Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• their material composition, fiber diameter, and structural arrangement. The mechanical properties of PVA/chitosan-based nanofibers, such as tensile strength, elasticity, and elongation at break, are crucial for determining their suitability for various applications. Tensile properties Tensile strength

• modulus (or elastic modulus) is a measurement of elasticity, which describes the stiffness of nanofibers and is calculated as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic deformation region, which is the slope of the initial linear region of the stress–strain curve. Elongation at break measures the extent

• was found to increase with increasing chitosan concentration, but only up to 3.5% (w/w); further increasing the concentration resulted in a significant reduction in elasticity. The elongation at break was also highest at a chitosan concentration of 3.5% (w/w). These results indicate that the

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• such as V2O5, W2O3, Mo2O3, and TiO2. BiVO4 is a newly designed n-type semiconductor with enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. This is attributed to its specific physicochemical features, including ferro-elasticity and ionic conductivity [90]. Regrettably, bismuth-based metal oxides exhibit a low light

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• geometries, while the stiff base prevents clumping of setae. The elasticity of the cuticular lamina of the grooming devices of I. elegans enhances the ability of the grooming structures to scrape eyes and antennae removing and collecting debris that accumulated inside the flag-shaped structures. The

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• matrix, 20–30% inorganic components, and 10–15% water [13][18]. The organic matrix is responsible for the elasticity of the bone, while the inorganic matrix provides hardness. This means that the organic matrix gives bone its tensile strength, and the inorganic matrix improves the compressive strength of

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• , including strength and elasticity of the fibrous scaffold, are crucial parameters. Medical gauze has a storage modulus of 1 MPa to 1 GPa [58], while the Young’s modulus of the skin is between 0.1 and 10 kPa, depending on the body parts, layer, and skin age [59]. In our research, we aimed to investigate the

• Sr(NO3)2 (7.7 ± 4%), and 20 PSI + 10 Sr(NO3)2 (7 ± 0.7%) samples. The two different salts caused a distinct effect on elongation at breakpoint values. The Zn(O2CCH3)2 did not significantly decrease the elasticity of the scaffold compared to that of the 25 PSI scaffold. The elasticity of 20 PSI + 5 Zn

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• oscillation amplitudes, the tip mechanically touches the surface during part of the oscillation. This mode is known as “intermittent contact” or tapping mode, and incorrect height measurements are usually ascribed to variations in the local elasticity [32][33] or differences in the local adhesion, related to

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• orientation (e.g., E100 = 138 GPa, E010 = 263 GPa, E001 = 228 GPa [26]) emphasising directional differences in the mechanical properties of the material. Since our as-grown NWs tend to exhibit various growth directions, as was determined in the TEM studies, this elasticity anisotropy could be one of the

• a high concentration of oxygen vacancies, which could partially be responsible for the lower elastic modulus values. The TEM studies performed on a few selected NWs did not indicate the presence of stacking faults, which could contribute to higher elasticity. However, in order to gain full insight

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• entropic elasticity of NR. Notably, values of tan δ for DPNR/GO-VTES(a) and DPNR/GO-VTES(b) sharply decreased with frequency. This suggests that the energy may be dissipated faster in DPNR/GO-VTES(a) and DPNR/GO-VTES(b) than in DPNR and DPNR/GO. The absence of chemical interactions between NR and GO-VTES

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• article, we discuss examples highlighting the influence of elasticity in nanoscale biological interactions focusing on mucosal delivery and on tumor targeting. Besides this, we discuss the influence of different measurement settings using atomic force microscopy for the determination of mechanical

• properties of drug carriers. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; drug delivery; elasticity; mechanical properties; nanomedicine; nanoparticles; stiffness measurement; tissue/body distribution; Introduction Drug delivery systems are developed with the aim to transport a given drug to the site of action

• , demonstrating the impact of these characteristics, is the life span of red blood cells. Juvenile red blood cells are able to flow through capillaries much smaller in diameter than their size due to sufficient elasticity. During their life span, they gain rigidity leading to their filtration out of the blood

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• , it is crucial to consider that structural skin properties (e.g., transepidermal water loss, skin elasticity, dermal layer thicknesses, and ceramide content) differ among these groups [16][17][18], or else results give an incomplete picture. Several studies have also reported that the various

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• amplitude? To elucidate this, we performed a set of numerical simulations with different configurations of the setae, the segments’ elasticity, and the adhesion of the segments. The relationship between different variants of elasticity for a system composed of only short setae, as well as for a system

Intermodal coupling spectroscopy of mechanical modes in microcantilevers

• Ioan Ignat,
• Bernhard Schuster,
• Jonas Hafner,
• MinHee Kwon,
• Daniel Platz and
• Ulrich Schmid

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 123–132, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.13

• , optomechanical coupling. Such insight contours a vital step for the development of novel multifrequency methods by allowing one to distinguish coupling effects that are mediated by nonlinear elasticity or tip–surface interactions. Inclusion of intermodal coupling would pave the way for a new era of

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• pharmaceutical and cosmetics uses [17]. It was shown that monolayer talc has outstanding mechanical properties of the same order of magnitude as graphene [12]. The breaking strength for uniaxial deformations ranges from 29 to 33 N·m−1, and the two-dimensional elasticity modulus is E = 181 N·m−1. Also, talc’s

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• than a single scalar quantity such as a modulus of elasticity, and from which traditional viscoelastic quantities can be obtained, such as the storage and loss modulus (which are also frequency dependent). Figure 3 provides an example of storage and loss modulus estimates for cancerous human melanoma

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• higher elasticity [114]. The best-studied silk type is the major ampullate silk (MA) used by spiders for web radii and their dragline. It consists of several proteins known as major ampullate spidroins (MaSps). The most prominent spidroins are MaSp1 and MaSp2, differing mainly in their proline content

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• that their flapping lifts were different because of the different sizes and shapes of the wings [20]. Additionally, the elasticity of insect wings also has an impact on the aerodynamic characteristics. By studying the flexible deformations and aerodynamic characteristics of cicada wings during flapping

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• nanoparticles intended to be used in drug delivery is of great interest. To this end, different potential formulations are developed since the particle elasticity is affecting the in vitro and in vivo performance of the nanoparticles. Here we present a method to determine the elasticity of single gelatin

• nanoparticles (GNPs). Furthermore, we introduce the possibility of tuning the elastic properties of gelatin nanoparticles during their preparation through crosslinking time. Young’s moduli from 5.48 to 14.26 MPa have been obtained. Additionally, the possibility to measure the elasticity of single nanoparticles

• . Keywords: atomic force microscopy; drug delivery; elasticity; gelatin nanoparticles; Young’s modulus; Introduction Developing nanoparticulate drug carriers for various diseases and application routes requires establishing controllable systems, matching the needs of the respective application to achieve

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• skin may result in MN failure due to buckling. The skin’s irregular topology and inherent elasticity can also impose undesired lateral loads, resulting in transverse bending failure [14]. Prevention of possible failure scenarios can avoid MN breakage and reduce the risk of leaving residues in the skin

• force of the skin. Successful insertion is achieved upon reaching sufficient penetration depth and creating microchannels within the skin. However, the skin’s inherent elasticity and its irregular surface, with the tendency to fold around MN projections, result in unpredictable array penetration

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• . Analysis of AFM force–distance curves indicated that the elasticity of the cells cultured on 35 kPa substrates increased while the viscosity decreased. Wound-healing experiments showed that PCa cells cultured on 35 kPa substrates have higher migration potential. These phenomena suggested that the

• mechanical properties may be correlated with the migration of PCa cells. After actin depolymerisation, the elasticity of the PCa cells decreased while the viscosity increased, and the migration ability was correspondingly decreased. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated the relationship between

• cells themselves in response to the action of the substrate? Atomic force microscopy experiments at the nanoscale were used to measure changes in the elasticity of live cells in situ and to quantify the mechanical response of HPV-PZ-7 and PC-3 cells to the extracellular environment with different

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• ; ethosome; Introduction Skin aging is the result of biological changes, such as wrinkles, sagging, loss of elasticity, and thickening of the skin and it is caused by intrinsic (occur slowly and vary considerably between populations) and extrinsic factors. The main components of the connective tissue

• responsible for the elasticity and resistance of the skin in the dermis, (i.e., the middle layer of the skin) are collagen and elastin, and the changes in these two components play an important role in the skin aging process [1][2]. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals through

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• to intrinsic effects related to the magnetic domain structure of the sample. The latter are, on the one hand, caused by magnetic domain wall elasticity, which leads to a reduction of the domain-wall length at features with sharp tips. These features appear after the optical switching at positions

•  2A4 reaches the most into the ellipse has either not switched or disappeared, similar to the other sharp domain features. These domain-wall motion events caused by domain-wall elasticity are observed independent of the temperature, at 50 K (Figure 1), 200 K (not shown), and at room temperature (Figure

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• external pressure. In the case of the crumpled graphene layer, we see a larger indentation depth compared to the flat graphene layer (Figure 7). The tip has more freedom to sink inside the material when the graphene sheet is crumpled (membrane buckling and elasticity) than in the case of flat graphene

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• principles of attachment pads with a special focus on insects, describe micro- and nanostructures, surface patterns, origin of different pads and their evolution, discuss the material properties (elasticity, viscoelasticity, adhesion, friction) and basic physical forces contributing to adhesion, show the