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Synthesis and highly efficient light-induced rearrangements of diphenylmethylene(2-benzo[b]thienyl)fulgides and fulgimides

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1Federal Research Centre the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov on Don 344006, Russian Federation
2Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don 344090, Russian Federation
3Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432, Russian Federation
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Associate Editor: J. Aubé
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1820–1829. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.149
Received 06 Feb 2020, Accepted 07 Jul 2020, Published 22 Jul 2020
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Abstract

2-Benzo[b]thienyl fulgides and fulgimides containing bulky diphenylmethylene substituents were synthesized in the form of their ring-opened E- or Z-isomers. In contrast to the majority of known fulgides/fulgimides, that form colored ring-closed structures under UV irradiation, the obtained compounds undergo an irreversible transformation leading to decoloration of their solutions. This rearrangement with the formation of the dihydronaphthalene core appeared to be by 2–3 orders of magnitude more efficient than for the known diphenylmethylene(aryl(hetaryl))fulgides. The molecular structures of E- and Z-isomers and of products of the photoinduced rearrangement completed by 1,5-H shift reaction, 3a,4-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furans(pyrroles) C, were established based on the data of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies.

Keywords: benzo[b]thiophene; fulgide; fulgimide; photorearrangement; X-ray diffraction

Introduction

Photochromic compounds are of considerable interest as molecular switches, elements of optical memory and molecular logic devices [1-4]. Fulgides and fulgimides possessing excellent thermal and photochemical stability, structurally modulated fluorescent properties and high quantum efficiencies of their light-induced pericyclic rearrangements constitute one of the most prospective and amply studied photochromic families [5-12]. A general approach to the synthesis of fulgides is based on a Stobbe condensation [13] of aromatic or heterocyclic aldehydes or ketones with methylene succinates followed by subsequent hydrolysis and dehydration processes. Under exposure of solutions or crystals of thus prepared hetaryl(aryl)-substituted dihydrofuran-2,5-diones to UV light, those bearing an isopropylidene fragment attached to the furandione moiety, usually demonstrate positive photochromism as the result of conversion to their deeply colored cyclic isomers. However, fulgides containing a diphenylmethylene group are capable of negative photoinduced rearrangements [14-17].

Comparison of the photochromic properties of aromatic and heteroaromatic fulgides revealed significant advantages of the latter for applications as molecular switches and optical information storage systems [5,10]. These include higher thermal stability, longer lifetimes of the photocolored forms and higher yields of the photocoloration reactions and better persistance to photodegradation. It has been shown that annulation of benzene rings to the five-membered rings of pyrryl, thienyl and furanyl fulgides can promote the additional improvement of these properties [10,18-21]. In accordance with these data, we have previously synthesized and studied the photochromic properties of 2-benzo[b]thienylfulgides [22]. UV irradiation of acetonitrile solutions of these compounds results in the electrocyclic hexatriene–cyclohexadiene rearrangement of the ring-opened isomers O into the colored ring-closed ones C (Scheme 1) which exhibit enhanced spectral characteristics as compared with 2-thienyl and 3-benzo[b]thienyl analogues. Exposure of the colored solutions to the visible light leads to the reverse conversion into the primary colorless hexatriene form.

[1860-5397-16-149-i1]

Scheme 1: Photoisomerization of 2-benzo[b]thienyl fulgides.

Here, we report the synthesis of 2-benzo[b]thienylfulgides with bulky diphenylmethylene substituents and the investigation of their photoinduced rearrangements.

Results and Discussion

Fulgides 3E, 3Z, 7E and fulgimides 4E, 4Z, 8E were synthesized as shown in Scheme 2 and Scheme 3.

[1860-5397-16-149-i2]

Scheme 2: Synthesis of fulgides 3E, 3Z and fulgimides 4E, 4Z.

[1860-5397-16-149-i3]

Scheme 3: Synthesis of fulgide 7E and fulgimide 8E.

The Stobbe condensation of dimethyl 2-(diphenylmethylene)succinate with 1-methoxy- and 1-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbaldehydes was used to obtain fulgides 3E and 7E, which led to the formation of intermediate monomethyl esters 1 and 5. These esters were hydrolyzed by 10% KOH in methanol into the corresponding fulgenic acids 2 and 6, which were purified and cyclized into 3E and 7E when treated with propionic anhydride. A special preparative method using a Sweko IP65 LED emitter was applied to convert the 3E-isomer into 3Z with a yield of 84%. The interaction of 3E with benzylamine in the presence of ZnCl2 and HMDS leads to the formation of a mixture of fulgimides 4E (41%) and 4Z (18%). Fulgides 3Z and 7E under similar conditions afford exclusively fulgimides 3Z and 7E, respectively, as the single products (Scheme 2 and Scheme 3).

According to IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy data Z- and E-isomers of fulgide 3 exist in the form of the open isomers O. This was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction study.

The molecular structures of fulgides 3Z and 3E are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

[1860-5397-16-149-1]

Figure 1: Molecular structure of 3Z. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn on the 30% probability level. Selected bond lengths (Å): C(3)–C(4) = 1.476(2), С(4)=С(5) = 1.360(2), С(3)=С(14) = 1.356(2).

[1860-5397-16-149-2]

Figure 2: Molecular structure of 3E. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn on the 30% probability level. Selected bond lengths (Å): C(3)–C(4) = 1.461(2), С(4)=С(5) = 1.361(2), С(3)=С(14) = 1.375(2).

Fulgide 3Z possesses Z-configuration at the double bond С(4)=С(5). The 3-methoxy-2-benzo[b]thiophene moiety in 3Z is planar and is almost coplanar with the planar furan-2,5-dione fragment (the dihedral angle is equal to 3.9°). The phenyl rings are rotated about the C–Ph bonds by respectively 84.9° (Ph(C(15)-C(20)) and 109.0° (Ph(C(21)-C(26)) relative to the furan-2,5-dione plane. The list of lengths and valence angles of 3Z is given in Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1).

Fulgide 3E has E-configuration at the double bond С(4)=С(5). The 3-methoxy-2-benzo[b]thiophene moiety in 3E is rotated relative to the furan-2,5-dione fragment by an angle of 36.5°. The torsion angle of the phenyl ring Ph(C(15)–C(20)) relative to the furan-2,5-dione plane (41.5°) is almost twice lesser than that in 3Z, whereas the torsion angle of the phenyl ring Ph(C(21)–C(26)) equal to 107.5° remains virtually unchanged. The bond lengths and valence angles of 3E, as well as the results of superimposition of 3Z and 3E by the atoms of furan-2,5-dione fragment O(1), O(2), O(3), C(1), C(2), C(3), C(4) (Scheme S1, Supporting Information File 1), are presented in Table S2 (Supporting Information File 1).

Fulgides 3 and 7 and fulgimides 4 and 8 in acetonitrile absorb in the range of 316–329 nm (S2←S0 transition) and 405–436 nm (S1←S0 transition) (Table 1). The transition S1←S0 band in the E-isomers is usually much more intense than the S2←S0 band, whereas in Z-isomers an inverse ratio of intensities is observed. E-isomers absorb at longer wavelengths than Z-isomers.

Table 1: Absorption maxima of the isomeric forms of fulgides 3 and 7, and fulgimides 4 and 8 in acetonitrilea.

Compound Ring-opened form O
Z-isomer E-isomer
λabsmax, nm εmax, L·mol–1·cm−1 λabsmax, nm εmax, L·mol–1·cm−1
3
4
7
8 		327, 441
316, 414
–
– 		18.8, 11.4
16.8, 14.5
–
– 		326, 444
324, 416
329, 436
323, 432 		12.0, 23.2
12.8, 23.4
15.6, 22.2
16.9, 15.6

aλabsmax, εmax – the absorption maxima and the molar absorption coefficients.

Under irradiation in acetonitrile solution with light of 365 nm fulgide 3E manifest negative photoinduced properties [23] due to the rearrangement into 4,4a-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione 9I and then undergoing a 1,5-hydrogen shift with the formation of the colorless ring-closed isomer 9C (Scheme 4, Figure 3).

[1860-5397-16-149-i4]

Scheme 4: Photochemical rearrangements of fulgide 3E followed by1,5-H shift.

However, the above described rearrangement drastically differs from those previously described due to its very high efficiency. The light-induced formation of the dihydronaphthalene core via 1,5-H shift has always been an extremely low-intensity process. Indeed, in the case of diphenylmethylene(aryl)fulgides the whole process (including the formation of a colored intermediate and its gradual decoloration) usually required 12–14 hours [14,17]. Even for the most similar in structure diphenylmethylene(indolyl)fulgide, the cyclization occurred only after extended irradiation (τ > 104 s) [16], whereas for fulgides 3Z and 3E this time is at least two orders of magnitude less (Figure 3).

[1860-5397-16-149-3]

Figure 3: Electronic absorption spectra of fulgide 3E in acetonitrile solution before (1) and after irradiation with light of 365 nm for 5 (2), 10 (3), 20 (4), 40 (5), 60 (6), 80 (7), 120 (8) and 180 s (9) (2.5 × 10−5 M, T = 293 K).

9C represents the racemate (racemic compound) (3aR,4S)/(3aS,4R)-4-(3-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-9-phenyl-3a,4-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione with cis-configuration of hydrogen atoms C(4)H and C(5)H. Two doublet signals of these protons at 4.49 and 5.37 ppm with characteristic spin–spin coupling constant J = 7.3 Hz are observed in the 1H NMR spectrum [24]. The photoinduced transformation is thermally and photochemically irreversible.

Although the appearance of 3Z and 4-(3-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-9-phenyl-4,4a-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione (9I) shown in Scheme 4 was not directly registered in the absorption spectra (Figure 3), their existence was evidenced by the data obtained in earlier studies [5,6,14-16]. Moreover, the occurrence of the Z/E-photoisomerization concomitant of the first stage of the rearrangement can be traced at small irradiation times (less than 1–2 min) of fulgide 3Z in acetonitrile solution with light of 436 nm. As shown in Figure 4 a slight bathochromic shift of the 441 nm band accompanied by a typical redistribution of intensity of absorption bands (see Table 1) is detected. At longer irradiation times, the rearrangement processes are reflected by the spectral curves depicted in Figure 3.

[1860-5397-16-149-4]

Figure 4: Electronic absorption spectra of fulgide 3Z in acetonitrile solution before (1) and after irradiation with light of 436 nm for 30 (2), 60 (3) and 100 (4) s (2.5 × 10−5 M, T = 293 K).

Crystal packing of the product of the photoinduced rearrangement 9C comprises alternating molecules of two enantiomers cis-9C and cis-9C’ corresponding to a racemic compound. The structure of cis-9C’ is shown in Figure 5. The dihydrobenzene cycle С(3)С(4)С(5)С(16)С(15)С(14) of cis-9C’ is nonplanar with inflections along the lines C(3)...C(16) and C(4)...C(16) at 15.0° and 44.4°, respectively. The C(4)–C(5) bond (its length is equal to 1.535(3) Å) is significantly elongated compared to the double C(4)–C(5) bond of 3Z (1.360(2) Å).

[1860-5397-16-149-5]

Figure 5: Molecular structure of photoproduct cis-9C’. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn on the 30% probability level. Selected bond lengths (Å): С(5)–С(16) = 1.531(3), С(15)=С(16) = 1.411(3), С(4)–С(5) = 1.535(3), C(3)–C(4) = 1.496(3), C(3)=C(14) = 1.349(3), С(14)–C(15) = 1.478(3).

The list of other bond lengths and valence angles of cis-9C’ is presented in Table S3 (Supporting Information File 1).

Irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of fulgide 7E with light of 365 nm gives rise to its decoloration brought about by the formation of a mixture of ring-closed diastereomers cis-10C (82%) and trans-10C (18%) (Scheme 5, Figure 6). The 1H NMR spectra of 10C contain signals of cis-3a,4-protons with a spin–spin coupling constant J = 7.3 Hz at 4.54 and 5.52 ppm, respectively, and of trans-3a,4-protons with a spin–spin coupling constant J = 15.4 Hz at 4.26 and 4.54 ppm, respectively.

[1860-5397-16-149-i5]

Scheme 5: Photochemical rearrangements of fulgide 7E followed by1,5-H shift.

[1860-5397-16-149-6]

Figure 6: Electronic absorption spectra of fulgide 7E in acetonitrile solution before (1) and after irradiation with light of 365 nm for 5 (2), 10 (3), 20 (4), 40 (5), 80 (6), 120 (7) and 160 s (8) (2.5 × 10−5 M, T = 293 K).

Similar to the initial fulgides, irradiation of acetonitrile solutions of fulgimides 4E and 8E with the light of 365 nm exhibits their negative photoinduced behavior caused by the formation of intermediate 4a,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-1,3(2H)-diones 11I and 12I that rearrange in colorless ring-closed isomers 11C and 12C (Scheme 6, Figure 7). The observed transformations are thermally and photochemically irreversible.

[1860-5397-16-149-i6]

Scheme 6: Photochemical rearrangements of fulgimides 4E and 8E followed by1,5-H shift.

[1860-5397-16-149-7]

Figure 7: Electronic absorption spectra of fulgimide 8E in acetonitrile solution before (1) and after irradiation with light of 365 nm for 10 (2), 20 (3), 30 (4), 60 (5), 90 (6), 120 (7), 180 (8), 260 (9) and 320 s (10) (2.5 × 10−5 M, T = 293 K).

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of an irreversible rearrangement of hetaryl fulgimide into colorless substituted dihydronaphthalene.

Conclusion

To sum up, we report the synthesis of a series of fulgides possessing bulky diphenylmethylene substituents – 3-(diphenylmethylene)-4-((3-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methylene)dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (E- and Z-isomers, 3) and 3-((3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methylene)-4-diphenylmethylene)dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (E-isomer, 7) and the corresponding fulgimides – 1-benzyl-3-(diphenylmethylene)-4-((3-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methylene)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (E- and Z-forms, 4) and 1-benzyl-3-((3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methylene)-4-(diphenylmethylene)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (E-form 8). In contrast to the compounds with less voluminous dimethyl methylene groups, which under irradiation in solution formed deeply colored ring-closed forms, the obtained fulgides/fulgimides after exposure to light of 365 nm irreversibly rearrange into the colorless closed isomers, 3a,4-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-diones 9 and 10 and 3a,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-1,3(2H)-diones 11 and 12. These are formed due to the symmetry-allowed excited state electrocyclic reaction followed by the thermally induced 1,5-hydrogen shift reaction. This transformation represents a highly efficient process in comparison with the similar low-efficiency rearrangements of known diphenylmethylene(aryl(hetaryl))fulgides. The key structures of these light-induced reactions – E-, Z-isomers and closed forms C were identified with the use of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and their molecular structures confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies.

Experimental

General: The 1H and 13C NMR spectra in CDCl3 were obtained on an integrated analytical LC-SPE-NMR-MS AVANCE-600 system from Bruker (600 MHz, 151 MHz for 13C) The signals were referred with respect to the signals of residual protons of deuterated solvent (7.24 ppm). The IR spectra were recorded on a Varian Excalibur 3100 FTIR instrument using the attenuated total internal reflection technique (ZnSe crystal). The electronic absorption spectra were recorded on a Varian Cary 100 spectrophotometer. The irradiation of acetonitrile solutions in quartz cells (l = 10 mm, V = 2.mL) with a high pressure Hg lamp (250 W) was performed on a Newport 66941 equipment supplied with a set of interferential light filters. The intensity of light was 3.3·1016 photons·s−1 for the spectral line 365 nm. For preparative purposes a Sweko IP65 (SUL-S1-20W-230-4000K-WH) LED emitter was exploited. Acetonitrile of spectroscopic grade (Aldrich) was used to prepare solutions. Melting points were determined on a PTP (M) instrument.

X-ray diffraction study: The X-ray diffraction studies of crystals of 3Z, 3E and 9 were performed with a Bruker XSCANS device (λ(Мо Кα) = 0.71073 Å, \w scans). Bond lengths and valence angles of 3Z, 3E and 9 are presented in Tables S1–S3 (Supporting Information File 1). The main crystallographic data and characteristics are in Table S4 (Supporting Information File 1). The semi-empirical absorption correction based on equivalent reflections was applied. The structure was solved by direct methods [25] and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique on F2 with anisotropic displacement parameters for non-hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms were localized in the difference-Fourier map and included in the refinement with fixed positional (riding model) and isotropic displacement parameters. All calculations were carried out using the SHELXTL program suite [26]. CCDC 1951883, 1951883 and 1951885 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for the 3Z, 3E and 9, respectively. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html, or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: X-ray analysis data of 3Z, 3E and 9C.
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Supporting Information File 2: 1H, 13C NMR and IR spectra of all novel compounds.
Format: PDF Size: 1.7 MB Download
Supporting Information File 3: Experimental procedures and characterization data for fulgides 3E, 3Z, 7E, fulgimides 4Z, 4E, 8E and photo products 9C, 10C, 11C and 12C.
Format: PDF Size: 273.4 KB Download

Funding

The research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (State assignment in the field of scientific activity, Southern Federal University, project No. 0852-2020-0019). A. Dubonosov and V. Rybalkin worked in the framework of the State assignment of the Southern Scientific Centre of the RAS No. 01201354239. V. Tkachev, A. Utenyshev and S. Aldoshin worked in the framework of the State assignment of IPCP RAS No. 0089-2019-0013.

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