Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• electrochemical detection of AβOs via a nanobiosensor consisting of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded in a conductive polymeric matrix. For this, the surface of the AuNPs was further modified with PrPc, which acted as the biorecognition element for the specific detection of AβOs in ex vivo real samples, viz

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• biphasic drug release profiles. Additionally, PRN-LPHNPs demonstrated anti-BC activity against both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells superior to that of pure PRN. An ex vivo study suggested a 6.02-fold increased intestinal permeation compared to pure PRN suspension. A 4.55-fold increased oral bioavailability was

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• noted that while ex vivo studies provide advantages such as simplicity of the procedures and high tissue availability, differences in tissue morphologies should be considered [82]. These results regarding the larger particle size (520 nm) are particularly interesting. Although particle sizes generally

• situ esculin-loaded nanoliposomes for intranasal administration for treating Parkinson’s disease. Ex vivo studies further confirmed the enhanced permeation of the nanoliposomal formulation compared to the suspension form by approximately 40% [99]. Solid lipid NPs and nanostructured lipid carriers Solid

• , such as above case (38 nm), could also enhance the transcellular pathway through olfactory neurons and could provide advantages in N2B delivery [112]. Choudhury et al. encapsulated rotigotine into mucoadhesive nanoemulsions to test the effect of mucoadhesive properties in ex vivo permeation studies

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• tissue penetration and diffusion of targeted C’ dots observed in ex vivo BT-474 specimens through optical imaging and autoradiography (Figure 7D). Conversely, the C’ dots were mostly confined along the tumor periphery in both the two negative control groups. Detappe et al. designed Gd-chelated

• ) Tumor volume growth curves and (E) ex vivo weight of tumors at 14 days after treatment. Treatments included saline (control), targeted AuNCs, non-targeted AuNCs, with or without radiotherapy (RT). The figure was adapted from [122], Biomaterials, vol. 144, by G. Liang; X. Jin; S. Zhang; D. Xing, “RGD

• ’ dots (blue and orange bars in B, respectively) in HER2-positive BT-474 tumors, along with the uptake of targeted C’ dots (gray bars in B) in HER2-negative MDA-MB-231 tumors. Corresponding PET images are depicted in C. MIP refers to maximum intensity projections, acquired at 48 h p.i. (D) Ex vivo tumor

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• infected with L. donovani. Artemisinin-NPs reduced the number of ex vivo infected macrophages and the intracellular infection of Leishmania donovani amastigotes (IC50 of 6.0 ± 1.4 µg/mL and 5.1 ± 0.9 µg/mL, respectively). Artemisinin-NPs showed better efficacy than free artemisinin after therapy in a mouse

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• . Lee et al. recorded similar observations after examining the leakiness of human skin microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) after exposure to citrate-stabilized Au NPs of different sizes and concentrations. Using in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies, they confirmed the interaction mechanism of

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• fluorescent dye Cy5.5 (Cy5.5@HMnO2-AM) in mice. (A) In vivo fluorescence imaging. (B) Statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity of tumors in different treatment groups. (C) Mouse image. (D) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of major organs. (E) T1-weighted MR image of the biomimetic nanoparticles. (F) T1

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• glaucoma, was developed by Roy et al. The MN matrix consisted of PVA and PVP and contained 1 mg of the drug. The patches were fabricated by micromolding and mimicked the shape of commercial contact lenses (Figure 4). The patches were tested ex vivo with the use of excised human cornea and porcine eye globe

• numerous inflammatory conditions to the posterior segment of the eye. A microneedle scleral patch (MSP) and a microneedle corneal patch (MCP) were obtained by micromolding with the use of PVP. The ex vivo experiments performed on porcine eye globe showed that, in comparison to MCP and TA nanosuspension

• . Multiple parameters were evaluated, namely the physical and mechanical properties, ocular permeation, FS remaining in ocular tissue, dissolution time, insertion force, insertion depth, and ex vivo ocular drug delivery. The permeation studies on porcine eyeballs showed that, after application of the MN

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• CIP_MN1 was investigated in ex vivo excised human skin. CIP_MN1 showed significantly more deposition of ciprofloxacin in deeper skin layers compared to the free gel of ciprofloxacin, and the released ciprofloxacin from the microneedles tends to migrate to deeper layers with time. Collectively, these

• been shown to withstand insertion forces equivalent to thumb press [25]. Also, several research studies have used gentle thumb press for in vitro and ex vivo topical/transdermal delivery studies [48][49][50]. Dissolving microneedles, particularly made of PVP and PVA, have been shown to withstand the

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• for years and has been proven by many studies. It is stated in the literature that its antioxidant activity can be detected after ex vivo permeation studies [38]. We measured the antioxidant activity of the ethosomal formulations compared to that of an EGCG solution and our findings were given in

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• a fluorescence microscope. Considering the strong T2 signal of SPION@bPEI [35], these nanoparticles may be considered as dye-free dual-mode (MRI and optic) imaging agents. Such combinations are highly desired for diagnostics combined with intraoperative imaging, ex vivo analysis of nanoparticle

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• extracellular glutamate concentrations in glioma cell lines in vitro was shown to be up to 500 µM, and glutamate stimulates glioma cell proliferation in vivo. Also, glial tumor cells ex vivo generate neurotoxic quantities of glutamate [3][4][5][6]. Excessive extracellular glutamate concentrations of 100 μM were

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• -patient absorption and response. This review addresses potential applications of SPIONs in vitro (formulations), ex vivo (in biological cells and tissues) and in vivo (preclinical animal models), as well as potential biomedical applications in the context of drug targeting, disease treatment and

• , structurally, and metabolically. Uchiyama et al. studied the toxicity of ultrasmall (7 nm) cationic iron oxide particles. They found that at a dose of 10 mg/kg, the ethylamine-coated particles did not induce hemorrhage, clots, inflammation or biochemical imbalance in rats in vivo and ex vivo experiments [157

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• after 24 h in the whole body except liver and bladder, suggesting the clearance of the Au-BSA NCs through the urinary clearance system. Under ex vivo imaging conditions, the harvested organs, including liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung muscle, skin, and intestine, showed a fluorescence comparable to

• ex vivo imaging of organs harvested at 1, 5 and 24 h exhibited a low level of fluorescence in the kidney further showing renal clearance (Figure 7E). A decrease of 66% in the NC signal between 1 and 5 h was observed. Using multi-elemental laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) particle clearance

• performed in vivo. For ex vivo imaging, the harvested organs of mice at 30 h post-injection were used. The maximum fluorescence appeared 18 h after injection. Afterward, the fluorescence signal and imaging area decreased. However, the control group did not show any fluorescence further allowing for

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• concentration of 50 nM. *Scale bar = 50 μm, **scale bar = 100 μm. Anti-tumor effect of virus nanoparticles. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental design. (B) In vivo growth curves of 4T1 tumors on mice after treatments with the virus and VLPs. (C) Ex vivo images of 4T1 breast cancer tumor from BMV VLP

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• calculation (if converted to units of Joule) reflects the necessary energy to separate two surfaces. Thus, the significant increase of adhesion work correlates with higher interaction between the mucin surface and the preparations containing CUR. Ex vivo mucoadhesive properties by falling liquid Besides the

• , hence, the polymeric chains were slowly reorganized, whereas CUR diffused by time-dependent anomalous effects. The solvent diffusion velocity displayed similar relaxation of the polymeric chains [77]. Ex vivo permeation of curcumin in porcine oral mucosa Permeation studies are considered fundamental to

• determine the viability of oral mucosa as a targeting site for drug delivery [81][82]. These studies can be performed ex vivo, in vitro or in vivo and are dependent of the drug physicochemical characteristics and its behavior when incorporated in drug delivery systems and biological target tissue. The

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• after nanoprobe injection, the tumor-bearing mice were sacrificed according to the previously described methods using heart perfusion with saline and the major organs (brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) were sampled for ex vivo fluorescence imaging by an IVIS spectrum imaging system [27

• evaluate the distribution of these nanoprobes more precisely, the mouse brains were collected and ex vivo fluorescence imaging was conducted. Obviously, the fluorescence intensity in the brain tumor from the PNP group was significantly higher than the NP group 24 h post injection, indicating that the

• vivo fluorescence imaging of EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma at different time points after PNP or NP injection. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of brain and major organs. Fluorescence imaging (a) and intensity (b) of brains collected at 24 h after intravenous injection of NPs or PNPs, *** p < 0.001

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• solid lipid nanoparticles, suggesting their suitability for antioxidant loading. Based on the preformulation study, tristearin-based nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with α-tocopherol were selected for ex vivo studies since they displayed superior physico-chemical properties as compared to the other

• , confirming the biocompatibility of the components. Due to the obtained results, NLC T10-TOC samples were selected for further ex vivo studies. Indeed, this kind of NLC displayed better physico-chemical properties with respect to NLC based on different lipid compositions, being able to longer maintain the

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• overexpression of integrin receptors which mediate the uptake of NPs through integrin receptor mediated endocytosis [46]. Ex vivo injected MSCs have a relatively short lifespan within the body. On average, 24 h after the injection, these MSCs are relocated to the liver and spleen [47][48]. MSCs overexpress the

Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• capnoperitoneum are associated with a more homogeneous drug distribution [6][7][8] and a deeper in-tissue drug penetration [6][7] as provided by LICC. Thus, PIPAC has gained rapid acceptance for the treatment of PC in the last years. However, recently published data obtained by ex vivo and postmortem animal

• closed air waste system (CAWS). Experimental Granulometric analyses (ex vivo) Laser diffraction spectrometry (LDS) Laser diffraction spectrometry (LDS) by means of a He–Ne laser diffraction spectrometer [16] according to ISO 13320:2009 [17] (HELOS/KR-H2487, Sympatec GmbH, Germany) was performed to

• in parallel. Ex vivo granulometric analyses were performed by laser diffraction spectrometry (LDS), differential electrical mobility analyses (DEMA), time of flight spectrometry (TOF) and condensation nuclei counting (CNC) to characterise the provided aerosols ranging from the nanometre size range up

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• has been studied by many research groups both in vivo and ex vivo [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. In one study of 44 patients Raman spectra were acquired from 356 normal and 120 precancerous sites during the colposcopy in the fingerprint (FP, 800–1800 cm−1) and high wavenumber (HW, 2800–3700 cm−1

• that cells of both regions of cervical tissue share common biochemical profiles. The obvious advantages of Raman spectroscopy include (i) no specific requirements for sample preparation, (ii) the possibility to use this technique with fiber optics for ex vivo and in vivo measurements, (iii) a high

• images from over 60 patients obtained by fluorescence confocal endomicroscopy was used for ex vivo and in vivo studies of four types of cervical tissue relevant for the diagnostics: normal columnar epithelium, normal and precancerous squamous epithelium, and stromal tissue [80]. Researchers acknowledged

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• toxicological information assessed in tier 3 includes: lung burden, systemic uptake, in vivo biopersistence, biodistribution, apical toxic effects and toxic potency, as assessed by STIS, in addition to ex vivo genotoxicity screening. The application of the DF4Nano Grouping has been proposed [36] as a resource

Bacteriorhodopsin–ZnO hybrid as a potential sensing element for low-temperature detection of ethanol vapour

• Saurav Kumar,
• Sudeshna Bagchi,
• Senthil Prasad,
• Anupma Sharma,
• Ritesh Kumar,
• Rishemjit Kaur,
• Jagvir Singh and
• Amol P. Bhondekar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 501–510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.44

• retention of functional properties ex vivo, and a lack of immobilization techniques to prevent denaturation [4][8]. Interestingly, the protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) has been proven to have significant stability against thermal, chemical and photochemical degradation [11][12][13]. Also, bR maintains its

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• tested compound in an in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo study; (2) the NanoPUZZLES Assay file templates treat the identity of assay controls as “Parameter Value […]” entries (e.g., “Parameter Value [negative control]”), whereas the ToxBank Study file template uses a “Characteristics […]” column

Experiences in supporting the structured collection of cancer nanotechnology data using caNanoLab

• Stephanie A. Morris,
• Sharon Gaheen,
• Michal Lijowski,
• Mervi Heiskanen and
• Juli Klemm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1580–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.161

• in vivo and ex vivo characterizations, to additionally support computational modeling and simulation of nanoparticle behavior. Standardized metadata are provided to aid these efforts. caNanoLab navigation and search features In support of data sharing, caNanoLab compliments other nanomaterial data