Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• overcome these limitations, without losing the advantages of PVA such as biodegradability, is to blend PVA with stiff and water-insoluble biodegradable polymers such as chitosan [68]. Fabrication techniques Nanofibers can be fabricated using different methods such as direct drawing, template synthesis

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• advanced methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, precipitation and template-assisted techniques [53]. The synthesis method chosen often depends on factors such as the desired crystal structure, particle size, surface area, and photocatalytic activity required for the specific application

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• base pairs. The primer concentration used was 10 pmol/μL. The PCR composition consisted of 12.5 μL GoTaq® Green Master Mix, 2 μL of forward and reverse primers, 50 ng/μL DNA template, and 6.5 µL dH2O. The PCR cycle was carried out as follows: an initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 30

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• NanoFASE project and the corresponding data curation template. The NanoCommons data shepherding services facilitated other research groups to reuse instance maps to describe their research [32][33]. These reuses also showed that a few extensions and the provision of a specialised software tool to create

• overall study that would be required, such as characterisation of the stock solution and assessment of the nanomaterials’ stability in the test medium. However, the beauty of the instance map approach is that this linking of experiments/experimental steps is easy. A related data capture template has been

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• as a template for materials with a complete photonic bandgap, provided that the refractive index contrast of the template is increased [15][17][18]. Birds, butterflies, beetles, and, particularly, weevils produce many interesting quasi- and highly ordered photonic structures [14][19][20][21][22] that

• template has a similar refractive index as the titania thin layers obtained with a sol–gel process, suggesting a similar porosity despite the more complicated geometry. The work further supports the use of biological photonic structures for synthesizing novel optical devices. Results Appearance and

• biotemplating. To show the potential of the gold-dust weevil scales for biotemplating, we plasma-etched the scales and produced (imperfect) negative replicas of the diamond-based photonic structure via an established titania-based sol–gel process [24], followed by the removal of the chitinous template. The

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the literature including inter-surface polymerization, phase separation, drawing, self-assembly, melt blowing, template melt extrusion, forcespinning, and electrospinning [36][37][38][39][40]. Only electrospinning will be further explained in detail in order to remain within the scope. Electrospinning

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• ], and hybrid composite [26][27] materials. Aeromaterials have been prepared on the basis of sacrificial nano/microstructured templates. Nanofibrillated cellulose has been used as a sacrificial template for the preparation of inorganic nanotube networks, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and aluminum

• oxide nanotube networks, by atomic layer deposition [20]. Another aeromaterial, so called aerographite, has been produced by a one-step chemical vapor deposition process with a simultaneous and complete removal of the template material consisting of highly porous 3D networks built from interconnected

• micrometer-thick ZnO rods with the shape of tetrapods [28]. This aerographite material is a tubular graphitic carbon mimicry of a sacrificial ZnO template architecture in which ZnO has been replaced by carbon from the toluene precursor. Sacrificial porous ZnO networks of microtetrapods have also been used

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• Mengqi Fu Roman Hartmann Julian Braun Sergej Andreev Torsten Pietsch Elke Scheer Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.32 Abstract We present a novel method combining anodic aluminum oxide template synthesis and nanolithography to selectively deposit

• oscillatory manner by the magnetic field in the nanowire-based devices. We present a toy model to qualitatively explain these observations. Keywords: AAO template; critical current; multilayered magnetic nanowires; spin-transfer torque; three-dimensional devices; Introduction Spin-transfer torque (STT) has

• aluminum oxide (AAO) template-assisted electrodeposition has attracted wide interest because of its low cost as well as high flexibility on tailoring the magnetic properties of magnetic systems and thus STT effects [8][9][10][11][12]. Moreover, it enables a larger number of free layers, whose magnetization

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• probe modeling, the maximum value in the image is used as the center point of the initial probe template. This ensures that the initial probe template is robust and represents salient features in the image. Then the subgraph template in the image is determined, and the initial template is iterated

• . Assuming that the image size is M × N and the initial probe template size is m × n, the center point of the subgraph T must correspond to the local maximum within the subgraph T. In other words, the value of the center of T should be greater than or equal to the value of its adjacent points in the subgraph

• the following formulas, To determine the subgraph template, it is first necessary to identify the row feature points and column feature points. In Figure 3, the process for identifying feature points in row data is illustrated. Specifically, if the row scan data points within the subgraph template

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• , Latvia Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Str., Riga LV-1004, Latvia 10.3762/bjnano.15.12 Abstract Porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO), sometimes referred to as nanoporous anodic alumina, serves as a cost-effective template for nanofabrication in many fields

• zinc oxide nanorods embedded within the PAAO template [13]. Recently, it was demonstrated that the PAAO thickness tuning can increase the signal intensity and refractometric sensitivity of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors constructed using gold nanoparticles, which are deposited on

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• , 150 °C for 15 min, 170 °C for 1 h, and 195 °C for 1 h. Afterwards, the sample was allowed to cool down to room temperature (RT), and then the PDMS was peeled off (Figure 1A(iv)). To form the “reinforced” SU-8 nanohole mold, a nanohole template was first formed on the positive photoresist AZ1518, which

• served as a template for creating a PDMS nanopillar structure for the capillary thermal imprinting of SU-8. An AZ1518 film was spin-coated on glass coverslips at 5000 rpm and soft-baked at 100 °C for 1.5 min. Exposure was performed at a dose of 13 mJ·cm−2 with an array of 1.1 μm polystyrene nanospheres

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• -HSA-MPs and HSA was cross-linked. After dissolution of the MnCO3 template with EDTA, a colloidal particle suspension of CUR-HSA-MPs was obtained. Comparison of the different CUR samples demonstrated that the color of CUR in DMSO is light brown, indicating dissolved CUR; CUR in water is bright yellow

• albumin proteins [30]. CUR showed strong binding affinity towards HSA, likely at the tryptophan residue, which is present in the hydrophobic cavities of HSA [23][31]. The final CUR-HSA-MPs are obtained after dissolution of the MnCO3 template with EDTA. Characterization of CUR-HSA-MPs Dynamic light

• . Also, it is seen that, despite the addition of CUR, a typical peanut-like structure was formed by the porous MnCO3 template, as previously found in our studies using the CCD technique [26][27][28][29]. There are strict size requirements for particles in drug delivery systems, typically around 100 nm

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• moved from water to hexane with the aid of acetone. The porous silicon (PS) template substrate was placed at the bottom of a beaker containing methanol. A pipette was then used to gradually transfer the Ag NPs suspension in hexane to the surface of methanol. After the hexane evaporated, a tightly packed

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• hand, the use of yolk–silica shell (YS) microstructures formed by soft template synthesis was explored [30] to encapsulate living cells with a highly porous SiO2 network aiming to introduce a small interstitial space between the microorganisms and the silica matrix. The latter strategy intends to

• template synthesis appeared as a more efficient way to encapsulate living cells. In fact, cellular shellization with a highly porous SiO2 network and a small interstitial space between the cellular microorganisms and the silica matrix turned out to be a proficient cell surface nanoarchitectonics strategy

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• hydrophobicity allows the material to float on water. Microporous structures were obtained by NaCl particulate leaching. The pore sizes could be flexibly controlled by the size of the NaCl template. This method is simple, low-cost, and easy to scale up. The surface structures of the foam were visualized by SEM

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• nanoparticles were also used to encapsulate therapeutic concentrations of antiinflammatory DXM, initially solubilized in Polysorbate 80 template nanoemulsions [55]. These nanoemulsions formed at O/S ratios between 45/55 and 75/25 and showed hydrodynamic diameters in the 290–326 nm range for a water content of

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• too small and insufficient to bind large drugs. In these cases, molecular imprinting is a useful and convenient method [109][110]. In this method, CyD molecules (or their derivatives) are polymerized in the presence of a target compound (template). In the course of molecular imprinting, the solution

• structure involving the bindings of CyD molecules to the template is frozen in the polymer such that multiple CyD molecules are placed in the polymer complementarily to the large drug. Although each of these CyD molecules in the molecularly imprinted polymer binds only a small part of the large drug, these

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• crystalline multidimensional forms, the template technique is one of several synthesis approaches. Direct manufacturing processes make this almost impossible. Therefore, using templates is a great workaround [60]. Template methods may be characterized either as a “hard templates”, “soft templates”, or “self

• -templates”. The high cost of template methods results from the lengthy process of creating and removing templates. Also, environmental aspects need to be considered as removing templates such as SiO2 requires using very corrosive acids or bases [61]. Numerous studies have focused on choosing templates for

• making nanostructures of functional materials. However, templates were chosen rather based on utility than on cost. The self-template technology does not require additional templates, which leads to less expensive production and increased efficiency. This makes the approach more realistic for practical

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• interaction forces between colloidal particles, and the introduction of templates requires precise operating conditions, leading to higher preparation costs, so it is necessary to find a template-free method to prepare regular large-size colloidal fibers. Xie et al. [57] reported a convenient and

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• oriented H-bonding between the chiral –OH groups of serine and –NH2 of PEA was the binding force for enantioselective recognition. Yu et al. designed new template-free polymer films based on the electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomers (EDOT) with an –OH functional group for chiral

• process or long-time usage, which could cause a deviation or decrease in the sensing performance. To avoid these unfavorable changes in chiral sensing, researchers developed a specific recognition strategy called molecular imprinting technology (Figure 3) [39][40]. In this strategy, the chiral template

• achieve specific binding with high detection efficiency to certain chiral molecules. Besides the analytes with the same structure as the imprinted template molecules, specific recognition sites left in the cavity may also detect analytes with completely different imprinted structures [42][43]. These

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• solvent casting process after the ACMCDs were supported by silver nanoparticles, employing them as both a reducing agent and a template. The nanocomposite antibacterial film is anticipated to have a lot of potential applications such as food packaging, water purification, and disinfecting sanitary

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• prepared by utilizing natural cellulose (e.g., laboratory filter paper) as the structural template. The obtained nanoarchitectonics, namely Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites, displayed three-dimensionally interwoven structures which replicated the initial cellulose template. The composite Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT

• natural cellulose as the template had enhanced the photocatalytic activities. This was due to the uniform and stable integration among their components, which is mainly attributed to the hierarchical micro-to-nanoscale structure replicated from the original cellulose template [31][32][33]. This structural

• pure TiO2-NT sample without any of the subsequent treatments. The Bi2WO6 powder sample was fabricated by the same solvothermal reaction without the addition of the powder containing hierarchical TiO2 nanotubes. The TiO2 sample without the cellulose template was prepared by the simple sol−gel method

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• be used as a template for future studies that aim to measure cuticle properties using nanoindentation or other nano- or micromechanical testing methods. Data Accessibility All supporting data are made available in the article. Authors’ Contributions Conceptualization: SNG and HR; formal analysis: CL

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• , electrospinning, weaving, phase separation, and template synthesis [102]. Electrospinning is widely used given its simplicity, cost effectiveness, unlimited substrate use, appreciable surface to volume ratio, tunable porosity, and ability to generate nanofibers over a wide range of sizes and shapes [102

• as potential candidates for bone TE due to osteoblast attachment and corrosion resistance [141]. Wan et al. used bacterial cellulose as a template to synthesize calcined mesoporous TiO2 nanotubes and constructed a nanotube-based scaffold using a template-assisted sol–gel method [142]. In addition to

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• particles at intermediate sizes. While TMV-cp is a promising template for nanomaterials, controlling the multiple assembly states can be challenging, especially when adding additional components with different stability requirements. Apart from adjusting pH and ionic strength, mutating the coat protein has

• that is relevant to many TMV-cp mutants. Alcohol-perturbed assembly of TMV-cp shows particular promise in combination with mutants that possess additional functionality, as demonstrated by the use of similar hexagonally packed arrays of disks to template sheets of gold nanorings that show promise in