Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• varying equivalence ratios. The effects of flame equivalence ratio on the CNF morphology and crystallinity are then analyzed systematically. In the present study, a diffusion flame was used to check the stability of the flame at different flow rates, followed by establishing a premixed flat flame of LPG

• . An optimum height above burner of 10 mm at which the temperature is around 650 °C was used in the synthesis process. Zirconia beads impregnated with nickel nitrate catalyst have been employed. Dense CNF growth with an average diameter of 77.9 nm was observed at an equivalence ratio of 1.8; as the

• equivalence ratio was reduced to 1.6, the average diameter of CNF increased by 46% to 114 nm, with amorphous carbon observed. The said observation is due to the effects of the increased flame temperature as the equivalence ratio approaches stoichiometry conditions from the rich side. This increases the

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• CNT yield was observed at a high mass flux of hydrogen/air at a fixed equivalence ratio, resulting in higher temperature and an increase in IG/ID ratio of up to ten times. A similar approach in spray pyrolysis CVD by Casanova et al. [11], utilizing ferrocene catalyst with cyclohexanol as a carbon

• , where the equivalence ratio is calculated based on the inlet conditions. The diffusion flame has a bright yellow color due to soot formation with a height of 55 mm. Figure 1c shows that in the diffusion flame the temperature increases at high HAB values in radial locations near the flame sheet. As

• term “flat”. The flame height varies according to the equivalence ratio and oxygen concentration of the flame [16]. A separate test showed that the flame loses its one-dimensional characteristics at an O2 concentration below 34%. A previous study showed that the consistency of the one-dimensional flame