ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• the electric tunneling effect, AFM probes the forces of the tip–sample interaction. This makes AFM independent of surface conductivity and therefore a powerful tool to bridge the materials gap. The drawback of this high-pressure AFM setup is that it could not be combined with STM. While STM provides

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• . The first transduction mechanism is known as charge modulation, in which charged biomolecule species bind to the surface of the gate insulator and modify the charge density of the channel surface, and thus the surface conductivity by Coulomb interaction. This acts as a gating mechanism, and

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• mechanism arises from the surface conductivity and assumes significance specially in the context of 2D materials on insulating supports. In such scenarios, the oscillating tip induces in-plane charge currents that in many circumstances constitute the main dissipative contribution to amplitude reduction and

• of surface charges and their intricate interaction with the tip. Keywords: 2D materials; incorrect height measurements; Joule dissipation; surface conductivity; tip influence; Introduction Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation electronic devices [1

• when we take the limit a→0, two-dimensional quantities will become properly defined. We assume that for currents parallel to the surface inside the gray region, J∥ = σ∥E∥, the conductivity is different to the bulk value. Then, the final surface conductivity will be defined as σs = lima→0aσ||. Similarly

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• of the internal Pd nanowires will help probe more surface conductivity measurement, the nanowires with nanostructure or form good ohmic contact to the characterization of surface, external carbon nanotubes provide higher mechanical stability, can make the probe after many times of measuring still

Tunable high-quality-factor absorption in a graphene monolayer based on quasi-bound states in the continuum

• Jun Wu,
• Yasong Sun,
• Feng Wu,
• Biyuan Wu and
• Xiaohu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.59

• . TM polarized (the magnetic field is along the direction of the y-axis) monochromatic plane waves are incident from the substrate at an angle θ. In our simulation, we set d = 3.3 μm, w = 2.31 μm, h = 3.5 μm, nh = 3.48, ns = 1.45, and θ = 0.1°. The surface conductivity of graphene has intraband and

• dominate the graphene conductivity as the interband transitions are negligible due to Pauli blocking. Therefore, the conductivity of graphene can be approximately expressed by the Drude-like surface conductivity σintra as follows [55][56]: where ℏ is the reduced Planck’s constant, Ef is the energy of the

• sensitive to the change of w than to that of d and h. In general, the ultrasharp absorption can be maintained with a large tolerance regarding the geometric parameters, which is beneficial for real-life fabrication. As the surface conductivity of the graphene sheet is proportional to the Fermi level

A variable probe pitch micro-Hall effect method

• Maria-Louise Witthøft,
• Frederik W. Østerberg,
• Janusz Bogdanowicz,
• Rong Lin,
• Henrik H. Henrichsen,
• Ole Hansen and
• Dirch H. Petersen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2032–2039, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.192

• four electrodes has been developed [11][12]. Similar strategies using variable probe pitch multi-point probes have been used for other systems, including current-in-plane tunneling measurements [13], junction-leakage measurements [14] and surface-conductivity measurements of bulk materials [15][16]. In

New 2D graphene hybrid composites as an effective base element of optical nanodevices

• Olga E. Glukhova,
• Igor S. Nefedov,
• Alexander S. Shalin and
• Мichael М. Slepchenkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1321–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.125

• modelled by two graphene monolayers between which single-walled CNTs with different diameters were regularly arranged at different distances from each other. Spectra of the real and imaginary parts of the diagonal elements of the surface conductivity tensor for four topological models of the hybrid

• boundary conditions were specified at the interface: where j = σxxEx + σyyEy is the surface current density in the hybrid nanocomposite, induced by the incident radiation, σxx and σyy are the components of the 2D surface conductivity tensor. The indices 1 and 2 refer to the fields in the half-spaces z > 0

• the SCC DFTB2 method. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the spectra of the real and imaginary parts of the diagonal elements of the surface conductivity tensor for four topological models of 2D CNT–graphene hybrid nanocomposites with an intertube distance of 13 hexagons and four types of CNTs. An analysis of

Gas-sensing behaviour of ZnO/diamond nanostructures

• Marina Davydova,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Jiri Smarhak,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Neda Neykova,
• Josef Nahlik,
• Jiri Kroutil,
• Jan Drahokoupil and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 22–29, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.4

• remarkable semiconducting properties [20][21]. For instance, hydrogen-terminated NCD films exhibit changes in their surface conductivity in the presence of phosgene and could be utilized as an integrator-type gas sensor [22][23]. Up to now, many research groups have focused on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing

• were exposed to pure hydrogen plasma for 10 min in order to create the p-type surface conductivity (Figure 1a) [29]. Vertically aligned 1-D ZnO nanorod arrays were synthesized either on a bare IDE glass substrate (Figure 1b) or on an IDE glass substrate covered with a diamond thin film (Figure 1c) by

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• electrical conductivity (σ) of GO-P was investigated in a temperature range from 25 to 70 °C. The functionalization with simultaneous reduction resulted in a pronounced increase of conductivity compared to pristine GO (Figure 10). As can be seen, the surface conductivity reaches high values (3.4 × 10−2 S·cm

• first derivatives of TGA and DSC, denoted as DTG and DDSC, respectively, were calculated using Netzsch Proteus Thermal Analysis program. In order to investigate the electrical properties of obtained GO structures, the total surface conductivity (σ) was measured by a conventional DC four-wire method with

• GO (A and B) and GO-P (C and D). TG and DTG curves of A) GO and B) GO-P. DSC and DDSC curves of A) GO sample and B) GO-P. The TG curves are the same as in Figure 8. The temperature dependence of the total surface conductivity of the analyzed GO-P sample. Supporting Information Supporting Information

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• with regard to SnO2-based sensing devices. It also shows that for sensor devices based on changes of the surface conductivity (resistive sensors) the oxygen uptake from ambient air is affecting the energy band structure. However, the process is reversible by de-gassing, which proves the ability of SnO2

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• . However, both processes are possible. In the literature one can find three types of mechanisms explaining the increase in the surface conductivity in the presence of water vapor as in all these cases the electron concentration is increased [36]. Water adsorption becomes important at temperatures below

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• conductivity before dip coating (applied for the small particles). Alternatively, such a surface conductivity was achieved by in situ flash evaporation of a few nanometers of amorphous carbon on top of the already prepared particles directly before RHEED inspection (applied for the larger particles). The

• leading to an atomically smooth surface for nanoparticle and film deposition. Since charging of the MgO substrate turned out to deteriorate the RHEED pattern, we further annealed the bare substrate under hydrogen atmosphere at 5·10−6 mbar to create oxygen vacancies, leading to a sufficient surface

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• ]4–/[Fe(CN)6]3− solution used to probe the surface conductivity, where the RCT decreases dramatically upon only a five-cycle deposition and continues to decrease monotonously with an increasing number of performed cycles as a consequence of increasing densities of the deposited gold particles. The

• outcome of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy thus corroborates the coulometric studies results (Table 1). In the present study, a number of 15 cycles was chosen for subsequent investigations since it gave the highest density of cauliflower-like gold nanoparticles with the best surface

• conductivity. These two parameters are eventually a prelude to larger active surface areas which would allow the tethering of a greater number of ferrocene moieties. Immunosensing of human IgG The ferrocene derivative (FcD) was obtained by Steglich DMAP-catalyzed esterification between lipoic acid and

Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Roswitha Zeis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8

• actual amount of acid in the cell. Atomic force microscopy (conductive mode) – PTFE distribution and content of the catalyst layer Conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) can probe the local conductivity of a sample surface. Mack et al. [12] used this technique to measure the surface conductivity of HT

• regions represent PTFE agglomerates and gas pores with much lower conductivities. The average surface conductivity of the sprayed electrode is higher than that of the coated one. The PTFE distribution within the electrode is sensitive to its preparation technique. During spraying the small droplets of the

• “skin” on the electrode surface. This PTFE-rich layer affects not only the surface conductivity but also the wettability of the catalyst layer. The high PTFE content created a hydrophobic electrode surface, which slowed down the phosphoric acid uptake during the start-up period of the MEA. Mack et al

Gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline diamond at room temperature

• Marina Davydova,
• Pavel Kulha,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Karel Hruska,
• Pavel Demo and
• Alexander Kromka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2339–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.243

• surface area was larger and was not well-resolvable by SEM measurements. The surface areas of the NCD films according to the samples presented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 were 1.20, 1.23, and 1.31 µm2, respectively. The origin of the variation in the surface conductivity on the gas type has been the subject of

• -surface to the H3O+ species. Similarly, the increased surface conductivity of hydrogenated NCD upon exposure to phosgene gas was examined in one of our previous studies [2]. However, the exposure to NH3 gas led to a considerably lower density of H3O+ ions, which subsequently led to a decreased surface

• (Roth&Rau AK 400, named as “cold plasma”) [11][19][20]. Next, the samples were exposed to a pure hydrogen plasma for 5 min in order to generate a p-type surface conductivity [8][16] and then cooled down to room temperature. The resulting morphology of each structured NCD film was characterized by

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• inherent to polyanionic compounds, a carbon coating (for improving the electronic surface conductivity) and a downsizing of the particles (in order to shorten the Li-ion transfer paths) were applied to enhance the electrochemical performance of the investigated materials. In order to reduce the particle

Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

• Igor Beinik,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Astrid Wachauer,
• Lin Wang,
• Yuri P. Piryatinski,
• Gerhard Brauer,
• Xin Yi Chen,
• Yuk Fan Hsu,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Christian Teichert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 208–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.21

• . The surface conductivity of ZnO is highly dependent on the presence of adsorbates [20][21][22][23]. Such surface defects serve as binding sites for chemisorption processes and may contribute to the scattering and trapping of carriers [24], which lower the intrinsic conductivity of the material

Surface functionalization of aluminosilicate nanotubes with organic molecules

• Wei Ma,
• Weng On Yah,
• Hideyuki Otsuka and
• Atsushi Takahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 82–100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.10

• . studied the I–V characteristics of imogolite and proposed that bound water molecules contribute to the surface conductivity [69][70]. The current flow observed was attributed to the ability of OH groups on the imogolite surface to lose or gain positive charge (a proton) from water molecules resulting in a