (TCPP, tetrakis(carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) is tethered via a consensus

• sequence. A second dye (cyanine 5.5) is permanently linked to the dopamine coating (Figure 1). This design enables both, plasmon-resonance quenching (SET) [20][21] and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching [20][22] of the tethered TCPP units. Once TCPP is released via proteolytic cleavage of

• characterization of the nanoplatforms for protease detection is described in detail in [19]. In short, water-dispersible Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles featuring dopamine ligands [47], TCPP [48], and cyanine 5.5 [49] were synthesized according to established procedures. The oligopeptides used as consensus sequences, which

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• peroxide at low working potentials comparatively to the direct reduction of H2O2 (ca. 1.50 V/SCE). Moreover, the biosensor selectivity was examined using up to the tenfold amount of ascorbic acid and dopamine as interfering agents. From Figure 6d, one can see that the presence of these redox compounds did

• , produced in goat), bovine serum albumin (98%), ascorbic acid, dopamine, H2O2, silica gel 60 mesh and F254 nm fluorescent silica-coated aluminum TLC plates were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany) and used as received without further purification. All solvents used were of analytical grade and were used

• the enzymatic response in a PBS solution at an applied potential of 290 mV upon successive addition of 10 µM of H2O2 with 100 µM of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Faradaic amount of charge (Q) resulting from gold reduction, percent variation of the amount of charge, charge transfer resistance

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• anchoring layers of self-assembled bisphosphonate neridronate monolayers and polymer films of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and biomimetic poly(dopamine). These were further used to bind a bio-functional alginate coating. The success of the titanium surface activation, anchoring layer formation and alginate

• ; neridronate; poly(dopamine); spectroscopic ellipsometry; surface characterization; surface modification; titanium; XPS; Introduction Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in medicine and dentistry to replace and support hard tissues [1]. The absence of toxic alloying metals [1], extraordinary specific

• bearing phosphonate [14][26][27] and bisphosphonate (BP) [28][29] groups. Upon hydrolysis, these form strong mono- and bi-dentate coordination bonds with metal surfaces [30]. Inspired by the composition of mussel adhesive proteins, Messersmith et al. [31] proposed the formation of poly(dopamine) (PDA

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• person diagnosed with PD shows typical motor symptoms such as resting tremor, spasticity, unstable posture, walking difficulty, dementia, slowness of body movements (bradykinesia) and involuntary movements (dyskinesia). This is due to depletion of dopamine (a catecholamine neurotransmitter) in the brain

• -(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (levodopa) still remains the gold standard for the treatment of PD for symptomatic relief [12]. Now entering into its fourth decade of clinical use, levodopa (LD, the amino acid precursor of dopamine) is the most effective, widely prescribed, oral administered drug

• into the body, the drug is immediately metabolized and only a small amount of drug reaches the central nervous system. To prevent LD from being rapidly metabolized before it reaches the brain, carbidopa, an inhibitor of dopamine decarboxylase, is commonly used in combination with LD to enhance the