Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• with a wide particle size distribution of >10 nm, particles with a square shape of >50 nm were also observed. It is thought that the square-shaped particles were formed by crystal growth of the atoms produced by laser irradiation as nuclei, while consuming unreacted ions in the solution through a self

• -catalytic effect. This also suggests that the reduction reaction was not complete after 10 min of laser irradiation. The sample after 30 min of laser irradiation shows that particles with a narrow particle size distribution of less than 10 nm in diameter were formed. In contrast, in the sample with 10 vol

• % IPA, even in the TEM image of the sample after 10 min of laser irradiation, nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution of less than 10 nm in diameter were observed. This suggests that the nanoparticle synthesis reaction finished after 10 min of irradiation. This is due to the fact that the

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• the size, requiring a monodisperse or at least monomodal size distribution. As an example, gold NPs with a narrow particle size distribution achieve a higher detection sensitivity in sensing applications [9]. Besides, NP size is critical for biomedical applications, where deviations from the optimum

• , there is a noticeable difference in the cut-off of the distribution obtained with the donut beam, ⟨D⟩ ≈ 40 nm, compared to the Gaussian pulses where there is a pronounced tail in the particle size distribution extending beyond 100 nm. Besides, the distribution is considerably narrower for the donut

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• were only able to scan at 430 K before (Figure 6b) and after the reaction occurred (Figure 6c). As can be seen, the surface has undergone a change due to the reaction. The particle size distribution has changed; it appears that smaller particles are no longer visible and that there is an increase in

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• Eudragit polymer. Particle size and zeta potential distribution The particle size distribution is an important parameter in drug delivery applications because it determines the transport across membranes. The Z-average diameters of Alg NPs and EudAlg NPs were 206.14 ± 32.31 and 219.22 ± 41.61 nm

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• recorded by observing the stained cells attached to the walls of the test tubes. FE-SEM images of (a) berberine and (b) BerNPs. (c) Histogram of particle size distribution of BerNPs. (a) UV–vis absorption spectrum of BerNPs. (b) Standard curve of pure berberine. (c) XRD patterns of pure berberine and

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• conditions were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Results and Discussion Biopharmaceutical characterization of temozolomide-loaded carbon nanostructures Loading efficacy, drug content, surface charge, and particle size distribution In the study, relatively high

• images in this study and the SEM and TEM images in [43]). In all series, a relatively unimodal particle size distribution was observed, with PDI values not higher than 0.541. In the irradiated series, the mean particle size ranged from 222 nm (I-MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA) to 347 nm (I-MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA-TMZ

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• . The morphology of the analyzed sample, observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at magnifications of 15,000× and 50,000× are depicted in Figure 3. Figure 3 provides a clear view of the sample demonstrating spherical shapes with a consistent particle size distribution. The SEM analysis

• reconstruction and genetic distance analysis. XRD pattern of HA standard (ICSD #157481). XRD pattern of the synthesized nHA. Morphology and particle size distribution of the sample, (a, b) SEM images at magnifications of 15,000× and 50,000×, (c) particle size distribution, and (d) 3D plot of porosity. Viability

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• with 50 μm of diameter and gate delay of 0.5 μs. A static laser scattering (SLS) Horiba LA-960 equipment assessed the powder particle size distribution measurements using a 15 mL cuvette accessory and water as the dispersion medium. The refractive index was set to 1.640 for red and blue lines. Results

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• nucleation in a supersaturated solution) can be experimentally identified [18] and correlated with specific parameters of the systems exposed to microwaves [18][19][20]. For instance, the use of microwaves in nanoparticle production may increase the reaction rate, also contributing to a narrow particle size

• distribution, improved purity, tailored shape, and morphological uniformity [21]. More crucially, the crystallization can be influenced by varying reaction temperature, reaction duration, and system composition [18][22]. According to the literature, MW has been predominantly employed for the thermal treatment

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• of CF and CF/GQDs-200, respectively, and the corresponding particle size distribution. CF has very fine particles of around 15–20 nm. The intimate interfacial contact between GQDs sheets and the CF nanoparticle is further depicted in the TEM image (Figure 4e). In this image, the deposited

• curves of CF/GQDs-200. SEM images of (a) CF/GQD-140, (b) CF/GQD-180, and (c) CF/GQD-200; TEM observations and corresponding particle size distribution of (d) CF and (e) CF/GQDs-200. EDX-mapping of CF/GQDs-200. (a) Electron microscopy image, (b) EDX spectrum, (c) carbon mapping, (d) oxygen mapping, (e

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• nanomaterials [10][11]. In 2018, KRONOS INT. Inc., Precheza a.s and Venator supported EFSA in responding to the questions raised by the EFSA Scientific Panel on the particle size distribution of E171. The results were reported by EFSA in 2019 [11]. The same samples as measured in [8] and [11] were used in a

• log-normal assumption. The probability p that the particle size distribution is not log-normal is given in Table 2 together with the results of the fits. Indirect particle size measurements and optical properties Single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) measurements are

• because aggregates and primary particles start to be destroyed above 250 J/mL, but only at low rates [18][19]. However, dispersion energies of approximately 600 J/mL or higher may significantly break aggregates into primary particles, causing a shift in the particle size distribution towards a smaller

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• –4000 cm−1 using attenuated total reflection mode. The characteristic absorption band of the ZnO NPs sample was measured by LAMBDA 365 UV Spectrometer at a wavelength range of 200–800 nm. The particle size distribution of ZnO NPs was evaluated by a Malvern Zetasizer at 25 °C with a count rate of 171.1

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• -MPs loaded with 0.6 mg of CUR in distilled water (0.6 mg/mL), and 1 mL of HSA-MPs (control with an equivalent concentration to CUR-HSA-MPs) in distilled water; (B) the particle size distribution of HSA-MPs (red line) and CUR-HSA-MPs (green line) determined by DLS; SEM images of (C) HSA-MPs and (D) CUR

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• polydispersion index Nano ZS Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments Corp, Worcestershire, UK) was used to measure particle size distribution and mean diameter by DLS at 25 °C in polystyrene cuvettes with a thickness of 10 mm. The zeta potential was determined by Doppler anemometry using the previously described

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• temperature field and the gas phase chemistry evolve concurrently inside the flame [24]; thus, particle formation and CNT growth occur almost instantaneously. The rapid particle formation from the surface breakup produces a heterogenous particle size distribution. Consequently, particle bundles can be

Specific absorption rate of randomly oriented magnetic nanoparticles in a static magnetic field

• Ruslan A. Rytov and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.39

• magnetic field, shown in Figure 5b, are presented in Figure 5с. The particle size distribution for this assembly is given in Figure 5d. It is easy to see that in the given case only particles located in a small cylindrical region near the FFP with a radius of about 1 cm are capable of effectively absorbing

• the energy of the ac magnetic field. Furthermore, near the FFP the assembly SAR reaches 200 W/g. However, if the assembly of nanoparticles contains a large fraction of nanoparticles with the particle size distribution shown in Figure 5f, the spatial SAR distribution near the FFP changes. Figure 5e

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• solution available at present. In the interim, with no “silver bullet” method available, there is likely great benefit in a quantification regime that may allow the key dosing values to be obtained through a combination of complementary methods (i.e., individual particle size distribution measurements

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• is the result of the less ordered assembly and broader particle size distribution. This is better observed when the measured λ values are fitted to the theoretical Bragg reflection maximum (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). The improvement in the self-assembly by the SiBP is likely

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• between the reducing biocompounds and the precursor salt. Concomitantly, the particle size increases, as shown by the trend of images a2–d2 in Figure 6. However, the particle size distribution also increases because the higher the reaction rate, the greater the formation of silver crystals of different

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• capillary cell. Particle size measurements were made at an angle of 173°, while zeta potential measurements were made at an angle of 12.8°. All formulations were measured at 25°C in triplicate. The particle size distribution was expressed as mean diameter (nm) ± standard deviation (SD) and PDI. The zeta

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• broad particle size distribution, which was observed to be in the range of 2–80 μm. The polydispersity due to evaporation in the spark helps to select particles of suitable diameter size. The evaporation of sparks is a universal process that can be applied to basically all metals suitable as electrodes

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• though they have the same chemical surface groups and particle size distribution, they both have varying levels of surface oxidation. The emission wavelength moved from 518 to 543 nm as the degree of surface oxidation increased, which gives an indication about the reduction of band gap between LUMO and

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• , ImageJ, IMOD, tomo3d, or Genfire). The proposed program was designed to work directly with electron tomograms reconstructed using Genfire [22]. Although Magn3t is technically capable to provide correct information regarding particle size distribution (with particle separation capabilities) for any 3D

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• presence of SPAN 80 [24]. TEM microscopy analysis has revealed a slight narrowing of the particle size distribution with Đ = 1.43. PHEG-Tyr nanogel is composed of two families of compact hydrogel spheres with Dn = 111 and 19 nm, and Dw = 159 and 24 nm, respectively. Biocompatible zwitterionic Nα-Lys-NG was

• to the measurement at 25 °C as a result of the contribution from hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. However, it is important to note that the measurement was also affected by the broad particle size distribution of Nα-Lys-NG nanogel documented by the error bars in Figure 3a. PDI values

• min without pulsation, and 1 min pulsation (0.5 s pulse rate). All measurements were performed in pentaplicates, and data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Morphology, size, and particle size distribution of the nanogels were studied using a Tecnai G2 Spirit Twin 12 transmission electron