Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• time, and their temperature is determined. The applicability of this model is limited by the fact that it does not consider possible inhomogeneities of the film properties and its heating, and the relaxation process is considered as an equilibrium one. We will use the expressions given in [19] to

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• account for this phenomenon. Actually, the dielectric relaxation process of electromagnetic waves in the SCZ samples can be well explained by the Debye theory [37]. According to this theory, the relationship between ε′ and ε″ can be expressed as: where εs and ε∞ are the static and relative the dielectric

• permittivity at the high-frequency limit, respectively. Thus, the plot of ε′ and ε″ is a single semicircle, generally denoted as the Cole–Cole semicircle. At least one dielectric relaxation process occurs when a semicircle arises. Figure 6 shows obvious semicircles under different conditions, especially at a

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• states [81]. Figure 13 illustrates the relaxation process of the phonon vibration for a better understanding of phonon dynamics. The electron–phonon coupling constant, which describes the potential of a material for undergoing lattice heating, is calculated by transient reflectivity studies, for example

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• MoSe2 monolayer is indicated by the red arrow. The olive arrow denotes the non-radiative relaxation process. The photoluminescence emission in MoSe2 monolayer is represented by the wine red arrow. Supporting Information Supporting Information features Raman spectra of the MoSe2 flake, the absorption

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• , the time constant of the relaxation curve (τfit) can be calculated. τfit = which is with being the surface potential difference at the end of the polarization/beginning of the relaxation process. An initial strong decrease/increase of the potential instantaneously after the end of the polarization

• after polarization was found at the location of the ceria material, while the local increase of surface potential was found to affect both the ceria grain and the adjacent electron conductor. For both, a time-dependent relaxation process was observed, although the relaxation process of the region with

• above and below the contact area. The region with lowered surface potential is effectively confined by the surrounding grains of electron-conductive material. When comparing DC-2-point and AFM-based polarization–relaxation experiments, the relaxation process observed with macroscopic contacts was much

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• explained by different preparation conditions [49]. Different formation mechanisms can lead to differences in bond lengths and angles in an amorphous material, and therefore to a different mobility gap [46]. Hence, a decreasing mobility gap suggests that an electronic relaxation process occurs after a

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• correspond to the quantum dissipation of energy, which is measured as a voltage change in the sensor element by a special device. Since the relaxation process lasts for about a minute, it can easily be recorded as an equidistant time series. We consider this series as a sensor response to the breath medium

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• iron dissolution the lower ESM signal is a direct consequence. It is noted that this is probable, as Fe-dissolution has been reported as the prominent degradation mechanism of LFP [9][72][73]. The dynamics of the relaxation process after the dc-voltage pulse are further analysed in Figure 7 and Figure

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• /ethanol (90/10 v/v) mixture compared to that of in pure ethanol solution. In solution, the dynamic intramolecular rotation serves as a route for nonradiative relaxation process. Upon aggregation, the intramolecular rotations are restricted, which blocks the non-radiative pathways and opens the radiative

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• the specimen area, the shearing defects are superposed and more complicated, as detailed in our previous study [23]. These defects appear only in relatively thick SiGe films in MLs as the only relaxation process taking place. In the thin SiGe films explored here (ca. 20 nm, comparable with the size of

• SiGe core–shell NCs, as comprehensively studied by GiXRD and TEM analysis. The self-assembly is attributed to a dominant strain relaxation process, further assisted by already present small nanoparticles in the as-grown structures, acting as seed crystals for heterogeneous nucleation. The photocurrent

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• number of dipoles participating in the β-relaxation process: the higher the degree of crystallinity for a given polymer, the lower the number of dipoles involved in the relaxation mechanism (as these dipoles are ‘frozen’ in the semi-crystalline state). Consequently, Δε decreases at increasing degrees of

Formation and development of nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters in bent-core nematic liquid crystalline compounds

• Yuri P. Panarin,
• Sithara P. Sreenilayam,
• Jagdish K. Vij,
• Anne Lehmann and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1288–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.121

• frequency relaxation process (P2) exists in both nematic and isotropic phases and the strength first increases as the isotropic–nematic transition temperature is approached; this is followed by a significant reduction with a decrease in temperature in the nematic phase. This process is assigned to rotation

• of the individual molecules around their long molecular axes; the rotations are significantly hampered by a decrease in temperature in the nematic phase. The lower frequency relaxation process (P1) exists in both nematic and isotropic phases, where it is dielectrically detectable only ≈2 to 3 °C

• intensity increases as the temperature is reduced. Considering that polar and biaxial cybotactic clusters in the nematic phase exist, the lower frequency relaxation process is governed by the director fluctuations of molecules in clusters, whereas the higher frequency mode is associated with the dynamics of

Field-controlled ultrafast magnetization dynamics in two-dimensional nanoscale ferromagnetic antidot arrays

• Anulekha De,
• Sucheta Mondal,
• Sourav Sahoo,
• Saswati Barman,
• Yoshichika Otani,
• Rajib Kumar Mitra and
• Anjan Barman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1123–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.104

• demagnetization time as 204 ± 3 fs and the fast relaxation as 1.0 ± 0.01 ps. This is followed by the slower relaxation process which occurs within 400 ± 7 ps, while the precessional oscillation is found to be superposed on the slower relaxation process. Figure 1d shows the precessional dynamics after removing the

Dielectric properties of a bisimidazolium salt with dodecyl sulfate anion doped with carbon nanotubes

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Viorel Cîrcu and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 164–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.19

• the high-frequency (HF) limit and τmax is the characteristic relaxation time of the dielectric relaxation process. The dependency τmax = f(1/T) can be modeled using the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) law, as follows: where A is a material constant, kB is Boltzmann’s constant, T is the temperature, TV is

• 107 Hz (Figure 8). At lower temperatures, for the CNT- doped samples (Figure 9a,b), the straight lines with the greater slope are seen over a wider frequency range (more evident in Figure 9c, at 293 K). In the dielectric loss spectra, presented in Figure 8 and Figure 9, a dipolar relaxation process

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• in the high frequency (HF) domain, one notices a relaxation process outside the measurement domain, while in the low frequency (LF) range, two CA-attributable almost overlapping relaxation processes can be observed at 1 Hz and 1000 Hz. The CA/E7 sample exhibits a relaxation process due to the LC in

• ″, are different for the samples CA and CA/E7. Similar to the DS results, at low frequencies an E7 molecule-dynamic dipolar relaxation process is overlapping on the intrinsic CA processes (Figure 7b and Figure 5b). Another process is observed at high frequencies (1 MHz), attributed to LC molecules in the

• relaxation process. The values of the determined electric parameters have an appropriate temperature variation (Table 2). Electro-optical measurements The optical transmission was measured using the setup described in the Experimental section of this paper and in [21][22][28]. The transmission coefficient is

Electro-optical characteristics of a liquid crystal cell with graphene electrodes

• Nune H. Hakobyan,
• Hakob L. Margaryan,
• Valeri K. Abrahamyan,
• Vladimir M. Aroutiounian,
• Arpi S. Dilanchian Gharghani,
• Amalya B. Kostanyan,
• Timothy D. Wilkinson and
• Nelson Tabirian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2802–2806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.279

• oscillations). Then the relaxation process takes place only under the influence of the molecular forces of elasticity. The system returns to its original oriented state, similar to relaxation after influence of an electric field. The above-mentioned feature of the reorientation process under the influence of

Effect of Anderson localization on light emission from gold nanoparticle aggregates

• Mohamed H. Abdellatif,
• Marco Salerno,
• Gaser N. Abdelrasoul,
• Ioannis Liakos,
• Alice Scarpellini,
• Sergio Marras and
• Alberto Diaspro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2013–2022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.192

• PL intensity is the nonradiative relaxation process of the photo-excited carriers. The Coulomb carrier–carrier scattering is known as a nonradiative process, which is much faster than radiative recombination, thus quenching the PL emission. But in the case of AuNPs with aggregates, the PL

Phenalenyl-based mononuclear dysprosium complexes

• Yanhua Lan,
• Andrea Magri,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.92

• component first reaches a maximum at 13 K and then steadily increases rather than declining to zero while decreasing the temperature. This indicates a transition from a thermally activated to a temperature-independent regime in the relaxation process [36][50][51]. Shape and frequency dependence of the out

• relaxation process to be 43.8 K, and the respective pre-exponential factor τ0 to have a value of 3.3 × 10−6 s. Additionally, a saturation of about 5 × 10−4 s, relative to the quantum-tunneling process, is obtained below 5 K. In relaxation processes of SMMs that are to a certain extent subjected to quantum

• effects, the application of a small dc field can remove the state degeneracy, and accordingly also the probability of quantum tunneling. Aiming to explore the relaxation process and to evaluate the quantum tunneling effect, the frequency dependence of the ac susceptibility was estimated at 1.8 K under a

A terahertz-vibration to terahertz-radiation converter based on gold nanoobjects: a feasibility study

• Kamil Moldosanov and
• Andrei Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 983–989, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.90

• longitudinal phonon, the setup will be given for channeling the relaxation process into an emission of a THz photon. In GNR (Figure 3b), the compression waves run along the cyclic contour, to which the phonon momentum nvmq is tangential. Similarly to the case of GNB, the momentum of an excited electron stands

Single-molecule magnet behavior in 2,2’-bipyrimidine-bridged dilanthanide complexes

• Wen Yu,
• Frank Schramm,
• Eufemio Moreno Pineda,
• Yanhua Lan,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Jinjie Chen,
• Hironari Isshiki,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 126–137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.15

• Information File 1, Figure S2). Fitting the χ'M(ν) and χ"M(ν) to a single relaxation process in the temperature range using a Debye [40] model leads to magnetization relaxation times (τ) that were treated using the Arrhenius law, τ = τ0exp(Ueff/kT), yielding an energy barrier (Ueff) of 97 ± 3 K, where τ0

• frequencies where nonthermally activated relaxation pathways dominate. A maximum is also shown in the χ"M(ν), shifting to higher frequencies with increasing temperature. We have similarly fitted both frequency dependent profiles, χ'M(ν) and χ"M(ν), to a single relaxation process in the temperature range

• -rate dependent and is due to a direct relaxation process between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin states. The loops also show a small hysteresis at μ0H = 0, which comes from the fact that some of the molecules did not tunnel to the antiferromagnetic ground state, but remain in the

Charge injection and transport properties of an organic light-emitting diode

• Peter Juhasz,
• Juraj Nevrela,
• Michal Micjan,
• Miroslav Novota,
• Jan Uhrik,
• Lubica Stuchlikova,
• Jan Jakabovic,
• Ladislav Harmatha and
• Martin Weis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 47–52, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.5

• Ω. Interestingly, the low-injection region is represented by the impedance spectra that exhibit two transitions between different phases, as depicted in Figure 2a. Each transition of phases stands for a different relaxation process. However, due to the low current density the phase saturates in low

• -relaxation process is present and the device exhibits pure resistor-like behavior in the low-frequency region. The evaluation has been done using electrical equivalent circuits shown in Figure 3a and fitting results have been found sufficient, see Figure 3b. Obtained values of equivalent electrical circuit

• transport bottleneck. It is interesting to note that estimated effective mobility follows the Poole–Frenkel dependence on the electric field, where Ea is the activation energy of the relaxation process, is the Schottky parameter, F is the intensity of electric field, and kT is the thermal energy (k

An adapted Coffey model for studying susceptibility losses in interacting magnetic nanoparticles

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2173–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.223

• frequencies and amplitudes of external magnetic fields for biomedical applications, especially for tumor therapy by magnetic hyperthermia. Keywords: hyperthermia; magnetic nanoparticles; relaxation process; specific loss power; susceptibility losses; Introduction Magnetic nanoparticles are important for

• superparamagnetic behaviour [15]. The typical time between two flips is called relaxation time, and the reversal process is called relaxation process. In nanofluids, the superparamagnetic nanoparticles have two associated relaxation processes: the Néel relaxation process and Brownian relaxation process. The former

• is usually described by [2]: where Vih is the hydrodynamic volume and η is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity. Generally, the two processes are studied separately [2]. The relaxation process dominating the magnetic behaviour of the colloidal suspension is determined by the nanoparticle properties

Thermoelectricity in molecular junctions with harmonic and anharmonic modes

• Bijay Kumar Agarwalla,
• Jian-Hua Jiang and
• Dvira Segal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2129–2139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.218

• done rigorously at the level of the quantum master equations and within the NEGF technique [7][43] to yield the rates with and a damping term Γph(ω0). Interestingly, we confirmed (not shown) that this additional energy relaxation process does not modify the thermoelectric efficiency displayed in

Two-dimensional and tubular structures of misfit compounds: Structural and electronic properties

• Tommy Lorenz,
• Jan-Ole Joswig and
• Gotthard Seifert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2171–2178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.226

• ) [31][32]. Hence, the act of bending or rolling can be seen as a relaxation process, although the relative thickness of the tube walls and the rigidity of the interatomic bonds were seen as a steric hindrance. The rolling process has been discussed in relation to the misfit compounds (PbS)1.14(NbS2)2

• bending. Figure 7a shows the two planar sublattices in which the hexagonal carbon structure (graphene) and the six-membered SiO4 rings align their lattice constants. To minimize the energy, the C–Si-bonded system bends spontaneously (Figure 7b). This relaxation process leads to the formation of tubular

Simulation of bonding effects in HRTEM images of light element materials

• Simon Kurasch,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Daniela Künzel,
• Axel Groß and
• Ute Kaiser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 394–404, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.45

• shown in Figure 4. Details on the relaxation process can be found in the supplementary information of [13]. The WIEN2k calculation for the boron substitution was performed using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the description of the exchange-correlation effects [23] with the following

• ]. Oxygen adatom on graphene The relaxation process resulted in an oxygen atom located at the bridge position between two carbons. The two carbon atoms are bent out of plane by approximately 0.4 Å. The C–C bond is stretched to 1.52 Å and the C–O distance is 1.47 Å, which is in good agreement with previously