Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• optimise ASO-based therapeutics for more precise and effective disease treatments. Keywords: antisense oligonucleotides; enhanced delivery; gene transfection; intracellular uptake; locked nucleic acid (LNA); nanoparticles; peptide nucleic acid (PNA); personalised therapy; phosphorodiamidate morpholino

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• authors presented that PLGA NPs with larger particle sizes (520 nm) were accumulated in neural bundles. They showed that this accumulation could enable intracellular uptake in neuronal axons and further provide transcellular transport with the olfactory or trigeminal nerve pathways [81]. It should be

• between these materials, and the intracellular uptake for gene delivery. The authors encapsulated luciferase mRNA in the cationic liposomal formulation to quantify the mRNA expression distribution in the brain. The results of the in vivo studies with mice showed a dose-dependent increase in luciferase

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• majority of NPs for NDD delivery in this database is in the range of 70–115 nm. Recently, Chithrani et al. [91] have demonstrated that size, coating, and surface charge of nanoparticles have a crucial impact on the intracellular uptake process. Similarly, Shilo et al. have investigated the influence of NP

• size on the probability to cross the BBB by using the endothelial brain cell method. The results indicated that the intracellular uptake of NPs strongly depends on the NP size. This characteristic has a direct impact on biomedical applications. When NPs serve as carriers for drug delivery through

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• , the intracellular uptake of bioactive molecules is especially hindered for hydrophobic molecules [64], making it difficult for the drug to reach the parasite. On the other hand, nanocarriers can target the interior of macrophages residing in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, effectively delivering

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• Herceptin® to improve cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells [41]. Similarly, Rayavarapu et al. conjugated HER2 antibodies on the surface of gold nanoparticles using a noncovalent conjugation method in order to increase intracellular uptake into cancer cells [42]. The adsorption results

• stable irreversible thioether linkages [55]. Swaminathan et al. used the maleimide conjugation technique to coat the surface of paclitaxel-loaded-PLGA NPs with anti-CD133 antibody. The antibody-conjugated NPs improved the intracellular uptake of paclitaxel as well as the targeting effectiveness of the

• functionalized with maleimide (dienophile) groups. The ACNPs increased the cytotoxicity, specificity, and intracellular uptake of the chemotherapeutic in cancer cells and resulted in a better therapeutic efficacy. Accumulating evidence revealed that click chemistry provides site-specific bioconjugation by

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• acidic environment. Enhanced cell toxicity was found by encapsulating the doxorubicin drug into ZIF-8 crystals because intracellular uptake was facilitated. When multiple cargos were required, this strategy showed good feasibility. Multiple molecules could be simultaneously encapsulated during formation

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• the MBs, leading to the term “microstream”. Depending on the US intensity, the oscillating MBs come into close proximity with the cells and induce stresses on the cell membrane [75]. Consequently, the triggered shear forces cause disruption of the cell membrane and increase intracellular uptake of

• -liposomal-MBs plus US in comparison with free DOX or DOX-liposomal-MBs without US. They concluded this was due to an increased intracellular uptake and release of DOX into cancer cells caused by cavitation events after US. They showed the uptake and accumulation of the drug in the cytoplasm and nuclei

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• be seen in the development of antimicrobial agents, biosensors, optics, solar energy, and drug delivery [267][268][269]. 3.2 Fungi-mediated synthesis Fungal species have demonstrated significant potential for the synthesis of AgNPs. Their high binding and bioaccumulation capacity, intracellular

• uptake, and ease of handling provide them with additional advantages compared to bacteria [260]. Previous studies have shown that fungi-synthesis processes are followed by an enzymatic process, affecting the formation of stable AgNPs in the range of 5–15 nm [270]. However, this range can vary with

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• absence of free siRNA in the polyplex lanes treated with heparin shows the stability of the complex formed. (A) Intracellular uptake of the polyplex monitored by using laser scanning confocal microscopy after 4 h of treatment with Cy3-labeled anti-VEGF siRNA (emission wavelength = 568 nm) at a final siRNA

• concentration of 100 nM and complexation at a volume ratio of 4:1. Untreated cells were used as control. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33258 (blue, emission wavelength = 405 nm). (B) Intracellular uptake of the polyplex after different periods of time, a: control, b: after 30 min, c: after 1 h, d: after 4 h

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• various proteins, and among them the human transferrin protein was found to induce the highest intracellular uptake following 24 h incubation of these hybrids with cell cultures [5]. In the second, functional colloidal superstructures assembled using DNA linkers elicited a reduction in the response of

• groups have investigated mechanisms for intracellular-uptake and in vivo biodistribution of various nanomaterials [9][10][11]. Due to the complexity of nanostructured materials combined with the intricacy of cell biology, it has been proven very difficult to develop a good understanding of what controls

• the processes involved in the intracellular uptake and ensuing distribution of various nanomaterials [9]. Several studies have consistently found that NPs are very often taken up by endocytosis, and once inside the cells they remain trapped within endosomal compartments [10][12]. A few other studies

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• intracellular uptake of iron oxide in neural stem cells. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and the calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide assay demonstrated that poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles scored better than nanomag®-D-spio in cell labeling efficiency, viability and proliferation

• achieve an efficient intracellular uptake of the nanoparticles (PLL-γ-Fe2O3 at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL and nanomag®-D-spio at 4 mg/mL), PLL-γ-Fe2O3-labeled cells showed more viable cells, (80.43 ± 1.93)%, than in case of nanomag®-D-spio-labeled cells, (67.25 ± 3.10)%. The CalceinAM/PI assay was used

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• support intracellular uptake through distinctive pathways. Potentially the heterogeneous size distribution of SPIONs is also the reason for the relatively low effect of Caveolin-1 compared to other findings in HeLa cells [33][34]. Interestingly, knockdown of Dynamin 2 showed no effect on the endocytosis

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• alterations were correlated with those findings (unpublished data). TEM studies confirmed intracellular uptake of AgNP accumulation in vesicles, most likely endosomes (Figure 2b). Toxicity of metal particles is widely attributed to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [38] and oxidative stress

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• ). For P (A∩B), the convex curve approaches P(A) and P(B) asymptotically [33]. According to Sakai [34], the MDR mechanism of cells is related to (1) the control of the intracellular uptake and extracellular discharge of a medicine; (2) changes to the metabolic system by a medicine (reduction in

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• surface. In this context, biocompatible polymers can be attached to the surface of the nanoparticles to avoid their agglomeration and enhance their non-specific intracellular uptake [4]. Magnetic resonance imaging could be used for tracking labeled cells in vivo by using iron oxide nanoparticles coated by