Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• carry out a more detailed characterization of the optoelectronic properties. Rothhardt et al. map the local work function on graphene nanoribbons [7]. They experimentally investigate the charge transfer between a gold substrate and graphene nanoribbons and compare that to DFT calculations. Indeed, the

• doping of the graphene nanoribbons is reflected by the local work function. They also measure and calculate the local work function as a function of tip–sample distance and compare results to those of simple electrostatic models of a graphene nanoribbon, validating the overall approach of measurement and

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• , Switzerland current address: Department of Physics, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.91 Abstract Graphene nanoribbons show exciting electronic properties related to the

• difference (LCPD) between a probe tip and a surface, related to the work function. Here we use this technique to map the LCPD of graphene nanoribbons grown on a Au(111) substrate. The LCPD data shows charge transfer between the graphene nanoribbons and the gold substrate. Our results are corroborated with

• ] and p-doping by Bi, Sb, and Au substrates [2]. Confining graphene to nanostructures [6][7], for example, to graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), that is, few nanometers wide stripes of graphene, opens additional possibilities of tuning the electronic properties by creating quantum-confined states [8] and

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• graphene films, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Most of the current techniques are based on multistep processing. For example, ultranarrow graphene nanoribbons can be formed with the so-called meniscus-mask lithography [7] or nanospheres lithography [8], although positioning and

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• molecules was also realized. Kawai et al. synthesized three-dimensional graphene nanoribbons by surface chemistry and showed that local probe chemistry can be used to add different molecules by tip manipulation [115]. Specifically, they demonstrated that radicals created by tip-induced debromination can be

• various low-dimensional nanostructures will be synthesized by this on-surface synthetic nanoarchitectonics. The bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons on surfaces has attracted much attention due to their high electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. Sakaguchi and co-workers have synthesized

• cove-shaped two-dimensional graphene nanoribbon networks by interconnecting one-dimensional self-assembled graphene nanoribbons on a Au(111) surface [121]. The structure of the two-dimensional graphene nanoribbon network consists of hybrid junctions of graphene nanoribbons of various widths, exhibiting

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• activities at the electrode surface, potentially leading to the fabrication of nonenzymatic electrochemical nanosensors for detecting specific OPs on the electroactive surface [2][11][17][18][19]. For example, electrochemical sensing platforms modified with zirconia-embedded PEDOT membrane, graphene

• nanoribbons doped with silver nanoparticles, rGO doped with ZrO2, and CuO–TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were proposed to detect methyl parathion [19][20][21][22]. Rajaji et al. (2019) modified glassy carbon electrodes with graphene oxide encapsulated 3D porous chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) nanocomposites to detect

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

A new photodetector structure based on graphene nanomeshes: an ab initio study

• Babak Sakkaki,
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai,
• Ghafar Darvish and
• Mehdi Khatir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1036–1044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.88

• particular, photodetectors based on graphene will have a large dark current due to the conductivity of graphene even without incident photons [2]. An energy gap in the band structure of graphene can be created using quantum confinement effects via creating graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with a width of

• materials using optical analysis. Finally, by calculating the photocurrent of the detectors based on these materials, we discuss the benefits of using them as infrared detectors. Armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) are often classified into three families, namely 3m, 3m + 1, and 3m + 2 (m is a positive

Effect of substitutional defects on resonant tunneling diodes based on armchair graphene and boron nitride nanoribbons lateral heterojunctions

• Majid Sanaeepur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 688–694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.56

• heterojunctions of armchair graphene and boron nitride nanoribbons, exhibiting negative differential resistance is proposed. Low-bandgap armchair graphene nanoribbons and high-bandgap armchair boron nitride nanoribbons are used to design the well and the barrier region, respectively. The effect of all possible

• operation is created by juxtaposing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with different widths (utilizing the inverse relation between GNR width and bandgap energy) or by periodically arranging graphene (the well) and boron nitride regions (the barriers). While the performance of conventional RTDs based on bulk

• semiconductors is degraded by dislocations and lattice mismatch at the interface of different bandgap materials, the RTDs based on heterojunctions between armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) and armchair boron nitride nanoribbons (ABNNRs) have shown superior performance because of the very low lattice mismatch

A carrier velocity model for electrical detection of gas molecules

• Ali Hosseingholi Pourasl,
• Sharifah Hafizah Syed Ariffin,
• Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi,
• Razali Ismail and
• Niayesh Gharaei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 644–653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.64

• . Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) which have exceptional electrical, physical, and chemical properties can fulfil all of these requirements. The detection of gas molecules using gas sensors, particularly in medical diagnostics and safety applications, is receiving particularly high demand. GNRs exhibit

• the AGNR sensor that are simulated based both on the proposed model and first principles calculations are compared, and an acceptable agreement is achieved. Keywords: armchair graphene nanoribbons; carrier velocity; gas sensor; I–V characteristics; molecular adsorption; Introduction The unique

• electrical, physical, and chemical properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) make them very interesting for use in the future generation of the electronic devices, such as field effect transistors (FETs), diodes, capacitors, memories, and sensors [1][2]. Compared to its counterparts, such as silicon

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• chemisorb with epoxy bonds to the nearest carbon neighbors of the graphitic nitrogen atom, as schematized in Figure 10. Theoretical studies on graphene nanoribbons allowed for the distinction of the catalytic activity of nitrogen atoms with different configurations in a graphitic lattice. Because of the

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• made accessible for structures prepared by thermal evaporation [44][45][46][47][48] or lithographic techniques [49][50][51][52][53][54]. Alternatively, molecular-scale structures such as PTCDA [55], polyfluorene chains [56], graphene nanoflakes on graphene [57] or graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) on single

• dislocations lines (often also called “solitons” or “kinks”), which is required for the overall depinning of the island and thus defines the static friction [70]. An important influence of the edge was also found for GNRs sliding on gold (see subsection “Manipulation of graphene nanoribbons on gold” below

• conservative adhesion energy and irreversible friction forces. The same mechanisms of adhesion-driven forces in combination with structural lubricity have recently been observed for other systems as well. First, adhesion was found as the driving force for the formation of graphene nanoribbons by a self tearing

The electrical conductivity of CNT/graphene composites: a new method for accelerating transmission function calculations

• Olga E. Glukhova and
• Dmitriy S. Shmygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1254–1262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.117

• length. Using the analogy with graphene nanoribbons, it can be seen that the regularities in the electronic transport along the armchair edge are determined by the width of the ribbon and its morphology. In summary, we can conclude that the pillared graphene films with nanotubes having a diameter of 1.23

Transport characteristics of a silicene nanoribbon on Ag(110)

• Ryoichi Hiraoka,
• Chun-Liang Lin,
• Kotaro Nakamura,
• Ryo Nagao,
• Maki Kawai,
• Ryuichi Arafune and
• Noriaki Takagi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1699–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.170

• . The histogram indicates how long the nanojunction can be fabricated. The nanojunctions are usually broken at small values of Zgap_max and SiNRs can rarely be lifted up to 1.0 nm. It is of interest to compare the properties of SiNRs with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). The transport properties of armchair

Tunable plasmons in regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag-shaped edges

• Cristian Vacacela Gomez,
• Michele Pisarra,
• Mario Gravina and
• Antonello Sindona

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 172–182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.18

• , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 (Módulo 13), 28049, Madrid, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.8.18 Abstract Recent experimental evidence for and the theoretical confirmation of tunable edge plasmons and surface plasmons in graphene nanoribbons have opened up new opportunities to

• scrutinize the main geometric and conformation factors, which can be used to modulate these collective modes in the infrared-to-terahertz frequency band. Here, we show how the extrinsic plasmon structure of regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons, with perfectly symmetric edges, is influenced by the

• in nanoscale architectures of nanoribbon devices. Keywords: graphene nanoribbons; plasmonics; time-dependent density functional theory; Introduction Quantized, coherent and collective density fluctuations of the valence electrons in low-dimensional nanostructures, better known as plasmons, have

Zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons: one-dimensional resonant channels in two-dimensional atomic crystals

• Carlos. J. Páez,
• Dario. A. Bahamon,
• Ana L. C. Pereira and
• Peter. A. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1983–1990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.189

• different. First, edge states in zigzag graphene nanoribbons are sublattice polarized, so one single edge do not contribute to the electron transport properties. The graphene edge states channel originates from the overlapping of edge states on opposite edges [40], contrary to what we observe here where a

Fabrication and characterization of branched carbon nanostructures

• Sharali Malik,
• Yoshihiro Nemoto,
• Hongxuan Guo,
• Katsuhiko Ariga and
• Jonathan P. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1260–1266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.116

• of branched-MWCNTs, which opens the door to a multitude of possible applications. Keywords: branched multiwalled carbon nanotubes; carbon nanostructures; carbon nanotubes; graphene nanoribbons; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; Introduction Lighter, stronger materials such as nanocarbon composites

• to form graphene nanoribbons is well known from research by Hirsch [30] and Dai et al. [31] but the procedure is complex and the yield is low [32][33][34]. However, as we show here, if the aim is to make branched-MWCNT then the procedure is much simpler. Thus, as-received MWCNTs were heated to 500 °C

• produces b-MWCNTs when using thick MWCNTs (more than a few walls). However, when the same procedure is used with thin MWCNTs (e.g., triple-walled MWCNTs, Figure 6a), synthesised by a “water-assisted” CVD method [41], graphene nanoribbons are produced in small yields (Figure 6b) which is consistent with

Current-induced runaway vibrations in dehydrogenated graphene nanoribbons

• Rasmus Bjerregaard Christensen,
• Jing-Tao Lü,
• Per Hedegård and
• Mads Brandbyge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 68–74, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.8

• study since its discovery in 2004 [1]. Due to the strong σ-bonding between carbon atoms, graphene has a very high thermal conductivity, and can potentially sustain much higher current intensities than other materials. Graphene nanoribbons (GNR) exhibit a bandgap opening due to quantum confinement in the

• transverse ribbon direction. This opens the possibilities of realizing various electronic devices, especially field-effect transistors, using graphene nanoribbons. Atomically precise ribbons [2], as well as more advanced ribbon-based structures [3][4], have been fabricated “bottom-up” on metal surfaces. The

High I_on/I_off current ratio graphene field effect transistor: the role of line defect

• Mohammad Hadi Tajarrod and
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2062–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.210

• that spin polarization and carrier transport in zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR) were mainly dependent on the position of the line defect [14]. In addition, Hu et al. investigated the electrical and magnetic properties of zigzag edge graphene under external strain. They found that the local magnetic

• off-current caused the band gap at large widths to decrease even more. The proportion of the conducting channels in defect vs ideal graphene nanoribbons increased by increasing the width of the nanoribbon, and, accordingly, the slope of on-current became gentler in the defected device (Figure 5c

• magnitude of carrier transport. (c) Band structure of 1.8 × 20 nm AGNR (top image) and ELD-AGNR (bottom image). (a) Comparison between average transmission probabilities as a function of the energy in 1.8 × 20 nm armchair graphene nanoribbons. Inset shows transmission probabilities compared to the minimum

Attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity effects in graphene-based waveguides

• Almir Wirth Lima Jr.,
• João Cesar Moura Mota and
• Antonio Sergio Bezerra Sombra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1221–1228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.125

• . Previous reports illustrated several details regarding these waveguides [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]; however, the attenuation, dispersion and nonlinear effects were not focused on in detail. Given that graphene surface plasmon polaritons (GSPPs) are highly confined in graphene nanoribbons acting as waveguides

• , it is possible to integrate these waveguides into photonic integrated circuits (PICs). However, the nanoribbon width (W) strongly influences the mode behavior that propagates through these graphene nanoribbons. In this sense, the smaller the nanoribbon width, the lower the number of modes that are

• nanoribbons is given by [17]: where εr is the relative permitivity in which the graphene nanoribbon is embedded. The dispersion relation for graphene nanoribbons for TM modes propagating along a graphene/dielectric interface is also given by [18]: where η0 = 377 Ω is the air impedance and k0 = 2π/λ0

Enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit in engineered graphene nanoribbons

• Hatef Sadeghi,
• Sara Sangtarash and
• Colin J. Lambert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1176–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.119

• Hatef Sadeghi Sara Sangtarash Colin J. Lambert Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK 10.3762/bjnano.6.119 Abstract We demonstrate that thermoelectric properties of graphene nanoribbons can be dramatically improved by introducing nanopores

• values as high as ZTe = 2.45 are obtained. All thermoelectric properties can be further enhanced by tuning the Fermi energy of the leads. Keywords: graphene nanoribbons; quantum transport; thermal conductance; thermoelectric figure of merit; thermopower; Introduction Nowadays, the performance of

• ) in low dimensional materials [8]. In what follows we apply this approach to engineered graphene nanoribbons [9][10] and show that introducing nanopores into bilayer graphene [11], a room-temperature ZTe higher than 2 could be achieved. Computational methods The electrical conductance G(T), the

Graphene quantum interference photodetector

• Mahbub Alam and
• Paul L. Voss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 726–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.74

• device structure that has attracted attention is the resonant tunneling diode, whose operation is based on quantum interference [10]. In graphene nanoribbons, a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure can be devised which gives the same transmittance pattern as that of a resonant tunneling diode for

• incoming electrons [11][12][13][14]. Photon-assisted tunneling through double quantum walls by spatial Rabi oscillation has also been studied [15][16]. In this paper we investigate the optoelectronic properties of this MZI structure formed by graphene nanoribbons and a possible application of this

• mentioned here that we have used the tight binding model for both the armchair and zigzag structures. Zigzag edges of graphene nanoribbons have been shown to be magnetic [34][35][36]. Some reports used the tight binding model without magnetism in NEGF formalism for zigzag MZI structures [12][13] as well as

Numerical investigation of the effect of substrate surface roughness on the performance of zigzag graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors symmetrically doped with BN

• Majid Sanaeepur,
• Arash Yazdanpanah Goharrizi and
• Mohammad Javad Sharifi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1569–1574, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.168

• device engineers [3][4]. Unmodified graphene sheets do not have a band gap, therefore graphene transistors are not suitable for digital applications for which a minimum band gap of 360 meV is needed [5][6]. Nevertheless, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) smaller than 15 nm show a bandgap inversely proportional

• to the width of the GNR [7][8][9][10][11]. Armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) are non-magnetic. Zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs), however, have a spin-polarized ground state and a high density of states localized at the zigzag edges of the ribbon [8][12][13][14]. Nonetheless, the energy of the

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• for increasing this value up to several hundreds of μV/K, such as plasma etching treatments [11], have been carried out successfully. A great enhancement of S has been predicted in graphene nanoribbons [14][15], and the use of a suitable array of nanoelectrodes has been proposed for obtaining a giant

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) [8], stacking of monolayers with perpendicular electric fields [6][7], strain [9] and mounting on a substrate [10][11][12], these methods are not without problems. Alternatives are therefore sought after with the minimum standard to meet or exceed the limits of silicon

Resonance of graphene nanoribbons doped with nitrogen and boron: a molecular dynamics study

• Ye Wei,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Kang Xia,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 717–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.84

• , graphene is proposed to build the ultimate of two dimensional nanoelectromechanical systems (as a resonator) owing to its ultrasensitive detection of mass, force and pressure [19]. Therefore, in this paper, we will discuss extensively on the vibration properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with

• , and future works are expected to unveil such influence. Conclusion Based on the MD simulations, we investigated the impacts of different dopants (only boron and boron with nitrogen) on the resonance properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Both perfect and defective (with either two or four randomly