Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• ; biocompatibility; dental applications; few layered graphene–tannic acid biocomposite (FLG–TA); periodontal ligament cells (PDL); Introduction Dental diseases remain a global health challenge [1]. Dental biomaterials are crucial in both therapeutic and preventive strategies, with nanotechnology emerging as a