Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• delivery route despite the potential advantages of local approaches [6]. Once in the bloodstream, NCs are exposed to a wide range of forces, such as fluid shear stress, blood flow, opsonization, excretion, and interaction with the MPS, all of which influence NC stability and delivery. This challenging and

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• stability on steel. Our study demonstrates the successful coating of stainless steel with SNFs, achieving super-hydrophobicity and resilience under high shear stress and explosion/decompression tests. Scaling experiments reveal a 75.5% reduction in calcium carbonate deposition on SNF-coated steel surfaces

• coat stainless steel (Type 316) with nanofilaments, discuss stability test of the coatings, and the results of scaling experiments. Results and Discussion Nanofilamant performance and stability on steel Shear stress test of SNF coatings on steel Previous applications of SNF technology have been focused

• damage the coating visibly. Yet, most paintings and coatings will sustain damage when mechanically scratched. To evaluate shear stability under realistic operating conditions, we constructed a medium-temperature, medium-pressure, constant shear stress device (Figure 2A and Figure 2B). Our design is an

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• from the streamline that the microtexture effectively inhibits turbulence generation and reduces system energy consumption. Weakening of turbulences will cause a reduction of wall shear stress, which is reflected in the reduction of friction resistance. The shear stress distribution on the smooth blade

• and the microtextured blade is shown in Figure 17b; the blue mark indicates that the placement of microtextures does not change the overall shear stress distribution of the blade. Instead, it generates shear stress fluctuations within the microtextured area. Wind tunnel experiment with the

• size factors. The presence of microtextures on the blade surface effectively impedes turbulence generation, thus, reducing the turbulent kinetic energy and wall shear stress to reduce drag. (3) The simulation results reveal that positioning the optimally sized microstructure at the back end of the

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• -continuum (QC) method. Four variables (i.e., crystal orientation, workpiece thickness, clearance between the punch and the substrate, and the taper angle of punch) are used to explore their effect during the nano-punching process. The shear stress distribution is used to express the punching effect on the

• close-packed surface of the single-crystal Al workpiece, respectively [60]. The thickness of the Al workpiece was set to 10 Å and the clearance was 5 Å. Figure 2 exhibits the shear stress–displacement curve of O1, O2, and O3 during the nano-punching process. Firstly, it can be observed that a continuous

• Figure 3. Initially, the downward moving punch generates tensile stress between the workpiece and the substrate, causing an elastic deformation inside the workpiece (Figure 3a). When the punch continues to move down until the plastic deformation occurs, there is shear stress between the workpiece and the

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• horizontal shear stress forces, and buckling failure, which occurred at the axial applied force of 1.29 N. Figure 5b illustrates the experimental force-displacement diagram for the theoretical prediction of the moment of critical buckling load. The peak on the graph indicated the MN failure. However, due to

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• factors, but also provides a suitable mechanical environment for cells, including physical signals such as substrate stiffness, hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, strain, pressure, and tension [7][8][9]. These mechanical factors play an important role in regulating normal cellular physiological functions

Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• fluid. One obtains several fluid properties such as pressure, velocity, shear stress, density and strain rate. In the case of the gear–oil–gear system, several studies based on the CFD simulation have been reported [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, most of the simulations for this type of

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• zero (see Figure 1a). The relationship between slip length b and liquid slip velocity νs at the surface can be expressed as follows: where ν is liquid velocity and h is the channel height. When the liquid is at equilibrium, the viscous shear stress is exerted by the liquid on the wall, where η is the

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• as the temperature increases, the content of Shockley dislocations will increase and the maximum shear stress of the zigzag and armchair directions also decreases. The mechanical strength of the zigzag direction is more dependent on the temperature than that of the armchair direction. Moreover, self

• -healing occurs in the armchair direction, which causes the shear stress to increase after failure. Furthermore, the maximum shear stress and the shear strength of the composites decrease with an increase of the repeat layer spacing. Also, the shear modulus increases by increasing the grain size of copper

• temperature and chirality The stress–strain curves of GPCuNL composites and polycrystalline copper (PCu) at different temperatures and with different graphene chirality are presented in Figure 3, where yield and failure strain are defined as γY and γF, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the shear stress of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• . reported that when the distance between the cell and the MB was increased to 5.5 µm, the exerted shear stress on the cell membrane suddenly decreased [78]. Schlicher et al. exposed prostate cancer cells (DU145) to 24 kHz US irradiation to investigate the cavitation events and the changes in the cell

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• rheometer (Malvern, Herrenberg, Germany) with a cone-plate geometry (1° angle and 50 mm diameter). The shear stress was measured at 20 °C with a stepwise increase in the shear rate and a one minute holding time at each shear-rate step. The size and zeta potential measurements were performed with 10 mg·mL−1

• fiber was measured in an optical microscope (SENSOFAR PLl 2300, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Thus, the stress–strain relation of each individual fiber could be determined by taking into account the gauge length of 25 mm. (A, B) Shear viscosity and shear stress of bare chitosan solutions (black lines) and

An investigation on the drag reduction performance of bioinspired pipeline surfaces with transverse microgrooves

• Weili Liu,
• Hongjian Ni,
• Peng Wang and
• Yi Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 24–40, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.3

• were undertaken to evaluate the drag reduction performance of these bionic pipelines. It was found that the vortex ‘cushioning’ and ‘driving’ effects produced by the vortexes in the microgrooves were the main reason for obtaining a drag reduction effect. The shear stress of the microgrooved surface was

• complex conditions. Besides, these active antidrag methods require extra energy or may complicate the devices, which limits their application in engineering. Pressure loss mainly derives from the shear stress of a fluid flowing across the surface of a pipeline. The wall shear stress is expressed as where

• τ is the shear stress (Pa), μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa∙s); and du/dy is the velocity gradient (1/s). According to Equation 1, changing the turbulent boundary layer state in the vicinity of the wall for a decreased velocity gradient is an essential and appropriate measure to reduce

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• , 0.08% (w/w) CUR were evaluated at 25 and 37 °C (Figure 6). The nonlinear behavior to shear stress due to the shear rate (non-Newtonian), resulting in structural changes, was maintained even after the incorporation of CUR in the polymer blends. Moreover, the addition of CUR in binary polymeric systems

• did not lead to a change in flow rheological profiles at 25 °C, whereas a slight decrease of shear stress was observed for systems evaluated at 37 °C. In this way, CUR did not change the structuring of the system. Conversely, the increase in temperature leads to an increase in shear stress due to the

• pharmaceutical semi-solid formulations in order to facilitate clinical administration in a uniform way over the mucous tissue of the buccal cavity. Subsequently, it can recover the rheological properties that these systems presented before the shear stress application [10][59][60]. The effect of the presence of

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• sub-micrometer particles, because it is a simple and straightforward technique, without the involvement of any chemical additives, and also does not require harsh formulation parameters, such as high energy input or mechanical shear stress (e.g., by sonification) [30][31]. Nonetheless, the preparation

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• sweeps from 0.1 to 100 rad s−1 and the gap between plates set at 1 mm. In all cases, the oscillatory shear stress amplitude was checked to ensure that measurements were performed inside the linear viscoelastic domain. The storage modulus (G’), loss modulus (G”) and tan δ (ratio of G” and G’) were

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ₄₂, Aβ₄₀, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

• Adolfo B. Poma,
• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Mai Suan Li and
• Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

• . In this case, we only couple the Cα-atoms from the top (ktop) and the bottom (kbottom) planes. The strain is defined by , where x is the displacement of the top plane and y is the height of the fibril (see Figure 3). The shear stress is calculated as the total force acting on the top plane divided by

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

• Liesa Schnee,
• Benjamin Sampalla,
• Josef K. Müller and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

• of pulling is well known in the attachment systems of insects, spiders and geckos [41]. Whereas in smooth systems, directionality results from a drop in contact area attributable to the flexibility of the pad, in hairy systems, both the contact area of each single hair and the higher shear stress

• secretion in N. nepalensis compared with that of N. vespilloides [3]. Since under the dynamics of friction regimes, the generated shear stress is largely determined by the viscosity of the fluid [46], such higher viscosities might be responsible for the observed higher friction forces of N. nepalensis on

The effect of flexible joint-like elements on the adhesive performance of nature-inspired bent mushroom-like fibers

• Elliot Geikowsky,
• Serdar Gorumlu and
• Burak Aksak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2893–2905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.268

• and average shear stress (i.e., the shear force divided by the apparent sample area) as a function of applied preload. The shear force values reported here are the average of the shear force values during sliding and the corresponding error bars of standard deviation. Positive values of shear force

• starting at a preload of 150 mN for soft joints. The saturation shear stress is higher for very soft joints, which is also reached at a higher preload of 200 mN. The ascending trends in the plots are an indication of the increase in the number of fibers in contact when the preload in increased. The

• with the surface. A more desirable failure mechanism in synthetic adhesives is mode II, where the tip starts sliding with respect to the surface, maintaining full contact, Figure 9c. This mode of failure is achievable if the shear stress at the interface reaches an intrinsic interfacial shear strength

Evidence of friction reduction in laterally graded materials

• Roberto Guarino,
• Gianluca Costagliola,
• Federico Bosia and
• Nicola Maria Pugno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2443–2456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.229

• time evolution obtained with FEM is also shown. In this case, the behaviour is strongly dependent on the thickness of the block. The time interval Δts needed to reach the static friction peak can be estimated starting from the shear stress τ = Gγ, where G is the shear modulus. If the shear deformation

• shear stress is reached (i.e., the static friction threshold). The first detachment of the sliding surface produces a detachment avalanche propagating towards the region with higher static friction threshold, as shown in Figure 5 (see also Supporting Information File 1). Analogous effects on the

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• friction was recently observed for micro- and macroscale systems based on incommensurate sliding between graphene-covered spheres or “nanoscrolls” and substrates [76][77]. Also a decrease of friction shear stress with increasing number of layers has been observed for graphene over Si/SiO2 in vacuum

• , only small particles adhere to the sublinear superlubric scaling law, while larger particles show a linear scaling between friction and area, equivalent to a constant shear stress [100]. This can be explained by an enhanced interaction between the Sb atoms and the substrate, as was found by ab initio

Atomistic modeling of tribological properties of Pd and Al nanoparticles on a graphene surface

• Alexei Khomenko,
• Miroslav Zakharov,
• Denis Boyko and
• Bo N. J. Persson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1239–1246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.115

• . Figure 5 depicts the frictional shear stress τ as a function of the contact area. The average shear stress is τ ≈ 9.9 MPa for the Al particles and 12.2 MPa for Pd particles. The values of shear stress in experiments (Figure 2 in [7]) for Sb particles on MoS2 substrate varies from 1 MPa to 3 MPa with

• contact area changes from 1000 nm2 to 100000 nm2. Also, for Sb particles on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite τ is in the range from 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa with the same changes of contact area. In [7] the shear stress decreases linearly with contact area while we find that τ is nearly independent of it. This

• area of Ni nanoparticles changes from 0.2 nN to 0.45 nN and from 0.1 nN to 0.2 nN for Ag, with contact area A from 20 nm2 to 60 nm2 for Ni and from 30 nm2 to 80 nm2 for Ag. The shear stress depending on the contact area of Ag nanoparticles varies from 40 MPa to 90 MPa and from 50 MPa to 140 MPa for Ni

Fatigue crack growth characteristics of Fe and Ni under cyclic loading using a quasi-continuum method

• Ren-Zheng Qiu,
• Yi-Chen Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1000–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.93

• at any orientation, the slip dislocation observed in the materials considerably affects the release of stress. Keywords: dislocations; fatigue crack growth; materials treatment effects; mechanics; shear stress; Introduction When materials undergo cyclic loading, the growth of cracks in the material

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• potential along the bundle gel. Collagen-based helical nanofibrillar scaffolds have shown the ability to support the growth of human endothelial cells [104]. The nanofibrils were generated by applying shear stress on a collagen solution in a (chiral) nematic phase. When the cells were seeded in a 3D

Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• head, where the carbon dioxide flow leads to shear-stress-induced droplet formation as well as droplet acceleration. The generated polydisperse aerosol leaves the nozzle head within a jet stream, which is directed perpendicular to the enclosure surface. The enclosure surface serves thus as an impaction

Exploring wear at the nanoscale with circular mode atomic force microscopy

• Olivier Noel,
• Aleksandar Vencl and
• Pierre-Emmanuel Mazeran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2662–2668, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.266

• . Consequently, the shear stress applied to the contact appears to be not high enough to wear the material. The wear depths determined from the wear profiles (Figure 3D for example) are in the nanometer range. One can calculate from Figure 5 in the steady-state regime for an applied load of 3 µN that about 100