Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• ; hybrid nanocomposites; plasmonic nanomaterials; surface functionalization; Introduction Graphene oxide (GO), due to its unique physicochemical properties, is widely explored regarding a range of applications, including sensors, water purification, and energy storage and conversion [1][2][3][4][5]. GO is

• becomes essential to investigate the functionalization potential of Agro-GO materials as viable alternatives to conventionally produced GO [29]. The integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto GO yields hybrid materials with synergistic enhancements, such as improved conductivity, plasmonic activity

• with a higher content of oxygen functionalities favor the formation of smaller, more uniformly distributed AuNPs, a feature particularly advantageous for applications in catalysis, sensing, and plasmonic enhancement [30]. In contrast, reduced or less functionalized GO supports lead to the growth of

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• presence of terbium NPs. When the fluence increases from 60 to 140 J·cm−2, the radical yield with oxidised NPs rises by over an order of magnitude [114][115]. Moreover, according to Davletshin et al., plasmonic coupling in aqueous Au nanospheres leads to enhanced local fields. This leads to a reduction via

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• heterostructures. Semiconductors such as silicon and silicon carbide remain foundational due to their controllable oxidation kinetics, while metals like titanium and aluminum offer opportunities for plasmonic and optical applications. 2D materials, including graphene, graphene oxide, and transition metal

• efficiently align BCPs into an ordered parallel lamellar arrangement, as depicted in Figure 4b–d. 2.5.2 Metals. Metals like titanium and aluminum are frequently utilized for plasmonic devices and nanoscale sensors. Oxidation of titanium during LAO forms TiO2 [69][88], a process highly dependent on relative

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• Chiral plasmonic nanostructures (cPNSs) have garnered extensive interest across disciplines due to their strong interaction with circularly polarized light (CPL). Numerous fundamental studies have demonstrated the enhancement of chiroptic effects in molecular systems and quantum emitters facilitated by

• chiral metal nanostructures; for example, the detection of DNA at attomolar concentrations has been achieved using cPNSs. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the colloidal synthesis of chiral plasmonic nanostructures. A noteworthy breakthrough involves the use of CPL to fabricate

• applications of cPNSs fabricated using CPL. Keywords: circular dichroism; circularly polarized light; plasmonic nanocrystals; Introduction An object is considered chiral when it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Homochirality is a feature of life on Earth. For example, amino acids in living

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• output, utilizing the optical properties of the signal such as fluorescence, absorbance, refractive index, and Raman scattering for quantification and evaluation. The most prevalent types of optical sensing include colorimetric, plasmonic, fluorescence, and spectrophotometric methods due to their ease of

• vitamin chip was stable, with an RSD of less than 10% over 50 cycles. Also, the LOD for VB12 was 0.006 µg/100 g with an RR of 92.1–104.1% [94]. Çimen and Denizli have recently developed a plasmonic nanosensor for the real-time detection of B-group vitamins (i.e., B2, B9, and B12) in infant formula and

• leveraging mid-IR plasmon resonance in graphene nanostructures to detect VB12, where functionalized graphene nanoribbons provided the recognition sites, the nanostructured graphene surface acted as the plasmonic indicator, and the sensing signal was a mid-IR resonance shift. This approach achieved an LOD of

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• development of such fields as energy generation and storage, sensing, and catalysis. Another application area of nonspherical NPs stems from the shape dependencies of their optical properties. The shift of plasmonic bands to the near-infrared spectral range observed for high-aspect-ratio nanostructures, such

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• the fabrication or modification of cantilevers in AFM and scanning optical near-field microscopy, and as plasmonic materials [15][16][17][18][19]. FEBID/FIBID techniques combine the advantages of direct-write lithographic processes, for example, high spatial resolution, site-specificity, no need for

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• , sensory, and photocatalytic properties of graphene oxide (GO) and polyimide (PI). Implantations were carried out with fluences ranging from 3.75 × 1012 cm−2 to 1 × 1016 cm−2. Silver ions offer excellent electrical, catalytic, and plasmonic characteristics, making them ideal for multifunctional enhancement

• , and pronounced plasmonic effects in the visible spectrum [5]. These synergistic characteristics make Ag ions especially advantageous for multifunctional material modification [6]. Silver is one of the metals with the highest electrical conductivity, and its ion implantation is an effective method for

• bandgap and an increased density of states near the Fermi level, promotes absorption in the visible region and facilitates the generation of electron–hole (e−–h+) pairs upon light irradiation. The silver clusters also exhibit plasmonic resonances, which amplify the local electromagnetic field and promote

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• reproduced from [45] (“Solar light driven atomic and electronic transformations in a plasmonic Ni@NiO/NiCO3 photocatalyst revealed by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy“, © 2024 M. K. Ghosalya et al., published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, distributed under the terms of the Creative

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• including mono- and bimetallic NPs with distinctive structural features such as unique catalytic and plasmonic properties that cannot be achieved by conventional methods [13][14]. The latest review on gold-based NPs by PLAL discusses how laser parameters (e.g., wavelength, pulse duration, and fluence) and

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ; and (iii) a strong in-plane dipole (IPD) peak at 654 nm, characteristic of silver nanoprisms. This observation is consistent with the characteristic UV–vis absorption spectra of AgNPrs reported in previous studies [2][4][7]. The simultaneous presence of these three plasmonic modes, along with the

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• or understand the underlying mechanisms. In pursuit of this understanding, we monitored the formation of plasma and the depth of laser penetration inside the material for all wavelengths of femtosecond laser irradiations. According to the plasmonic model, when the radiation is incident at a normal

• unbound electrons within stainless steel oscillate in the presence of an electromagnetic field is known as the plasma frequency. The metallic substance’s electron density and effective electron mass also affect the plasma frequency. where ωp is the plasmonic frequency, ne is the electron density, and me

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• polymer chains. Having precise control over the spatial arrangement of gold nanorods presents substantial benefits in the creation of plasmonic systems. Achieving dynamic control over the spatial configuration of gold nanorods is often quite difficult. Ijiro, Mitomo, and colleagues have proposed a

• . Consequently, rod-shaped gold nanoparticles have been the subject of considerable interest with regard to their potential use in optical antennas, sensitive biosensors, and medical applications. This is due to their strong plasmonic absorption in the visible–near infrared region, which is caused by electronic

• vibrations along the main axis. Given that the plasmonic properties of these particles are contingent upon their spatial configuration, it is similarly crucial to regulate the distance and orientation between the gold rod particles when designing plasmonic systems. This approach also offers a versatile

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• FEL was also exploited to investigate the electron transfer process in a composite plasmonic/semiconductor system, based on silver NPs embedded in a CeO2 film [63]. Pump–probe XANES measurements were performed at the Ce N4,5 edge upon photoexcitation of plasmonic resonances in the metal NPs by visible

• N4,5 XANES acquired using synchrotron radiation on the composite film and two reference spectra of Ce4+ and Ce3+ from literature [64]. Also, it evidences the photon energies used for the pump–probe FEL measurements. The transient XANES intensity after pumping the Ag plasmonic resonance, exhibits an

• edge are compatible with a transient reduction of Ce ions in the film, as shown by the left panel of Figure 7, and they demonstrate that the resonantly excited plasmonic Ag NPs transfer electrons to the Ce atoms of the CeO2 film through a highly efficient electron-based mechanism [63]. The importance

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• use of masks, achieving scales down to a few nanometers with various patterns and shapes, offers significant advantages for a wide range of technological applications. These include areas that require plasmonic [1][2][3], phononic [3][4], magnetic [5][6], optoelectronic [7][8][9], and mechanical [10

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• because of defects that facilitate the growth of smaller nanoparticles or cause aggregation, consequently altering the plasmonic characteristics of the material. Reflectance spectra Figure 8 shows the reflectance spectra as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films as functions of the thickness. The dip

• function of the film thickness. Ion implantation induces many alterations in the reflectance spectra. The shift of the peak to shorter wavelengths (about 225 nm) shows a change in the electrical structure of the Mo thin film, probably due to defect formation. These defects can modify the plasmonic behavior

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• nanopatterning and nanoscale functionalization have garnered significant interest, owing to their broad applications in DNA origami [10], tuning of wettability [11] and electrical and magnetic anisotropy [12][13], isolated dot formation [1], nanoscale plasmonic arrays [14], and field emission [15]. Thus, ion

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• . However, extreme values such as 0 and 1000 μL showed no significant difference in plasmonic absorbance. This suggests that without PEG–PCL nanoparticles (i.e. 0 μL), only Bradford reagents cannot produce substantial optical absorbance. Similarly, in PEG–PCL NPs, no absorption band was observed in the

• –PCL nanoparticles showed a redshift of 30 nm in plasmonic absorbance, indicating the specific interaction between the nanoparticles and SDS in the presence of the Bradford reagent (Figure 5a). This suggests that only SDS is actively involved in nanoparticle interaction with a measurable optical change

• SDS using PEG–PCL NPs [35][36]. SDS is an anionic surfactant with a negative charge, while the Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 dye in the Bradford reagent carries a positive charge. In addition, PEG–PCL NPs adsorbed the Bradford reagent and produced a plasmonic peak. The absorbance peak in PEG–PCL NPs

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• enable localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR). The second strategy focuses on the development of heterojunctions between two semiconductors that is activated by visible light [65][66]. These heterojunctions should have bandgaps and energy levels that match the valence and conduction bands

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• selectively limits the photothermal conversion processes to the target tissue area, resulting in highly efficient, precise, and safe treatments [38][39]. 2.1 Plasmonic metal nanoparticles The vibrant colors of metals are indicative of their tendency to absorb light at single wavelengths, rather than across

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• ʟ-carnosine in synthesizing tunable plasmonic silver nanoparticles (ʟ-car-AgNPs). The formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs was confirmed via UV–vis optical absorption spectroscopy, showing single and double plasmonic peaks, depending on the synthesis conditions. Physicochemical characterization using TEM, FTIR

• nanotechnology have ushered in the development of nanoparticle-based systems that offer promising alternatives because of their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and potential for real-time applications. Plasmonic nanoparticles, such as silver, have been widely explored for their unique plasmonic and catalytic

• purification. Before the experiment, glassware was cleaned with aqua regia and rinsed twice with double distilled (DD) water. Methods Tunable plasmonic silver nanoparticle synthesis using ʟ-carnosine Silver nanoparticles with tunable plasmon wavelength were synthesized using a wet-chemical reduction approach

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• length) and AuNR2 (longer length) were centrifuged at 16,000g and 12,000g for 20 min, respectively, to remove excess of surfactant and any impurities. Characterization of CTAB-capped isotropic and anisotropic metal nanoparticles The plasmonic properties of the synthesized isotropic and anisotropic metal

• AgNS0.5. In a study by Yadav et al., NaOH (0.1 N) induced a hyperchromic effect in silver nanoparticles, which was not observed in our case [45]. In our study, no plasmonic shift was observed, but a slight decrease in intensity at lower concentrations of silver nanoparticles might be due to the strong

• oxidation [46]. Interestingly, the centrifuged/as-prepared CTAB-AuNS0.5 (set 3) and AuNS1.0 (set 4) showed no plasmonic change upon the addition of different volumes of NaOH (Figure 4a,b). Also, no significant difference in the color of AuNS was observed (Figure 4a,b). This might be because the amount of

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• of dyes, such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NiP) to harmless 4-aminophenol, a precursor for the synthesis of drugs like paracetamol and phenacetin, shows promise for producing dyes, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals [27]. Plasmonic MNPs enhance catalytic performance by absorbing both dye molecules and BH4− ions

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• challenges in device design and fabrication. Accordingly, various methods to improve purity during [15][16][17][18] or after deposition [18][19][20][21][22] were developed. For plasmonic applications, a metallic surface layer with a thickness exceeding the skin depth is sufficient to obtain the desired