Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• strain in the implanted layers; thus, the microstrain values increase with fluence [24]. Strain in implanted ZnO films arises primarily from lattice mismatch, which is due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between film and substrate. Also, when argon ions are implanted into the ZnO

• lattice, they create defects and dislocations. This creates lattice strain, which increases with ion fluence. The size and type of the implanted ions, as well as the dose, can affect the amount of strain introduced [24]. It is observed that dislocation density values increase with the rise in implantation

• observed that for all the samples, the A1 (LO) phonon mode exhibits softening and broadening with the rise in argon ion fluence from 1 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 ions·cm−2. It is well known that a shift of the peak position of phonon modes occurs because of strain present in the film. The broadening of peaks

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• -edge EXAFS data demonstrated a progressive contraction of the Ce–O distance with respect to the bulk value with decreasing diameter (Figure 4b). The contraction showed a linear dependence on the surface-to-volume ratio (Figure 4b), and it was ascribed to a compressive strain arising from reduced

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• by XRD peaks. The microsegregation of Mn can be due to a phenomenon consistent with observations in other CCAs, often attributed to the elastic strain energy [58] or due to the presence of oxygen on the surface forming MnO [59]. As expected, the SEM images and EDX elemental mapping of the polished Al

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• GO-SG-ZH/PLA films are described in Figure 12 and summarized in Table 4. Additional data of measurement values and stress–strain curves are given in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1, Figure S4, Table S2, and Figure S5. Our previous paper presented that GO-ZnO coating on PLA film led to an

• days in aqueous solutions. (c, d) Initial SG/PLA film (c) and GO-SG-ZH/PLA film (d). (e, f) Pictures of SG/PLA films after 10 days (e) and GO-SG-ZH/PLA films after 30 days (f) in aqueous environments. (a) Graph of tensile strength, elastic modulus, and tensile elongation. (b) Typical stress–strain

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• properties for 2D magnets by manipulating factors such as layer thickness, applied strain, and induced defect sites. Numerous theoretical studies predict that magnetic order in monolayers occurs at temperatures significantly higher than the bulk Curie temperature (i.e., 17 K). In their work, Liu et al

• temperature could be further increased by applying uniaxial strain [17][27]. In the present study, we examined the surface modifications that occur in thin layers of exfoliated CrCl3 (approximately 1 to 20 ML) by using scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM). We collected the chemical maps and spectra of the

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• -ordered cavities were formed at temperatures between 1000–1200 °C. The lateral surfaces of those small cavities or pinholes correspond to the {111} family of planes, which tend to be more reactive owing to the higher concentration of Ni3+. Diverse phenomena, including Ni diffusion and inhomogeneous strain

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• relatively small lattice mismatch. The lattice parameter of TaN is approximately 4.33 Å, while that of MgO is 4.21 Å, resulting in a lattice mismatch of 2.85%. This small mismatch suggests that epitaxial growth is possible, with a moderate level of strain expected within the TaN film. The (200) and (220

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• spectrophotometer at 595 nm. The results were expressed in absorbance. Evaluation of cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblasts Cells of the L929 strain of mouse fibroblasts were inserted into 96-well plates (EasyPath®, EP-51-25244) with a final volume of 200 µL. The fibroblasts (1 × 105 cells/mL cultured in Dulbecco MEM

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• ]. These deformations arise from the repulsion between the hydrogen orbitals of atoms at the 60° vertices, as depicted in the top panels of Figure 2. The hydrogen atoms repel each other towards different sides of the h-BN sheet, inducing strain that propagates through the sheet, resulting in out-of-plane

• by using N2 or NH3 reservoirs). As previously discussed, the presence of additional B–H or B–OH moieties at the vertices alleviates the strain induced by repulsion between hydrogen orbitals at these locations, thereby reducing the elastic energy. However, the reduction in formation energy cannot be

• even negligible. For the rhombic pores, the one with B–OH-terminated vertices has the lowest formation energy. It is noteworthy that the introduction of N–H pairs or N–OH moieties at the vertices of triangular pores significantly increases the formation energy, despite also relieving strain. This

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• . The simultaneous impact of strain and defects leads to peak broadening and increase of the FWHM. The disruption of the crystal lattice and an increasing number of defects substantially influenced the grain boundaries, resulting in a notable alteration of the structural parameters of Mo thin films

• shifts slightly to smaller Bragg angles after N2+ implantation. This shift becomes less pronounced as the thickness increases, indicating an increase in the average interplanar spacing according to Bragg’s law [29][35]. The change in interplanar spacing is attributed to the strain associated with

• defects and strain [13][29]. The compressive stress increases from −0.69 to −0.11 GPa as the thickness of nitrogen-implanted Mo thin films increases from 150 to 300 nm. Nitrogen ion implantation plays an important role in altering the stress state from tensile to compressive. This process can be explained

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• conjugates through strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition of dibenzocyclooctyne-modified PMOs and azide-containing artificial peptides, previously conjugated to small cationic oligo(ethylenamino) blocks containing fatty acid units as hydrophobic moiety for polyplex stabilisation [127]. In this study, the

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• expressed as is 0.001275. The total broadening of the peak (βT) caused by the crystalline size and strain in the lattice is given by: where βD is broadening of the peak due to crystal size and βε is broadening due to lattice strain. For analyzing stress and strain resulting from X-ray diffraction

• , Williamson and Hall's approach is the simplest method. The peak broadening resulting from the lattice strain can be obtained by the Stokes–Wilson relation: By plotting βTcosθ as a function of 4sinθ as shown in Figure 1b, we get the value of ε = 0.00195, and the intercept = kλ/D = 0.00193. This plotted

• Scherrer method. This difference is proportional to the strain value [17]. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy of Ag@ZnO nanorods The general morphological characteristics of the as-obtained nanorods were analyzed by electron microscopy. Figure 2a depicts the typical field-emission scanning

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• substrate, which ultimately lead to the development of stress and strain within the film. At a substrate temperature of 600 °C, the lattice constant value is the same as in the bulk material. The strain in films occurs due to lattice mismatch between film and bulk. The microstrain in films was calculated

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• modulus (or elastic modulus) is a measurement of elasticity, which describes the stiffness of nanofibers and is calculated as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic deformation region, which is the slope of the initial linear region of the stress–strain curve. Elongation at break measures the extent

• can be derived from the area under the stress–strain curve obtained during tensile testing. The tensile strength values can vary depending on the composition, polymer concentration, and electrospinning parameters. Different studies in the literature have shown inconsistent effects of chitosan-to-PVA

• involves applying a sinusoidal stress or strain to the material and measuring the resulting strain or stress, allowing for the characterization of time-dependent deformation of the material. The parameters varied in the tests include oscillation amplitude and frequency, while DMTA tests include temperature

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• rhizobacterium was identified with complete match to Brevundimonas olei strain Prd2. Similarly, Tb rhizobacterium showed 100% similarity to Bacillus altitudinis strain NPB34b. Based on this reseach, nanohydroxyapatite could be the potential carrier to protect rhizobacteria from external stressors and to maintain

• rhizobacteria [32]. Figure 4 illustrates that the Tb rhizobacterium strain does not maintain viability on the carrier 14 days after inoculation. However, compared to rhizobacteria without a carrier, the presence of the carrier enhances viability on the seventh day after inoculation. Distinct morphological

• Tb-nHA sample. These findings correlate with the higher colony count of the Pd rhizobacterium strain as outlined in Table 2. Phosphate-solubilizing capability of rhizobacteria-nHA The proficiency of rhizobacteria in phosphate solubilization after inoculation on the nHA carrier for 21 days underscores

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• mechanism of action remains unclear. The BEPh, BEOx, A-BEPh, A-BEOx, A-BEPhP, and A-BEOxP samples did not exhibit minimum inhibitory activity against the other studied bacterial strain Bacillus cereus. These results highlight the selectivity of the studied samples (A-BEPh, A-BEPhP, A-BEOx, and A-BEOxP) in

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• using the indigenous LAB strain and understand its health-promoting characteristics and to extrapolate the beneficial characters to industrial scale [14][15]. Results Physiological and biochemical characterization of LAB The bacterial isolates from indigenous curd samples were cultured on MRS agar

• characterization and identification 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed for GP258 and recognized at the level of subspecies. The 16S rRNA genes from the isolated strain are about 1300 and 1500 base pairs long. They were amplified through PCR, followed by sequencing

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• applications. However, the metallic nature of these materials restricts their applications in specific domains. Strain engineering is a versatile technique to tailor the distribution of energy levels, including bandgap opening between the energy bands. ψ-Graphene is a newly predicted 2D nanosheet of carbon

• -plane biaxial strain on pristine and hydrogenated ψ-graphene. We have obtained a bandgap opening (200 meV) in ψ-graphene at 14% in-plane strain, while ψ-graphone loses its zero-bandgap nature at very low values of applied strain (both +1% and −1%). In contrast, fully hydrogenated ψ-graphene remains

• unchanged under the influence of mechanical strain, preserving its initial characteristic of having a direct bandgap. This behavior offers opportunities for these materials in various vital applications in photodetectors, solar cells, LEDs, pressure and strain sensors, energy storage, and quantum computing

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• lattice strains were determined using the Halder–Wagner method [48] based on the integral line width. By plotting these values, the crystallite size (L) can be derived from the slope of the approximation line, while the lattice strain (ε) is obtained from the intercept of the y axis. The lattice constants

• , listed in the Table 2, are very close to the values of ICDD file no. 36-1451. The mean crystallite size of the MW sample is 1 nm larger than that of sample SG. The lattice strain follows an inverse trend, and the value of the strain in the SG sample is larger than the value of the sample MW. This can be

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• ). However, parasitic strain can cause unforeseen static changes in the geometry of the RoI. This problem is addressed by focused ion beam (FIB) technology, which can be used as a strain engineering tool. We will refer to MEMS with a formed RoI as operational MEMS, or opMEMS for short. In contrast to

• FEBID nanostructures. We describe the basic parameters of the opMEMS bridge as a mechanical resonator. We show how the actuation can be used to control displacements with picometre resolution. We present how the intrinsic strain can be described by appropriate modelling and controlled through

• materials, but they can also be thermally induced. Only the latter can be simulated with the chosen FEM engine, but such models have already been developed [40][41] and should also be considered in the advanced numerical model. The analysis of internal strain in opMEMS starts with the assumption of a

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• following relation [27][28]: where a0 is the lattice parameter of bulk Fe3O4 (a0 = 8.397 Å [29]). Microstrain is a crucial factor that helps to analyze the existence of strain and deformation in thin films [30][31]. The d-spacing values of the Fe3O4(311) and Fe3O4(400) peaks of sample 3 are 2.514 and 2.085

• Å, respectively, which are smaller than those on SiO2 (2.527 Å) and MgO(100) (2.099 Å) substrates. These low d-spacing values can be caused by the microstrain in all Fe3O4 samples [27][28]. The Fe3O4 film grown on the multilayer structure is under a higher compressive strain of −0.70% and −0.67

• affected by the internal energy of the [111] direction in addition to effects from the buffer layer. This explains the highest microstrain value in sample 3. The difference in lattice constants between MgO and Ta (cubic, aTa = 3.3058 Å [34]) puts the MgO buffer layer under a higher strain and creates a

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• the spatial coordinate and time t. Further, van de Walle [79] suggested that the electron–phonon coupling Hamiltonian (Hel−ph) can be simplified to where ∂E(k) is the induced band edge shift due to the acoustic phonon and ∂V/V0 is the fractional change in the unit cell volume due to the strain

• of the effective masses. The elastic constant C can be derived by knowing the interatomic force constant, calculated applying a uniaxial strain δ in the direction of lattice vector a: where A0 is the surface area of the unit cell.The deformation potential Edp can be calculated using a band edge

• variation formulation Edp = ∂Eedge/∂δ, where Eedge is the valence and conduction band edge, and Edp is computed by imposing a compressive and tensile strain δ to the unit cell. After substituting the values of Edp, elastic constant C, and average effective mass md, we calculate the mobility of the charge

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• cluster. Ca8 is a pentagonal bipyramid structure with a capped atom, which disrupts its symmetry from a perfect pentagonal bipyramid. This symmetry breaking can also be a possible reason, as it might generate a structure with increased surface strain or less favorable bonding environments. Apart from this