Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE), can effectively control edge profiles, supported by continuum modeling [12]. Additionally, using alternative precursors such as Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 with low-energy ion irradiation enables the fabrication of high-purity Pt deposits. This process involves

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• as an effective tool. Exposure to 120 MeV silver ion irradiation results in the complete amorphization of the B2 phase in CdO nanoparticles, while the crystalline hexagonal wurtzite phase of zinc oxide (ZnO) remains intact. In contrast, 80 MeV oxygen ion irradiation preserves the B2 phase and

• facilitates the reemergence of the B1 phase. The partial damage caused by electronic energy loss during oxygen ion irradiation in the willemite Zn2SiO4 phase is identified as a trigger for the B1 to B2 phase transformation in CdO nanoparticles, enabling the recovery of the B1 phase. The diminishing local

• pressure exerted by the Zn2SiO4 phase on CdO nanoparticles during oxygen ion irradiation leads to the coexistence of both B1 and B2 phases. X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) reveal minimal changes in the intensity of the spike-like Zn L3,2 pre-edge feature associated with the Zn2SiO4 phase under

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• fragments such as CO, CH3CHO, and also CO2. These findings suggest that during FEB irradiation, the adsorbed [Pd(tbaoac)2] molecules may lose four carbon atoms per one (CH3)2CCH2 volatile molecular fragment, while the remaining carbon atoms may be removed as CO or CO2, hydrocarbons CHx, and other volatile

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• ][20][21]. Ahmed et al. [13] investigated the effect of helium ion irradiation on the structural and electrical properties of Mo thin films. They noted that α-particles create defects that reduce charge carrier mobility, and the hardness increased from low to high ion fluence. Hoffman et al. [14

• accelerating voltage. At grazing incidence, the observed stress is either minimal or slightly tensile and is mostly unaffected by the accelerating voltage. Tripathi et al. [18] examined the temperature-dependent surface alterations in Mo films induced by He+ ion irradiation within the 773–1073 K range as a

• prospective substitute for tungsten in plasma-facing components of fusion devices. Klaver et al. [19] investigated the impact of irradiation with low-energy helium ions on the physical properties of molybdenum thin films. Ono et al. [20] studied the degradation of the optical characteristics of single- and

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• power, and extraction grid voltage is documented for different ion energies. Additionally, the manuscript establishes the relationship between ion beam current and ion energy. Irradiation of p-type single crystal Si(100) surfaces at off-normal angles (60° and 72.5°) with 450 eV Ar ions results in the

• formation of well-defined nanoscale ripple patterns. The prominence of ripple structures increases with prolonged irradiation time, while bombardment at 72.5° with the same ion beam parameters leads to the coarsening of nanostructures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements

• beam current, and the corresponding ion fluence is expressed in terms of irradiation time. The sample holder located in a UHV chamber is connected to a five-axes (x, y, z, θ, φ) manipulator (PREVAC Technologies) system, offering movement and rotation in all possible directions. The sample is

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• of nanoparticles in large quantities for practical use. In this study, we investigated improvements of the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles in LRL by adding scavengers, such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and glycerin, for oxidative radicals formed by laser irradiation to the solution and converting

• practical use. In this study, we attempted to improve the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles using LRL by controlling the reaction environment of the solution during laser irradiation. Results and Discussion Increasing the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles via laser-induced reduction by adding

• radical scavengers In laser-induced reduction, laser irradiation breaks down water molecules to produce various radical species. The standard electrode potentials of solvated electrons (e−aq) and hydrogen radicals (H•) are E0 = −2.77 V and E0 = −2.1 V, respectively [33]. It has been reported that solvated

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• synthesized using a middle-class 6 ps, 1030 nm Yb:KGW laser PHAROS (Light Conversion, Vilnius, Lithuania) and a ScanCube IV galvanometric scanner (Scanlab, Pichheim, Germany) equipped with a 163 mm focal length lens. The irradiation conditions were 50–250 µJ pulse energy range, 10 kHz pulse repetition rate

• , 40 min irradiation time, 2 m·s−1 beam scanning speed, and 4 × 4 mm2 ablated area with a zig-zag scan pattern. To generate donut-shaped laser pulses from the initial Gaussian profile, an S-waveplate convertor (Workshop of Photonics, Vilnius, Lithuania) was used (Figure 1a). A half-waveplate retarder

• materials is intended to clarify the effect of the donut-shaped beam on NP size and to approve whether factors such as phase and composition can be disregarded. For example, the inertness of gold minimizes its oxidation by laser irradiation, whereas the HEA is composed of elements prone to oxidation

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• nanoparticles with their surface attachment and solves longstanding nanoparticle adhesion and electrical contact issues. Irradiation of hydrophilic carbon fiber paper submerged in aqueous HAuCl4 solution by nanosecond laser pulses produced composites with uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles on carbon

• the reported specific surface area of the carbon fiber paper used here [24]. Pulsed laser grafting produced integrated gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites (Figure 2B), using aqueous 1.0 M HAuCl4 solution, hydrophilic carbon fiber paper, and unfocused Nd:YAG laser irradiation with 10 Hz, 8

• that our laser fluence did not enable carbon sublimation. Stable gold colloids have been produced by reactive nanosecond laser irradiation of aqueous [AuCl4]– solutions [29][30]. Colloidal gold nanoparticle formation occurred by nucleation of reduced (metallic) gold atoms [25][31][32]. As in pulsed

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• effectively and precisely break down and neutralize antibiotic compounds with high efficiency and selectivity by utilizing a complex interaction between radical reactive oxygen species and non-radical equivalents under light irradiation. Although photocatalysts have certain drawbacks, such as a limited

• light exposure. To be specific g-C3N4-based ternary photocatalysts exhibited more than 90% degradation of tetracycline and sulfamethazine antibiotics within one hour of irradiation. This study addresses the antibiotic degradation efficiency during photocatalytic processes and suggests new approaches to

• Fe2O3 promoted the electron–holes segregation rate and reduced the rate of recombination. A TiO2/GO/chitosan photocatalyst was synthesized by Erim et al. [73] for the degradation of CFX under UV-A irradiation. Under optimized conditions (catalyst dose of 0.327 g/L, CFX concentration of 20.29 mg/L, pH

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• phase preference could be a difference in post-irradiation behavior due to the use of a batch process. For example, it has been shown that the laser ablation of copper in ethylene glycol leads to nanoparticle diameters ranging from 2.5 to 4.8 nm [61]. Further research needs to investigate the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• physicochemical characterization, including the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same conditions. For physicochemical characterization of the formulations, different techniques were used by which successful functionalization of the CNs and TMZ loading were confirmed and visualized; no significant

• changes in the structure of the CNs and TMZ after irradiation were observed. With single and dual functionalization, formulations with relatively high TMZ loading efficiency and drug content were prepared. They exhibited homogeneous particle size distributions and mean particle sizes and surface charges

• surface on a larger scale. For the irradiated CNs, lower values for particle size, more positive values for surface charge, and accelerated TMZ release were observed, which could be explained by changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared formulations upon irradiation. Significant

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• heats the photothermal nanomaterials embedded in these hydrogels, causing them to soften reversibly and release the encapsulated drug. The rate of drug release can be finely tuned by adjusting the concentration of the hydrogel and photothermal nanomaterial, as well as the irradiation conditions [132

• vesicle leakage, bacterial endophthalmitis, and ocular hypotonia. Wang et al. developed a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel with enhanced photothermal, antimicrobial, and drug-delivery capabilities (PVA@rGO-Ag/5-Fu) [71]. Under NIR irradiation, the rGO-Ag component in the hydrogel effectively targets and

• vitro antibacterial experiments, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of AuAgCu2O NS (808 nm, 0.75 W·cm−2, 10 min) and AgCu2O-EDTA (808 nm, 0.25 W·cm−2, 5 min) were similar. However, AgCu2O-EDTA required a lower laser energy density and shorter irradiation times, resulting in a milder photothermal

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• photocatalyst and 20 ppm of MB dye was exposed to UV light in order to initiate photodegradation. Measurements were taken at 15 min intervals to track the reduction in MB dye concentration. UV–visible spectrophotometry was used to measure the absorbance at 663 nm. Under UV irradiation, the photodegradation of

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• described by a Gaussian shape function: where f0 is the maximum electron flux at r = 0 and a is the standard deviation. The width of the Gaussian is defined as . The growth rate under electron irradiation is proportional to the local electron flux, the dissociation cross section, and the volume V of the

• . Discussion The appearance of an indent in the deposits is attributed to a larger diffusion coefficient and a longer residence time which is required to induce a sufficient concentration gradient between the BIR and the outer regions under controlled irradiation conditions. In contrast to the Cr(C6H6)2

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• ability of blood serum proteins to bind to each other under the influence of PACL and subsequent UV irradiation. However, if was found that serum proteins bind only to the surface of model NPs and do not cross-link with each other. In other words, in FBS incubated with PACL and irradiated with UV, the

• formation of serum protein aggregates was not detected, PACL specifically interacted with the NP surface. It is interesting that we observed the attachment of LPs to the surface of the protein corona on model NPs [23]. We supposed that the incubation of sera with PACL followed by UV irradiation

• in the ultrastructure of bio-NPs comparing with native sera were detected (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Incubation of FBS and NBS with PACL and subsequent UV irradiation resulted in the appearance of an electron-dense material adsorbed directly onto the bio-NPs’ surface (Figure 4a–o). The material

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• residues in the environment [30]. Physical methods include laser ablation, UV irradiation, evaporation condensation, aerosol methods, and lithography. High cost, high energy consumption, and expensive equipment make these techniques uneconomical [31]. Because of these disadvantages, synthesis methods based

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• /bjnano.15.117 Abstract By employing a model of nanomaterials with polymorphic phase transitions and using a thermodynamic approach to describe the effects of vacancy saturation, irradiation dose, powder dispersion, and surface energies, we demonstrate the possibility of radiation-induced phase

• are stable) because of surface effects. There is an intermediate zone of sizes and parameters where radiation-induced defects become important so that the α-phase particle is unstable without irradiation but becomes stable under irradiation. For large sizes and low temperatures, the α→β transformation

• cannot occur regardless of irradiation because of bulk driving forces; initially, α-phase particles are stable, whereas the β-phase particles are unstable. In some cases, nucleation requires a large additional energy change, resulting in a low probability of phase change fluctuations. This behavior is

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• ion irradiation these PtCl2 or PtBr2 species experience ion-induced sputtering. The difference between halogen and Pt sputter rates leads to a critical ion dose at which only Pt remains in the film. A comparison of the different ion/precursor combinations studied revealed that this sequence of

• ][53][54]. An ideal precursor candidate would have sufficient volatility and stability for the transport of intact gas phase precursor molecules during the process. The ligands should readily and cleanly be liberated from the precursor upon irradiation to provide a metallic deposit in the path of the

• ion beam. For Pt deposits, although MeCpPtMe3 meets the volatility and stability requirements, the inability to directly desorb the cyclopentadienyl ligands results in significant carbon contamination upon ion irradiation [21]. Alternatives to the carbon-rich MeCpPtMe3 complex are the four coordinate

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• irradiation increased the mRNA expression in the cytoplasm [160]. In addition to polyplexes, lipoplexes, another widely used vector, have also been studied for siRNA delivery. For instance, Hu et al. described the encapsulation of siRNA (specifically of c-Myc-targeting siRNA) in a core–shell lipoplex for

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• of amorphous oxide nanopowders, the precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, and the drying and thermal treatment of oxide films [23]. However, there has been comparatively less focus on studying chemical reactions in sol–gel solutions under microwave irradiation [24][25][26][27]. Numerous

• oxides have been synthesized by exposing precursor solutions to microwave irradiation, including MgO [28], RuO2 [29], ZrO2 [30], WO3 [31], SiO2 [32], TiO2 [33][34], and ZnO [12]. The microwave power utilized in these processes varied from 140 W [34] to 850 W [29]. ZnO is a widely studied n-type oxide

• -structural characterizations of the resulting materials and investigates their photocatalytic performance for the mineralization of oxalic acid in aqueous solutions under simulated solar irradiation. Results and Discussion As-prepared samples The synthesis process involved the preparation of precursor

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• . The series in panel (c) shows consecutive steps of the alignment process, where each step is a new milling (red lines) and irradiation process (red field shows irradiated area) with a total dose of 500 nC/nm2. The scale bar in (c) is 10 μm long. Resistance measurements of a free-standing nanowire

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• particles at 4 h p.i., highlighting the superior efficacy of the active targeting strategy over EPR-based passive targeting. X-ray irradiation of tumor-bearing mice treated with targeted AuNCs demonstrated a significant enhancement in radiotherapy effectiveness (Figure 5C). In combination, the selective

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• and a cross section through the middle of the ion beam spot for a simulated sample volume of 600 nm × 600 nm × 400 nm after an irradiation time of 990.0 ns is shown in Figure 3. The simulations for 5 keV in the nanoampere beam current range (Figure 3A) and picoampere beam current range (Figure 3B

• plotted after an irradiation time of 990 ns. The color scales are fixed to 340 K max for better comparison. SEM micrographs showing cross sections that were cut into collagen using (A) 30 keV gallium ions with 1 nA beam current and 1.4 × 1013 ions·cm−2 and (B) 5 keV gallium ions with 1.4 nA beam current

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• ][10][11]. Besides, in the case of radiotherapy, fibrosis, atrophy, and neuronal damage caused by irradiation can occur [12][13]. Consequently, novel treatments try to reduce the secondary effects while retaining the benefits of standard approaches. Chemotherapy is one of the most extensively applied