Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• footprint allows for the combination of different materials with dislocation-free interfaces and to form axial or radial heterostructures of varying material, doping, or crystal phase [17][18][19]. Nanowire heterostructures based on III–V semiconductors are especially promising for electronic

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• devices are the small molecule 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) and the polymer poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA). In this work, we investigate the impact of hole transport layer doping on the performance and potential distribution

• ; hole transport layer doping; Kelvin probe force microscopy; perovskite solar cells; Introduction Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising class of photovoltaic material that exhibits high power conversion efficiencies and relies on a low-cost solution-processed fabrication method [1][2][3][4]. At

• adjacent perovskite. There have been many studies trying to address these points and advance PSC performance through HTL optimization, with conventional approaches mainly focusing on the doping strategies applied to these two materials [26][27][28][29]. The organic semiconductors spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA are

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• antioxidant properties at lower concentrations, TA can act as a prooxidant at higher concentrations. Under these conditions, it binds to metal ions, potentially increasing oxidation and causing damage to biomolecules, especially DNA [17]. Doping GBMs with bioactive molecules like TA represents a potentially

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• of 1.5–4.0 Ωcm, and with p-type doping with B atoms. These wafers were thermally oxidized with 300 nm SiO2. A compact coating unit 010/LV with the sputter head SP010 was used to sputter 14 nm of Pt on top of the wafer. The microcapacitors were then milled out of the surface using a FEI Nova600

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• conductivity of molybdenum thin films by introducing defects, modifying the crystal structure, doping the material with nitrogen ions, and potentially improving surface characteristics. Correlation of structural, optical, and electrical parameters with thickness Figure 12 depicts the mutual correlations

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• activity, and semiconductor properties. By doping ZnO nanoparticles with transition metals, we can alter their electrical, optical, and magnetic properties by introducing new electronic states into the band structure. Herein, Ag is added to ZnO nanostructures to improve their optical properties to detect

• sensitivity toward lead. The lead chemical sensor that was developed had a detection limit of 3 ppm with a sensitivity of 16 µA·ppm−1·cm−2. The recorded reaction time of lead sensor was less than two seconds. Keywords: electrochemical methods; chemical sensor; doping; lead; nanoparticles; ZnO nanorods

• particularly well-suited for ZnO doping because of its notable characteristics, including strong conductivity, solubility, favorable ionic size, and low orbital energy. These features contribute to the improvement of optical and electrical characteristics of ZnO. The incorporation of silver boosts the mobility

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• superconductors can be represented as a stack of pancakes, that is, flat vortices located in the CuO planes and connected by Josephson interaction through interplanar gaps. The vortex structure in layered HTSCs is still a subject of research. In [7], it was shown that Pb doping increases the two-dimensional

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• . Rakhshani et al. [16] reported the impact of substrate temperature (35 and 305 °C), thermal annealing, and nitrogen doping on optoelectronic properties of ZnTe films and established an optimal doping concentration of nitrogen for lowering the resistivity of the grown films. Further, there are reports [17

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• CB of the material [58][59]. This action serves to reduce the bandgap, which in turn extends the absorption wavelength edge towards the region of visible light [60][61]. The idea of modifying semiconductor materials in the second generation involves the process of co-doping with both metal and

• under visible light. When using TiO2 in a full-scale field deployment, reducing the amount and utilizing solar energy can be extremely cost-effective and beneficial to wastewater treatment. Researchers have improved the photocatalytic activity of bulk TiO2 through various modifications, including doping

• endeavors have been undertaken, including the creation of heterojunctions or the introduction of metal doping. Wang et al. [84] synthesized BiOCl/Mt photocatalysts in which montmorillonite (Mt), which is naturally rich in iron, was combined with bismuth nitrate. According to the authors, the composite

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ], and/or carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [7]. These carbon shells are either amorphous or graphitic [7][8][30], while doping of the shells [31] is also possible. Besides carbon formation, the choice of organic solvent influences the properties of the generated nanoparticles and process

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• bandgap width of TiO2 (≈3.3 eV) is relatively large; thus, absorption of visible light is very weak. Through non-metallic doping, some localized states can be generated above the O 2p orbitals, and the valence band of TiO2 can be reconstructed, resulting in an upward shift of the valence band and a

• and loading of photothermal nanomaterials is warranted to address more ophthalmic conditions. Modifying these materials with specific targeting molecules could extend their therapeutic applications to various eye tissues. Surface doping with metabolism-related ions could enable precise control over

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• -circuit current density (JSC) of 13.26 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 66%. The PCE is close to that of the Pt-based counter electrode (PCE = 6.86%). Akman [3] used hydrothermal methods to synthesize the photoanodes with different doping sources to further improve the stability of DSSCs. For 1.0 mol

• % Mn doping and an Eu compact layer, an efficiency of 4.20% was obtained. Currently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting the attention of research communities worldwide because of their outstanding and unique properties. PSCs possess desirable characteristics such as cost-effectiveness

• optimized PSC device displays a higher efficiency of 27.84% with Cu2O and 27.38% with PEDOT:PSS for the planar n-i-p FTO/WS2/LNMO/HTL/Au device structure. However, highly efficient organic HTLs have a few disadvantages over inorganic HTLs, including multistep synthesis requiring additional doping, leading

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• doping of the graphene nanoribbons is reflected by the local work function. They also measure and calculate the local work function as a function of tip–sample distance and compare results to those of simple electrostatic models of a graphene nanoribbon, validating the overall approach of measurement and

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• engineering can be achieved through different techniques like (i) doping, where the introduction of dopants or impurities modifies the EBS [21], (ii) strain engineering by inserting mechanical strain to alter the electronic properties [22][23], and (iii) defect engineering [24]. Among these techniques, strain

• energies of hydrogen molecules over Zr-, Y-, and Ti-decorated ψ-graphene are found to lie within the standard range of −0.2 to −0.7 eV specified by the Department of Energy (DoE) [42][44][45]. However, bandgap engineering, for example, passivation, doping, or strain engineering, is crucial to modify and

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• ordering can also be established in ZnO lattices upon doping with transition-metal and/or rare-earth elements (known as magnetic semiconductors, DMSs). This is expected to enable the development of next-generation spintronic devices [14] applicable to quantum and neuromorphic computing for artificial

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• semiconductor with many versatile and attractive applications in optical, optoelectronic, and photocatalytic fields [35][36][37]. The doping of ZnO with Mn can lead to the development of multifunctional nanostructures, such as room-temperature ferromagnetic materials with potential applications in spintronics

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• only for the visual assessment of the shape and dimensions of a structure, but also for the observation of movement and deflection of an opMEMS. At the same time, the ion beam allows for local doping of the substrate and anisotropic milling. The NanoLab 600i also provides three gas injection systems

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• photocatalytic efficiency. For years, doping of metal nanoparticles (NPs) into a semiconductor matrix has been extensively studied to enhance photocatalytic CH4 oxidation performance. Metal NPs in, for example, Au/TiO2, Au@Pd/ZnO, and Pt@Cu/TiO2 composites act as electron scavenger centers and own more free

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• density functional theory calculations, which verify that the maps reflect the doping of the nanoribbons. Our results help to understand the relation between atomic structure and electronic properties both in high-resolution images and in the distance dependence of the LCPD. Keywords: graphene

• with respect to the Dirac point, the center of the Dirac cones [2]. The location of the Fermi level is a measure of the work function with respect to a different energy reference, the vacuum energy. This position can be tuned by gating [3] or by doping, for example, n-doping for graphene on SiC [4][5

• ] and p-doping by Bi, Sb, and Au substrates [2]. Confining graphene to nanostructures [6][7], for example, to graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), that is, few nanometers wide stripes of graphene, opens additional possibilities of tuning the electronic properties by creating quantum-confined states [8] and

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• quantum confinement as reported by Bolker and co-workers [77]. Authors reported that the bandgap of NDs is strongly correlated to the NDs’ size, and it increases with decreasing crystallite size. However, the ND properties can be altered by heteroatomic doping and through the introduction of surface

• bactericidal effects. The authors also proved the cytocompatibility of the bactericidal coatings. GO showed similar results on titanium surfaces as reported by Yang et al. [115], reporting antibacterial activity of over 99% against both E. coli or S. aureus when a small doping with copper was applied. The

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• . Figure 7 shows the 3D representation of an SRG JL FET-based biosensor. One type of doping concentration was added to the silicon channel, source, and drain region. A surrounding cavity was created between the oxide and the gate metal. This structure utilizes a silicon-based substrate with SiO2 as an

• provides better sensitivity and a simpler fabrication process than inversion-mode device-based biosensors, considering a single type of body doping concentration [72]. Another junctionless (JL) surrounding-gate stack FET-based biosensor concept has been analyzed and proposed by Chakraborty et al. [73

• junctionless (SPG JL) FET-based biosensor was introduced by Singh et al. [95] for label-free detection of various biomolecule types (neutral and charged). Figure 12 shows the structure of a silicon SPG JL FET-based biosensor. This structure utilizes an N+ doping concentration in the source/channel/drain

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• [23][24], or electrochemical properties [25] is a key topic of research. Factors such as flake size and shape, composition, density of defects, or doping significantly influence the response of 2D materials. Given the nanoscopic scale underlying the functionality of 2D materials, atomic force

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• doped source (p++ type), channel (n+ type), and drain (n++ type) materials exhibit doping concentrations of 1 × 1020, 1 × 1017, and 1 × 1019 cm−3, respectively. The molybdenum live metal strip has a length of 2 nm and a height of 1 nm. The drain region is reduced by adding SiO2 to the middle of the

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• nanocomposites based on sp-hybridized carbon chains [64]. Liang et al. specified the conditions for inhibition of phase crystallization and, hence, the formation of metallic glass nanoparticles in organic solvents, which was attributed to the carbon doping of the amorphous phase as well as carbon shell formation

• reductive nature (e.g., hydrogen). Depending on the nature of the organic solvents, a modification of the nanoparticles or the carbon shell is possible, including doping with heteroatoms from the solvent molecules. Jung et al. produced different phases of Ni nanoparticles in hexane and acetone [156], and

• hydrocarbons such as n-hexane seem to favor carbide formation, while other solvents lead to metallic or amorphous iron or iron oxide. Furthermore, the solvent influences the properties of the carbon shell by enabling, for example, nitrogen doping. Currently, there are three different hypotheses for the

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• from STS experiments [49][50][51], it is lower than the energy observed in photoemission experiments [52]. A possible rationale is the locally lifted graphene in the presence of the tip [53], which in turn decreases the charge transfer from graphene to the metal and reduces the p-doping [52] and

• ], hybridization of the graphene defect with the metal possibly induces electron transfer into graphene giving rise to local n-doping and the Dirac cone below EF. In addition, the distortion of the graphene lattice that accompanies the increased hybridization with the surface may explain the dim rim of the vacancy