Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• through artificial mucus. The nanoparticles were internalized by mucus-secreting AGS cells within four hours, while exhibiting no toxicity towards the cells. The sufficient mucoadhesive properties, biosafety, and internalization into the cells indicate the potential use of the delivery system as oral drug

• carrier towards gastric sites. By loading the nanoparticles with different drugs proposed for several gastric diseases such as gastric ulcers, gastritis, bacterial infections, or cancer, the efficacy of treatments for the diseases might be elevated. Experimental Materials Sodium alginate (medium viscosity

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• such as iron and gold [4][5]. Each material is chosen for its unique properties, such as size, hydrophilicity, and charge, that make it suitable for acting as a drug carrier. NCs can be functionalized on their surface to improve the stability and solubility of high-payload encapsulated cargos, promote

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• well. Baglayan and coworkers carried out a conformation analysis within DFT to obtain the ground state structure for C60–COOH [34]. In addition, they discussed its usage as a potential drug carrier for the antimetabolic and anticancer drug 5-fluoruracil [34]. Similarly, Parlak and Alver reported a

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• authors used theophylline and bovine serum albumin as drug models and alginate–starch polymer as a drug matrix for studying the controlled release. Research confirmed that modification of alginate with starch can improve the encapsulation efficiency of the matrix from 60% to 75%. Moreover, this novel drug

• carrier protected drugs from the gastric environment and provided the complete release of model drugs in intestinal fluid. In addition, the prepared matrix has zero toxicity and high biocompatibility. Sensing applications Alginate-based nanoparticles for sensor technology Alginate nanoparticles have

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• and diagnosis, leveraging the advantages of PLGA, folate targeting, and the integration of therapeutic and imaging agents. Keywords: cancer; chlorambucil; drug carrier; IR780; PLGA nanoparticle; theragnostic; Introduction Poly(ᴅ,ʟ-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a copolymer of poly(lactic acid

• and treatment. The term is not new to nanoscience, but it is always preferable to create a drug carrier that serves both goals; that was also the aim of the nanoparticle design in our study. In our study, the imaging agent is the near-infrared fluorescent dye IR780, while the treatment medication is

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• because of its intrinsic properties, (2) a treatment agent associated with heating through alternating current magnetic fields, and (3) a drug carrier. Finally, SPIONs can be considered a strong candidate for a new therapeutic approach to treating cutaneous leishmaniasis, that is, an accessible and low

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• of bio-inspired selective surface modifications The increasing knowledge on natural receptor–ligand binding mechanisms led to various approaches in the last years to increase both cellular adhesion on surfaces of biomaterials and biosensors, as well as for therapeutic drug carrier systems against

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• relevant temperatures. Performing the measurements at body temperature or 37 °C can have a drastic effect on the resulting Young's modulus [4]. For hydrogel NPs, the influence of the experimental conditions might be even more pronounced due to the high water content [5]. The suitability of a drug carrier

• evaluated during the formulation development and tuned according to the requirements of the target. Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) were introduced as potential biocompatible and biodegradable drug carrier system [10][11]. This hydrogel nanoparticulate carrier system shows great potential for the delivery of

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• augmenting better attachment of drug molecules, and the drug release profile was extended to more than 15 days by minimizing the burst release effect [59]. Polycaprolactone is a semi-crystalline biodegradable polymer used as a drug carrier, packaging material, and 3D scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• same time [22][23]. US can activate drug release and delivery through various mechanisms [24]. As the longitudinal pressure wave propagates in a tissue, a fraction of the energy is absorbed by the tissue or by the drug carrier, resulting in local heating [25][26]. Thermosensitive structures can release

• subject, understanding how US affects tissues and nanomaterials might also lead to the introduction of other nonconventional nanomaterials to this field. We then discuss the rational design of some state-of-the-art materials for US-triggered drug delivery and review recent progress of each type of drug

• carrier. The imaging applications of these materials will also be discussed. These materials include nanocarrier formulations and nanostructured contrast agents, such as microbubbles (MBs), surfactant-based carriers (including micelles, NEs, and niosomes), polymer-based carriers (including gels

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• mucus. Drug carrier systems such as nanoparticles (NPs) require proper surface chemistry and small size to ensure their permeability through the hydrogel-like systems. We have employed a microfluidic system to fabricate poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with a muco-penetrating

• of the solvent on the colloidal properties of our drug carrier would be meaningful. Different solvents were used to elaborate their impact on NP size namely, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile and acetone. We observe no correlation between the viscosity of the used solvent and the final NP size

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• targeting can be achieved via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which is the consequence of increased leakiness of the tumour vasculature and a lack of lymph drainage [4]. Nano-sized drug carrier systems can also prolong the circulation time of anticancer drugs, protect them from

• nanoparticles prepared by solvent displacement at pH 7 displayed similar efficacy in UKF-NB-3rDOX20 and UKF-NB-3rVCR1 cells (Figure 7). Hence, these drug carrier systems are not able to overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance. One reason for this may be that the doxorubicin burst release kinetics observed

• , the investigated nanoparticle preparations did not circumvent transporter-mediated drug efflux. Hence, more research is required to identify drug carrier systems that reliably bypass efflux-mediated drug resistance. Experimental Reagents PLGA (Resomer® RG502H), PLA (Resomer® R203H), and PLGA-PEG

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• important role in cancer cell drug resistance as a highly promiscuous transporter that mediates the cellular efflux of a wide range of structurally different substrates including many anticancer drugs. Different studies have reported that nanometer-sized drug carrier systems can bypass efflux-mediated drug

• indicates that ABCB1 expression contributes to the resistance phenotype observed in UKF-NB-3rVCR1 cells. Doxorubicin bound to nanometer-sized drug carrier systems has been shown to bypass ABCB1-mediated drug efflux [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In UKF-NB-3rVCR1 cells, combining both doxorubicin with zosuquidar and

• therefore result in toxicity as a consequence of a modified body distribution of anticancer drugs (and other drugs that are co-administered for conditions other than cancer), xenobiotics, and other molecules. Hence, the use of drug carrier systems to bypass ABC transporter-mediated drug efflux is

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• serum; nanoparticles; poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid); protein corona; proteomics; Introduction Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug carrier systems offer outstanding opportunities in the treatment of many serious diseases. The unique physicochemical properties and the ability to bind a library of ligands make

• biological response and the pharmacokinetic behavior of colloidal drug carrier systems in the body. For instance, the coating of polystyrene NPs with HSA enhances their circulating lifetime in blood and reduces hepatic uptake clearance after intravenous injection into rats [25]. In contrast, some high

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• self-assembled nanometer-sized drug carrier systems for safe and efficient chemotherapy. Keywords: amphiphilic cyclodextrin; anticancer; nanoparticle; paclitaxel; polycationic; Introduction Paclitaxel (PCX) is an effective wide-spectrum anticancer agent which is isolated from the bark of the tree

• , respectively [9]. These molecules have drawn attention as drug carrier systems for several years because of their unique molecular structures and supramolecular capabilities. CDs, although hydrophilic in the external surface, have hydrophobic cavity and this compartment allows them to form strong inclusion

• cells. The amphiphilic, cationic PC βCDC6 derivative was used as the anticancer drug carrier delivery system for PCX for the first time in this study. There are various studies in which this derivative is used as a gene transfer delivery system; however, there is only example where this derivative was

Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved anticancer efficacy and bioavailability of mifepristone

• Huijuan Zhang,
• Fuqiang Wu,
• Yazhen Li,
• Xiping Yang,
• Jiamei Huang,
• Tingting Lv,
• Yingying Zhang,
• Jianzhong Chen,
• Haijun Chen,
• Yu Gao,
• Guannan Liu and
• Lee Jia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1861–1870, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.178

• hepatocellular carcinoma) cells (Figure 7). CNs demonstrated no obvious toxicity to the four cancer cells under all the tested concentrations, indicating that Cs could be used as a safe drug carrier. However, MCNs could inhibit cell growth in a dose-dependant manner. In this experiment, we found that MIF had no

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• high-density magnetic storage media [1][2], in immune magnetic separation [3], in gene delivery [4] and as targeted drug carrier [5]. Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods are well-developed approaches to fabricate cobalt nanowires [6][7][8][9][10]. However, such methods set high requirements for the

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• -dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphothioethanol (DPPTE) were investigated using Langmuir technique. The results obtained for a free drug were compared with the results recorded for DNR attached to SWCNTs as potential drug carrier. Langmuir studies of mixed DPPTE–SWCNTs-DNR monolayers showed that even at the

• daunorubicin attached to carbon nanotubes as potential drug carrier on the properties of model membranes is compared to that reported for a free drug. In order to obtain more detailed information on the interactions between DNR in the two investigated forms the electrochemical techniques were also employed to

• , Poland) was used as a supporting electrolyte. Results and Discussion Monolayer studies at the air–water interface In order to study the influence of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to carbon nanotubes as potential drug carrier, Langmuir technique has been employed. Drug in a free form was

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The experimental results confirm the successful fabrication of this innovative system, and its full biocompatibility makes it worthy of further characterization as a promising drug carrier

• this work, we proposed the LBL assembly of PDLA/PLLA layers onto a (PSS/PAH)n/PLL precursor (PEM) [45][46]. This innovative configuration, involving both water-soluble and non-water-soluble polymers, could represent a promising drug carrier model. The multilayer structure was first characterized on

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• exhibited favourable, slow, sustained-release characteristics as a drug carrier with a release period over more than 20 h. The results obtained from the drug release studies of LD at different pH values showed that the LD-loaded nanohybrid is pH activated. The release kinetics of LD from SWCNT–COOH were

• nanohybrid possessed favourable sustained and controlled release properties as a drug carrier. In vitro bioassay PC12 cell lines PC12 is one of the most widely applied neuronal cell lines and can be used as a model to study secretory activity and catecholamine metabolism and regulation. In this study, we

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• complex removing it from the cell [47]. If the complex decomposes within a cell, just like any other drug carrier, naturally, DDMC/PTX will be also eliminated from the cell by the ABCB5 transporter, etc., as a resistance mechanism of melanoma cells to PTX. However, the intact DDMC/PTX complex has been

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• . Hence, they are highly suitable for tailored biomedical applications, for example, as drug carrier systems, as agents in hyperthermia, or as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [52][53]. Silica nanoparticles: As most of the common crystalline SiO2 particles are not in the nanometer-size