Breaking barriers: nanosystems to overcome solubility and permeability challenges of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• Bhagya Shree,
• Abhishek Sharma,
• Manish Kumar,
• Ruchi Chawla and
• Brahmeshwar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1063–1086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.73

• variable improvements in solubility and bioavailability (1.5- to 38-fold) compared with free drugs, depending on surface characteristics, carrier composition, and drug properties. This was possible through tailored particle size, drug loading, and precise drug release kinetics via various mechanisms. This

• ± 0.02%, along with improved and controlled drug release [37]. To enhance the pharmacokinetic profile, protect the drug from degradation, and prolong its therapeutic action, DTB was encapsulated in poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) micelles. In vivo studies demonstrated an IC50 value of 0.09 for SMA-DTB vs

• exhibited sustained, gradual drug release over a prolonged period [39]. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is one of the most widely used Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved biocompatible polymers in polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems as its ester hydrolysis provides predictable biphasic

Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• ) can be grouped into five categories, namely, (i) wet methods, (ii) dry methods, (iii) high-temperature processes, (iv) from biogenic sources, and (v) with high-energy sources [9][10]. The resulting hydroxyapatite is used for bone scaffolds and fillers [11], devices for controlled drug release [12

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• inhibition of P-gp ATPase activity using small-molecule modulators such as quercetin, ᴅ-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate, and tariquidar, (ii) circumvention of membrane efflux through receptor-mediated endocytosis, intracellular trafficking control, or tumor-responsive drug release, and (iii

• the circulation and only release their cargo into the tumor tissue. Chen et al. designed liposomes with folate linkers co-loaded with doxorubicin and imatinib (FPL-DOX/IM) that remained stable during their passage through the blood circulation, but exhibited rapid drug release once they reached the

• enhance therapeutic efficacy by improving solubility, stability, bioavailability, and controlled drug release. Additionally, their low toxicity, scalability, and manufacturing feasibility make them attractive for both clinical and industrial applications [44]. There are several types of LNPs, including

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• ), polycaprolactone (PCL), or cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP). These systems are known for their controlled degradation and tunable drug release profiles. Their ability to sustain therapeutic levels over extended periods of time makes them particularly suitable for both systemic and topical LA-PrEP. (2) Lipid-based

• [45][46][47]. Furthermore, polymers can be engineered to respond to environmental triggers such as pH or temperature for smart drug release [39][40][42]. This provides polymeric systems additional functionalities beyond targeted delivery to HIV-susceptible tissues or cell populations [41][42][43][44

• generate opportunities for developing systems that can demonstrate sustained drug release over extended periods of time [48]. Unlike dense solid nanoparticles such as gold, polymeric nanoparticles have an internal volume that can accommodate substantial loading with drug cargo, typically dispersed

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• printed material, as molecular dispersion in FC may be associated with greater rheological rigidity and a faster initial drug release, whereas FC-NC is expected to provide improved storage stability and controlled release profile [44][45]. The 3D films were intended to be used to facilitate skin repair

• characterise drug release kinetics and skin permeation/penetration behaviour, which will be essential for advancing this printed multilayer system toward broader application in topical drug-delivery research. (A–C) Rheological behaviour with oscillation frequency data for storage (G′), loss modulus (G″), and

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• detoxification is essential to eliminate toxic components without compromising immunogenic properties [61]. Finally, the biomimetic coating can influence drug release profiles, potentially hindering the controlled release of therapeutic agents [62]. Optimizing these systems requires careful consideration of

• interactions with cells and mechanisms for crossing physiological barriers, enhancing stability for controlled drug release, and improving biocompatibility to ensure clinical safety. Tackling these challenges is essential to optimize biomimetic nanocarriers for better efficacy and successful translation into

• improved brain delivery [67]. Additional modifications with targeting peptides can further enhance BBB crossing, opening new possibilities for treating neurological diseases. Finally, successful therapy depends on efficient cellular uptake and drug release. Biomimetic shells can increase nanoparticle

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , drug resistance, and poor tumour selectivity. In response to these limitations, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have gained prominence for enhancing solubility, improving molecular stability, enabling controlled drug release, and prolonging systemic circulation, offering superior therapeutic

• ) [15]. These systems can switch their surface charge in response to tumour microenvironment (TME) triggers such as pH changes, redox states, or enzymatic activity, enhancing drug stability, facilitating cellular uptake, and enabling targeted drug release. This responsive functionality gives CR-NDDSs a

• biofilms within the TME, where the nanoparticles are activated by pH changes and demonstrate their potential for site-specific drug delivery [19]. This strategy also enables controlled drug release, as the pH-sensitive charge reversal triggers site-specific drug unloading in acidic tumour microenvironments

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• the molecules was determined as a percentage based on the mass of the liposomes obtained after lyophilization, according to Equation 2 [23]. In vitro release 2.3.4.1 In vitro release of 5-FU. To evaluate the drug release profile, 250 μL of each sample was diluted in 7 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4

• previously described [24]. 2.3.4.3 Release profile of R-PE and 5-FU. The release profile of R-PE and 5-FU from liposomes and immunoliposomes was analyzed using the Korsmeyer–Peppas (Equation 3) model, commonly employed in drug release kinetics studies, using the DDSolver software [24]. The Korsmeyer–Peppas

• phagocytic system and affects the drug release rate. Furthermore, smaller particles have greater stability against gravity, due to the Brownian effect [40]. Thus, liposomes around 100 nm are commonly used. Table 2 presents the results obtained herein for different liposomal compositions. The majority of the

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• up at the microscale of an entangled fibrous network. The reliable imaging of these networks containing the bis(imidazolium)-based gel systems is of interest because of the dependence of properties such as drug release [22][23][24], photodynamic therapy [25], photoreactivity [26], additive

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• biological models. Determining the appropriate dosage is another crucial factor as therapeutic performance is influenced by drug loading capacity, drug release kinetics, and loading efficiency. Careful optimisation of these parameters is required to achieve effective drug delivery while minimising harm to

• provide insight into drug release kinetics based on NM properties and formulation. Animal toxicity studies help determine in vivo safety profiles across organ systems, while biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies elucidate how CNMs are metabolised, cleared, and accumulate in the body, guiding safe

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• profile can be modulated, and the initial burst release minimized [7]. Beyond drug delivery, an ideal biomedical scaffold should support cellular attachment while providing effective drug release; balancing these functions is crucial for promoting tissue formation. Achieving this balance in electrospun

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• , thereby achieving highly efficient drug release [18]. This interaction with biological systems without inducing negative or toxic effects is attributed to their biocompatibility and biodegradability [19]. Surface design plays a pivotal role in PNs for oral use, as it dictates their behavior during

• control over site specificity and drug release [28]. The absorption of PNs depends on their size, surface characteristics, and morphology, which may exhibit distinct features, classifying them as either nanocapsules or nanospheres. Nanocapsules consist of an oily core where the drug is encapsulated

• , nanocapsules are particularly effective in encapsulating hydrophobic and lipophilic drugs due to the affinity of these compounds for the oily core. Drug release occurs through controlled diffusion across the polymeric layer and interaction with the core material. Conversely, nanospheres are capable of

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• cellular uptake, poor stability due to tumor microenvironment, and inadequate drug release due to inadequate drug release mechanisms. Two years later, a novel bivalent aptamer-DNA-Dox conjugate (BADD) [117], was developed, and the A2 aptamer was truncated to A2 (35) to reduce steric hindrance and improve

• nanostructure has also been verified by other researchers in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer [128]. Scientists are also interested in intelligent drug delivery systems that control drug release by using pH [129], enzymes [130], hypoxia [131], or ATP as triggers to achieve on-demand therapy. Wang

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.116 Abstract Nanotechnology is revolutionizing pharmaceutical industry and drug development by providing significant advantages in controlling drug release

• traditional therapies. Advances in cancer nanotechnology include the development of smart nanocarriers capable of responding to internal stimuli (such as pH, redox potential, and enzymes) and external stimuli (such as magnetic fields, heat, or ultrasound), enabling precise and controlled drug release [16][17

• glycolysis, reducing angiogenesis, and promoting the degradation of oncogenic proteins [162][163]. The invention proposes the use of carbon dots (CDs) loaded with BER as an API, with a sustained drug release that increases upon contact with the acidic conditions surrounding tumors. Both non-loaded CDs and

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• vitro, creates a challenge for drug delivery systems aiming to effectively target affected tissues or cells [14][15]. Nanocarriers have been widely studied for enabling prolonged circulation and sustained drug release over time, depending on their structural properties [16][17]. Therefore, protein

• delivery through nanoparticles is an effective way to control drug release as well as to design an efficient protein delivery system [16]. Among different materials used for nanocarriers, several polymers have been investigated for producing cationic nanocarriers due to their ability to cross biological

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• for quick and accurate identification of biomarkers from blood or similar samples [21]. A novel biosensor type, called a biosensing drug delivery system, combines sensors with drug release mechanisms. This could make it easier to treat chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. When

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• , such as biocompatibility and drug protection, while avoiding many of their limitations. In comparison to conventional colloidal carriers, SLNs demonstrate reduced toxicity, greater surface area, enhanced biocompatibility, extended drug release, improved cellular uptake, and increased drug solubility

• encapsulate a wide variety of therapeutic agents, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic compounds. Due to their biocompatibility and easy formulation, polymeric NPs can be engineered to offer precise control over drug release, stability, and targeting, making them ideal candidates in the treatment of infections [77

• , which improves cellular uptake and facilitates drug release within the target site [90]. The incorporation of stimuli-responsive agents in the pores also enables MSiNPs to release therapeutic agents upon exposure to specific environmental cues, such as pH or temperature. These interesting features for

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• . Other characterization techniques include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study membrane fluidity and phase transitions, fluorescence spectroscopy for investigating drug–liposome interactions, and capillary electrophoresis to analyze liposome–drug interactions and drug release [110][121

• a crucial parameter that influences their biodistribution, cellular uptake, and drug release. DLS is a widely used technique to determine the size distribution of liposomes in solution [110][125]. DLS measures the fluctuations in light intensity generated by the Brownian motion of liposome particles

• , lipid peroxidation facilitation, and drug release kinetics. In the following section, we explore how these engineered liposomes contribute to ferroptosis induction and tumor therapy. 3.3 Applications and advancements in liposomal drug delivery systems Liposomes are highly promising nanocarriers for drug

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• ferritin. This property was exploited to design redox and pH dual-responsive ferritin nanoparticles. In drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles, ferritin was used as a gating material. It covered the pores to prevent drug release and opened only when activated by redox or pH stimuli [98]. Similarly

• as brain, liver, spleen, lungs, arterial walls for both immediate and sustained release. Their degradation and release kinetics can be controlled or manipulated by different methods and incorporation or conjugation of specific materials. Importantly, they mainly focus on different biomaterials, drug

• release behavior, targeting ability, and surface modifications [12][13][14][15]. A variety of nanoparticles have been researched including liposomes, polymer NPs, solid lipid NPs, and hybrid NPs [16]. Nanoscale drug carriers with the advantage of high penetration, long circulation, and significant

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• most helpful strategy to minimize possible side effects related to systemic drug administration. This is because, with current technologies, it is possible to perform cutaneous drug release both in a controlled and site-specific manner. The permeability of drugs through the skin depends on the

• mechanical strength [53], high drug upload [40], controlled drug release [100], and site-specific drug delivery [184] for both topical [48] and transdermal administration [116]. Some examples of the dermal application of hydrogels as drug carriers include cutaneous wound healing [40][41][42] and autoimmune

• phenytoin showed drug release improvement, skin adherence, and increased content of both collagen fibers and fibroblasts in the wound tissue during the healing process in rats [40]. Liang et al., (2019) developed hydrogels composed of gelatin-grafted dopamine/chitosan/polydopamine-coated carbon nanotubes

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• aggregation, and improve bioavailability in aqueous media [5][16]. Additionally, at high concentrations, P407 can transition into more complex nanostructured systems, such as hydrogels and lyotropic liquid crystals, providing additional control over drug release and stability. The thermosensitive and self

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• the crystal state into an amorphous state after SLN preparation. FTIR results indicated compatibility between APT and the polymers. XRD, TGA, and DSC results indicated no physical interaction between drug and polymers. In vitro drug release studies showed that APT-CD-NP4 yielded the maximum drug

• , 141.3 ± 0.62, 121.1 ± 0.72, 257.6 ± 0.37, 229.5 ± 0.94, 207.2 ± 0.63, and 191.0 ± 0.57 nm, respectively (Table 1). An exemplary measurement for APT-CD-NP4 is given in Figure 2. The SLNs with lower particle size provide a large surface area, which increases drug release and enhances drug absorption by

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• exposed to different shear forces [22][23]. The parameters of rheological properties are essential in the classification and characterization of semisolids and fluids, and in the greater understanding of drug release from pharmaceutical forms [22]. Thus, the rheological behavior of M7-EOCF at two

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• mechanical capabilities, while improving blood clotting as demonstrated by reduced whole blood coagulation time. This study also indicated a sustained release of CHD over 8 h, with a faster drug release rate in an acidic environment. These properties highlight the dressing’s potential for effective

• utilized owing to their photothermal properties with drug-release capability, which can result in sustained drug delivery, cell attachment, and antibacterial action. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that these materials are activated by light in a non-invasive manner, which greatly reduces the

• the material responsive to NIR light for controlled heating and drug release to eliminate bacteria. Furthermore, the hydrogel is highly antibacterial, with tested efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of more than 99.9%. It also enables cell proliferation, suppresses inflammation

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• ) enhance imaging sensitivity because of their distinct electrical or photoluminescent properties. For treatment, NPs can serve as drug carriers, improving delivery across the BBB and reducing side effects. Their large surface area allows for controlled drug release and targeted therapy, enhancing treatment