Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• ′ position of the ribose ring, whereas third-generation ASOs are more diverse, containing a variety of sugar ring modifications or base modifications [19][20]. These include locked nucleic acids (LNAs) [21][22], phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) [23][24][25], peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) [26][27

• ], and tricyclo-DNA oligomers (tcDNA) [28][29]. It is well-established that 2′-modifications inhibit the ribonuclease RNase H1 to cleave the target mRNA, which restricts the use of 2′-O-substituted oligoribonucleotides as antisense agents [30]. In order to overcome this limitation, chimeric gapmer

• activity and nucleic acid catalysis, effectively bridging the gap between short oligomers and functional RNAs under various environmental conditions. In addition to a delivery enhancer, PLL can be efficiently employed as an antisense oligonucleotide condenser. In their exploration of advanced drug delivery

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• . Such a trend was observed in a study of Jun et al. [47] in which MWCNTs conjugated with chitosan oligomers and with incorporated tea polyphenols for cancer treatment were irradiated by gamma rays from 60Co for 30 min with a dose of 1.5 Gy. The irradiation also led to changes in zeta potential to lower

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• with minimal hydrolysis time in 70% ethanol solution. An obvious reason for the loss of lamellar structure is the rate of hydrolysis, which is much higher for TEOT than for TEOS [5]. The rapid and apparently uneven growth of oligomers in different regions of the interlamellar layers leads to a

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• of DA. This solution was gently shaken at ambient temperature in the dark. After 24 h, a homogenous black suspension of BSA/PDA NPs was obtained. Small oligomers, unreacted dopamine monomers, and Tris salt were removed from the reaction medium by dialysis. 20 mL of the suspension were dialyzed

• the absence of oligomers in the dialysate at the end of the dialysis process [13]. Dialysis was repeated three times, yielding a total dilution of the dialysate by a factor of 106. The solution was frozen at −80 °C for 1 h, and water was eliminated by freeze-drying (Alpha 1-4 LDplus; Christ, Osterode

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• room temperature to produce APDA. During the polymerization, DHI or IQ moieties were formed by rearrangement of dopamine. The formed DHI and IQ moieties then reacted with each other or the amine groups of arginine. This was followed by further polymerization of DHI, IQ, arginine, and their oligomers

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• nanoribbons. Molecular nanoarchitectonics is an approach with great potential. Orita, Kawai, and co-workers demonstrated controlled synthesis of conjugated oligomers by chemoselective Sonogashira coupling between (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl and chlorophenyl groups on Ag(111) (Figure 6) [119]. In this reaction

• , oligomers are obtained by CH3–Si bond activation at 130 °C and subsequent tether removal at 200 °C to form an intermolecular silylene tether (–Me2Si–). The sample was further heated at 200 °C to accelerate silylene tether desorption and complete the desilylation Sonogashira coupling. As a result, the

• oligomers at 210 °C, elongated one-dimensional structures were formed, ranging in length from a few nanometers to several tens of nanometers. They still have CF3 groups at both ends. The CF3 groups undergo coupling reactions at high temperature only in case of sufficiently close approaches of the reactants

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• QCM electrodes for chiral sensing. Cyclodextrin derivatives. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a class of oligomers composed of glucose units. They possess hollow truncated cones with a lipophilic inner cavity and a hydrophilic edge. The hydroxy groups at the edge can undergo different chemical reactions, which

• , is the main cause of neurodegenerative diseases. Qing et al. used a chiral cysteine- (L/R-Cys) modified graphene oxide (GO) to study the chirality of the aggregation process of the chiral amyloid β-protein(1-40) (Aβ(1-40)) [152]. The adsorption behaviors of Aβ(1–40) monomers and oligomers by QCM

• oligomers, and the subsequent fibrillation process. The results give interesting insights into the crucial roles of biological membranes on protein amyloidosis, and how intrinsic chirality contributes to this process. It also brings the prospect of chiral-modified carbon nanostructures for biological and

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• UiO-66 on two facets of MIL-96 microcrystals, patchy colloidal particles could be synthesized [135]. The UiO-66 parts show an affinity to oligomers of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (o-TPM). The o-TPM worked as glue to assemble the patchy particles into supra-chains as needed. The patchy

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• range of different structures depending mainly on pH and ionic strength (Figure 1). Above neutral pH and at low to moderate ionic strength, the protein exists primarily as a mixture of monomers and small oligomers. This mixture is known as A-protein [17]. Around pH 6.5–7.0, TMV-cp assembles into achiral

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• necessary when the active material is chemically and/or mechanically unstable on the surface of plate electrodes [35][36]. Also, the proposed electrodes can be used to study the electrochemical properties of conjugated oligomers, which can be selectively immobilized in the recess with suitable depth and

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• oligomerisation of the 33-mer peptide gliadin [74]. The HIM data helped the authors to “show a plausible pathway of 33-mer peptide protofilaments formation” via the contact of square-like oligomers and the formation of protofilaments by “longitutinal association of matured rod-like oligomers.” Imaging animals and

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• oligomerization [19][20][21]. Films of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate) were surface-grafted within nanoporous anodic alumina (AAO) by surface-initiated polymerization of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate)-NCA [22][23]. Three-dimensional fibrillar networks consisting of supramolecular assemblies of oligomers or polypeptides

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 450–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.36

• , the chiral structure was found to control the self-assembly of nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles [25]. Works related to the formation of higher-dimensional materials included, for example, the self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers that resulted in nanoribbon networks [26], silicon nanowires

Correction: Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 370–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.27

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• catalyzed by the large GTPase dynamin. First, dynamin assembles into tight oligomers, allowing constriction of the membrane neck. After GTP hydrolysis, dynamin oligomers further constrict in the presence of GTP. The constricted state of the membrane causes spontaneous transitions to a hemi-fission and then

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• self-assembly of cellulose oligomers into hierarchical nanoribbon network structures. In this study, we dealt with the cellodextrin phosphorylase-catalyzed oligomerization of phosphorylated glucose monomers from ᴅ-glucose primers, which produce precipitates of nanosheet-shaped crystals in aqueous

• synthesized cellulose oligomers (also known as cellodextrin) self-assemble in situ into unique nanostructures. In addition to the plain cellulose oligomer, cellulose oligomer derivatives bearing azido [34], alkyl [35], oligo(ethylene glycol) [36], vinyl [37][38], and amino [39][40] groups at the terminal have

• oligomerization-induced self-assembly of cellulose oligomers has yet to be investigated systematically, even though many more candidates are available for small molecules than for polymers and colloidal particles. Herein, we show the formation of nanoribbon networks composed of crystalline cellulose oligomers via

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• hydrogenation reactions [6]. The catalytic activity of Ni nanoparticles can be used in hydrogenation reactions of alkenes [7], styrene [8], and quinoline [9]. Semihydrogenation reactions of alkynes lead to overhydrogenation [10] or polymerization in the case of acetylene to form oligomers [11]. One can

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• molecules, chain extension or plasticizing effects were observed. In the case of in situ polymerization, an increase in the Newtonian zero-shear viscosity of nearly 20–28 times was observed when LDHs with embedded PBS oligomers were used, whereas the smaller molecules increased η0 from 40–50 Pa s for

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• oligomers, inducing sudden macroscopic precipitation in less than 3 min. Two different mass concentrations of the reaction medium, expressed by the wt % of DHBC, were used. The 3.9 wt % concentration was aimed at evaluating the influence of the pH on the texture, structure and chemical composition of the

• of Pluronic-templated mesostructured silica [5][41][42][43], in which the primary step for a good mesostructure to be obtained is entropy driven by hydrogen bonding between the silica oligomers and PEO chains [5]. Variations in the respective sizes of the two nanodomains of the system, (1) the

Low cost tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy fabricated by two-step electrochemical etching of 125 µm diameter gold wires

• Antonino Foti,
• Francesco Barreca,
• Enza Fazio,
• Cristiano D’Andrea,
• Paolo Matteini,
• Onofrio Maria Maragò and
• Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2718–2729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.254

• blue (MB), pigments of cultural heritage interest (alizarin-s, AZ-s) [58] and highly toxic protein oligomers [59]. Tests are carried out in gap-mode, absorbing the probe molecules on gold films with side-illumination at an excitation wavelength of 638 nm. Molecular solutions at different concentrations

• the detection of toxic HypF-N oligomers that precede the formation of mature amyloid fibrils [69][70]. HypF-N oligomers (48 μM) are obtained by controlled aggregation (4 h, 25 °C, pH 5.5) of the HypF-N monomer in 50 mM acetate buffer, 12% (v/v) trifluoroethanol and 2 mM dithiothreitol [66]. The gold

• films are then immersed overnight in the oligomer solution, followed by rinsing in water to remove the excess of protein and then drying in air. TERS spectra are acquired with a tip featuring a tip radius rtip = 15 nm. Figure 8 (red line) shows evidence of a strong TERS effect on oligomers, with the

Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties

• Janning F. Herrmann and
• Christiane Höppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2188–2197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.205

• macrocyclic molecule (scheme, Figure 1B). Cucurbiturils (CB[n]s) are cyclic methylene-bridged glycoluril oligomers forming a barrel-like structure with a hollow cavity. In particular due to their sub-nanometer height of ≈0.9 nm [53], CBs can be considered as ideal spacer molecules for the formation of

Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film

• Kalpana Singh,
• Evgeniy Panchenko,
• Babak Nasr,
• Amelia Liu,
• Lukas Wesemann,
• Timothy J. Davis and
• Ann Roberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.140

• nanogratings [15], plasmonic oligomers [16], dolmen arrangements of nanorods [17] and ring–disk dimers [18]. Fano resonances have also been observed in nanoholes such as coaxial apertures [19] and dolmen nanocavities [18]. The performance of an array of double split-ring cavities [20] as biosensors using Fano

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

• Clelia Galati,
• Natalia Spinella,
• Lucio Renna,
• Danilo Milardi,
• Francesco Attanasio,
• Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
• Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

• Abstract Although the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils in neuronal tissues is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD), small-sized Aβ oligomers rather than mature fibrils have been identified as the most neurotoxic species. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors, able to prevent the aggregation of Aβ, is

• real causative agents of AD, more recent works have suggested that small-sized Aβ oligomers are the main cytotoxic species [3], and that Aβ monomers may even be neuroprotective [4], in line with these findings, the possibility to detect the small-sized Aβ oligomers was recently demonstrated too [5

• ]. Thus, the design of novel molecules that target Aβ monomers and able to prevent the formation of small toxic oligomers may be considered a promising goal of a number of therapeutic strategies under development. Thus far, a number of different compounds including Congo Red derivatives [6], antibodies [7

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• layers with a high conformity, albeit at slow growth rates [39]. Growth rate as function of pressure The reactor spatially separates the regions of activation (cleavage of dimers) and polymerization (oligomers or polymers in the vapor vs deposition as surface reaction). The growth rate, GR, depends on