Synthesis of photoresponsive cholesterol-based azobenzene organogels: dependence on different spacer lengths

• Yuchun Ren,
• Bin Wang and
• Xiuqing Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1089–1095, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.122

• role in the gelation. Compound M6 is the only one that can gelate in ethanol, isopropanol and 1-butanol and the reversible gel–sol transitions are also investigated. To obtain visual insight into the microstructure of the gels, the typical structures of the xerogels were studied by SEM. Morphologies of

• can bring about new predictable gelation abilities for the construction of novel cholesterol-based gelators. Azobenzene is one of the smartest molecules among all known photochromic compounds because of its E/Z isomerization [18]. Based on this, photomechanical soft materials containing azobenzene

• relationship between the spacer length and the gelation ability of gelators. Herein we synthesized a series of compounds with different spacers between cholesteryl and azobenene units (Scheme 1). In these compounds, M6 is the only one that can gelate in ethanol, isopropanol and 1-butanol. It is found that

N-Alkyl derivatives of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside; synthesis and antimicrobial activity

• Agata Walczewska,
• Daria Grzywacz,
• Dorota Bednarczyk,
• Małgorzata Dawgul,
• Andrzej Nowacki,
• Wojciech Kamysz,
• Beata Liberek and
• Henryk Myszka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 869–874, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.97

• their cardiovascular, antifungal, anticancer [33][34][35][36] and antithrombotic activities [37] have been investigated. Gelation ability of the pentose derivatized diosgenyl saponins have also been reported [38]. In the family of diosgenyl β-glycosides D-glucopyranose is the first sugar attached to the

Synthesis and characterization of pH responsive D-glucosamine based molecular gelators

• Navneet Goyal,
• Hari P. R. Mangunuru,
• Bargav Parikh,
• Sonu Shrestha and
• Guijun Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3111–3121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.328

• better understand the scope of D-glucosamine derivatives as gelators, we synthesized and screened a novel class of N-acetylglucosamine derivatives with a p-methoxybenzylidene acetal protective group. This modification did not exert a negative influence on the gelation. On the contrary, it actually

• enhanced the gelation tendency for many derivatives. The introduction of the additional methoxy group on the phenyl ring led to low molecular weight gelators with a higher pH responsiveness. The resulting gels were stable at neutral pH values but degraded in an acidic environment. The release profiles of

• naproxen from the pH responsive gels were also analyzed under acidic and neutral conditions. Our findings are useful for the design of novel triggered release self-assembling systems and can provide an insight into the influence of the the structure on gelation. Keywords: glucosamine; hydrogelators

Cyclodextrin–polysaccharide-based, in situ-gelled system for ocular antifungal delivery

• Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro,
• Noelia Fernández Bargiela,
• María Santiago Varela,
• Maria Gil Martínez,
• Maria Pardo,
• Antonio Piñeiro Ces,
• José Blanco Méndez,
• Miguel González Barcia,
• Maria Jesus Lamas and
• Francisco.J. Otero-Espinar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2903–2911, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.308

• solutions of both polysaccharides have characteristic properties related to their temperature dependence and cation-induced gelation [12]. A challenge in the design of bioadhesive ion-sensitive hydrogels is the incorporation of drugs with poor aqueous solubility. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are useful

• -sensitive hydrogels containing the free and complexed drug is shown in Figure 7. All compositions tested underwent rapid gelation upon immersion in simulated tear fluid. A rapid sol–gel transition was induced by the interaction of gellam gum and κ-carrageenan with the monovalent and divalent ions of the

• simulated tear fluid. This gelation promotes controlled drug release, suppressing their premature release. The release of fluconazole from ion-sensitive gels is performed relatively fast during the first hour, being completely released by the end of this period. However, gels made with cyclodextrins prolong

Synthesis and characterization of a hyper-branched water-soluble β-cyclodextrin polymer

• Francesco Trotta,
• Fabrizio Caldera,
• Roberta Cavalli,
• Andrea Mele,
• Carlo Punta,
• Lucio Melone,
• Franca Castiglione,
• Barbara Rossi,
• Monica Ferro,
• Vincenza Crupi,
• Domenico Majolino,
• Valentina Venuti and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2586–2593, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.271

• hyper-branched water-soluble polymer was synthesized by reacting β-cyclodextrin with pyromellitic dianhydride beyond the critical conditions that allow the phenomenon of gelation to occur. The molar ratio between the monomers is a crucial parameter that rules the gelation process. Nevertheless, the

• high water solubility was obtained and fully characterized both as for its chemical structure and for its capability to encapsulate substances. Fluorescein was used as probe molecule to test the complexation properties of the new material. Keywords: β-cyclodextrin; complexation; gelation

• hydroxy groups [9] 3) inhibition of the gelation process in a sol–gel cross-linking reaction [10]. This last synthetic route leads to soluble hyper-branched polymers. According to Flory’s theory [11] gelation occurs when the branching coefficient (α) is higher than a critical value (αc) defined by the

Supercritical carbon dioxide: a solvent like no other

• Jocelyn Peach and
• Julian Eastoe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1878–1895, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.196

• -surfactants and additives. Though the review does not include gelation in CO2 systems, it is still worth mentioning due to the inclusion of fluorocarbon and AOT surfactants since AOT derivatives and fluorocarbon surfactants have both been successfully solubilised in dense CO2. The one-dimensional growth of

Triazol-substituted titanocenes by strain-driven 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions

• Andreas Gansäuer,
• Andreas Okkel,
• Lukas Schwach,
• Laura Wagner,
• Anja Selig and
• Aram Prokop

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1630–1637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.169

• structural feature [31]. The gelation ability of the neutral ester-substituted titanocenes critically depends on the steric demand of the substituents on the cyclopentadienyl ligands. The carboxylates are valuable complexes for mediating highly chemoselective Barbier type allylations [32][33]. These findings

Improving the reactivity of phenylacetylene macrocycles toward topochemical polymerization by side chains modification

• Simon Rondeau-Gagné,
• Jules Roméo Néabo,
• Maxime Daigle,
• Katy Cantin and
• Jean-François Morin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1613–1619, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.167

• π-conjugated monomers capable of hydrogen bonding to create nanowires [21][22][23], nanoparticles [24][25][26][27], nanotubes [28][29][30][31] and two-dimensional layered materials [32] from organogels. The key to success was to obtain a good balance between solubility and gelation properties

• supramolecular nanotubular structures [33][34][35][36][37][38]. Among other things, we have shown that inversion of the amide group configuration (acetanilide vs benzamide) at two different positions on phenylacetylene macrocycles (PAMs) leads to significant changes of the gelation properties and, consequently

• , on the critical parameters needed for polymerization through 1,4-addition reaction [38]. In fact, the acetanilide configuration provides macrocycles which can barely self-assemble in organic solvents while the benzamide configuration yields macrocycles with much greater gelation properties that allow

Charge-transfer interaction mediated organogels from 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid appended pyrene

• Jun Hu,
• Jindan Wu,
• Qian Wang and
• Yong Ju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2877–2885, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.324

• driving forces for the formation of such self-assembled fibrillar networks include hydrogen-bonding interaction, van der Waals force, π–π stacking, and donor–acceptor interaction [7][8][9][10]. Since LMWGs are often thermally reversible and the gelation can be triggered by pH or the addition of small

• other hand, the 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF, 4) was obtained with 93% yield by nitration of 9-fluorenone. Gelation test GA-Pyrene (3) was heated in different solvents with 1 equiv of TNF (4) until a clear solution was formed. Then, the mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature, and kept for

• , Table 1, entries 1, 6 and 7). At the same time, the ratio between the two solvents also played a key role in the gelation process, as it can be seen in entries 2, 5, 8 and 11 (Table 1). It is probably due to a balance between aggregation and dissolution of the solute molecule in these two solvents [45

Self-assembly of 2,3-dihydroxycholestane steroids into supramolecular organogels as a soft template for the in-situ generation of silicate nanomaterials

• Valeria C. Edelsztein,
• Andrea S. Mac Cormack,
• Matías Ciarlantini and
• Pablo H. Di Chenna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.213

• -organogelator for hydrocarbons. The scope of solvent gelation was analysed with regard to two solvent parameters, namely the Kamlet–Taft and the Hansen solubility parameters. The best correlation was observed with the Hansen approach that revealed the existence of two clear gelation zones. We propose a general

• gelation are known. The presence of a supramolecular synthon to promote the one-dimensional (1D) self-assembly is a necessary feature in order to form the fibrillar entangled network that entraps the solvent [14]. The strongest and most important supramolecular synthons involve functional groups that

• cooperative forces between the directional self-assembly that promotes the 1D aggregation and the solubility and insolubility in a given solvent, which is based on the specific interactions between solvent and gelator molecules [17]. Numerous attempts have been made to correlate solvent parameters to gelation

Enhancement of efficiency in organic photovoltaic devices containing self-complementary hydrogen-bonding domains

• Rohan J. Kumar,
• Jegadesan Subbiah and
• Andrew B. Holmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1102–1110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.122

• of nanostructures as observed by AFM and the gelation behaviour at high concentration. Alternatively, isodesmic self-association to form one dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains of 2 may incur conformational changes in 2 for steric reasons, which could result in changes to the 1H chemical shifts of 2

The conjugation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to small peptides for generating multifunctional supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels

• Jiayang Li,
• Yi Kuang,
• Junfeng Shi,
• Yuan Gao,
• Jie Zhou and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 908–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.104

• diphenylalanine (FF). We use diphenylalanine because it is able to self-assemble to form nanotubes [57]. We find that compound 1a, forming a hydrogel at the critical gelation concentration (cgc) of 0.2 wt % at pH 7.0, also serves as a general motif to enable enzymatic hydrogelation that converts 1c to 1d by a

• from the salicylic acid groups. In order to confirm that the aromatic–aromatic interactions originating from Phe–Phe are essential for the self-assembly of the hydrogelators of NSAIDs to form the nanofibers as the matrices of the hydrogels, we studied the gelation properties of the conjugates of NSAIDs

• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The direct conjugation of NSAIDs and small peptides (Phe–Phe) generates molecules that self-assemble in water to form hydrogels. The large difference in gelation properties by changing small peptides from Phe–Phe to Ala–Ala confirms the important role of the

Protonation and deprotonation induced organo/hydrogelation: Bile acid derived gelators containing a basic side chain

• Uday Maitra and
• Arkajyoti Chakrabarty

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 304–309, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.40

• . Keywords: bile acid derived amines; organogelator and hydrogelator; protonation and deprotonation induced gelation; SEM and POM; thermal stability; Introduction Low molecular mass organo- and hydrogelators (LMOG) have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their tunable physical

• contrast, 2 was found to gel mixtures of aqueous organic solvents such as DMSO/water and DMF/water. Interestingly, it is the protonated amine 1 which has the organogelation property; whilst 2 must be in the neutral form for hydrogelation (Figure 1). (A) Gelation behaviour of 1 and 2 The gelation tests were

• carried out with compounds 1 and 2 in various organic and mixtures of aqueous organic solvents (Experimental section); the results of the gelation studies are summarized in Table 1. (B) Protonation–deprotonation induced gelation The organogelator 1 was found to be a non-gelator in its neutral form

Synthesis and self-assembly of 1-deoxyglucose derivatives as low molecular weight organogelators

• Guijun Wang,
• Hao Yang,
• Sherwin Cheuk and
• Sherman Coleman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.31

• and found that several of them are good gelators for water, aqueous mixtures of DMSO, or aqueous mixtures of ethanol. The gelation efficiency of these glycolipid derivatives is dependent upon the structures of their acyl chains. In order to understand the influence of the anomeric position of the

• sugar headgroup towards self-assembly, we synthesized a series of 1-deoxyglucose analogs, and examined their gelation properties in several solvents. Several long chain esters, including diacetylene containing esters, and aryl esters exhibited gelation in ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or aqueous DMSO. The

• acyl chains of diester 2, and monoesters 3 and 4, are important for gelation. This result also indicates that the ester linked derivatives require more specific structures and many substituents are not tolerated. Typically, monoesters with alkynyl groups containing 5–7 carbons (Figure 2, 5–7) are good

Amphiphilic dendritic peptides: Synthesis and behavior as an organogelator and liquid crystal

• Baoxiang Gao,
• Hongxia Li,
• Defang Xia,
• Sufang Sun and
• Xinwu Ba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 198–203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.26

• experiments. Amphiphilic dendritic peptides G3 show good organogel properties with a minimum gelation concentration as low as 1 wt %. Furthermore, amphiphilic dendritic peptides G3 can form a hexagonal columnar liquid crystal assembly over a wide temperature range. Keywords: amphiphilic; dendritic peptides

• based dendrimers, and especially to their gelation and liquid crystal properties [12][13]. Recently, a type of amphiphilic dendritic dipeptide was described by Percec et al. as self-assembling in helical pores [14]. In addition, Takashi Kato and co-workers have recently reported that dendritic

• -deprotected intermediate to the C-deprotected G1, prepared by hydrogenolysis of the benzylated peptide. 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses were used to verify the structure and purity of the amphiphilic dendritic peptides. Investigation of gelation All amphiphilic dendritic peptides

Exceptionally small supramolecular hydrogelators based on aromatic–aromatic interactions

• Junfeng Shi,
• Yuan Gao,
• Zhimou Yang and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 167–172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.23

• molecular weight as low as 448.51 g/mol, can form a hydrogel at a concentration as low as 0.2 mM and elucidated the molecular structure of the hydrogel based on the crystal structure of the gelator. During that gelation experiment, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was required in the gel, however, this might

• -assemble again. This behavior seems unique to 6 in these phenylalanine derivatives because solutions of the other compounds on acidification change directly to either gels or suspensions, and the suspensions are unable to become gels spontaneously. This interesting gelation process suggests that the

Gelation or molecular recognition; is the bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester)s motif an omnigelator?

• Peter C. Griffiths,
• David W. Knight,
• Ian R. Morgan,
• Amy Ford,
• James Brown,
• Ben Davies,
• Richard K. Heenan,
• Stephen M. King,
• Robert M. Dalgliesh,
• John Tomkinson,
• Stuart Prescott,
• Ralf Schweins and
• Alison Paul

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1079–1088, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.123

• gelation of liquids by low molecular weight solutes at low concentrations gives an insight into many molecular recognition phenomena and also offers a simple route to modifying the physical properties of the liquid. Bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester)s are shown here to gel thermoreversibly a wide range of solvents

• , raising interesting questions as to the mechanism of gelation. At gelator concentrations of 5–50 mg ml−1, gels were successfully formed in acetone, ethanol/water mixtures, toluene, cyclohexane and chloroform (the latter, albeit at a higher gelator concentration). A range of neutron techniques – in

• particular small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) – have been employed to probe the structure of a selection of these gels. The universality of gelation in a range of solvent types suggests the gelation mechanism is a feature of the bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester) motif, with SANS demonstrating the presence of

Self-assembly and semiconductivity of an oligothiophene supergelator

• Pampa Pratihar,
• Suhrit Ghosh,
• Vladimir Stepanenko,
• Sameer Patwardhan,
• Ferdinand C. Grozema,
• Laurens D. A. Siebbeles and
• Frank Würthner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1070–1078, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.122

• on bisurea derivatives of bithiophene chromophores and demonstrated a significant charge carrier mobility as a result of self-assembly (Σμmin = 5 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) [18]. However, the building blocks were made only from mono and bithiophene units. Later, Shinkai and co-workers reported the gelation

• versatile gelation and self-assembly properties compared to those of cholesterol-linked PBI gelators reported earlier [10]. We also have demonstrated that the trialkoxybenzamide units provide a unique opportunity to tune the mode of self-assembly (H-type vs. J-type) of PBIs by systematically varying the

• steric crowding in the peripheral alkyl groups [20][21]. These recent findings on PBI gelators prompted us to explore the utility of similar supramolecular design on the self-assembly of other functional π-systems. Herein we describe the synthesis, self-assembly, gelation, and charge-carrier mobility

Expanding the gelation properties of valine-based 3,5-diaminobenzoate organogelators with N-alkylurea functionalities

• Hak-Fun Chow and
• Chin-Ho Cheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1015–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.114

• properties were extended from only aromatic solvents, to a wide range of other types of solvents such as alicyclic hydrocarbons, alcohols and polar solvents such as DMSO and DMF. It was also found that a longer N-alkylurea chain conferred improved gelation power and higher thermal stability as compared to

• immobilization of solvent molecules. These molecules possess many potential applications in biomedical science, environmental and separation technology [1][2][3][4][5][6]. One key problem in the design and synthesis of organogelators lies in the difficulty in predicting their gelation properties beforehand. Most

• often a subtle change of the substituents of the organgelator can lead to substantial modification in its gelating properties. This is because gelation is the result of a delicate balance of various driving forces. If the binding interactions between the organogelator molecules are too strong

Differences between β-Ala and Gly-Gly in the design of amino acids-based hydrogels

• Andreea Pasc,
• Firmin Obounou Akong,
• Sedat Cosgun and
• Christine Gérardin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 973–977, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.109

• organogels and hydrogels of low molecular weight gelators (LMWG), establishing the relationship between the molecular structure and the gelation mechanism is still a challenge. In this paper our interest focuses on the consequences of slight molecular modifications on the self-assembling behaviour of β-Ala

• vs Gly-Gly-based hydrogelators. Previously, in our group, amino acid based amphiphiles i.e. Gly-Gly-His-EO2-Alk, a trimodular amphiphile (containing three domains: H-bond donor and acceptor/hydrophilic/hydrophobic domain, respectively) were reported to act as hydrogelators and that the gelation

• properties were related to hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and π-π stacking. Herein, β-Ala-His-EO2-Alk was fully characterised by FT-IR, NMR, SAXS and SEM and the gelation mechanism is discussed. It appears that the number of amide groups determines the self-assembling behaviour into 1D or 2D/3D

Towards racemizable chiral organogelators

• Jian Bin Lin,
• Debarshi Dasgupta,
• Seda Cantekin and
• Albertus P. H. J. Schenning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 960–965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.107

• ; organogels; racemization; self-assembly; Introduction Gelation represents a macroscopic manifestation of self-assembled molecules. Impressive supramolecular architectures have been reported in which the self-assembled molecules immobilize solvent to produce a gel phase. Carefully designed self complementary

• the concentration, in accord with intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Gel formation The gelation ability of R-3, S-3 and racemic 3 was investigated using the “inverse flow” method. At room temperature, R-3 and S-3 were insoluble in octane. However, on heating at 80 °C, both R-3 and S-3 became soluble in

• octane and when cooled to room temperature, a stable self-supporting semi-transparent gel was formed (Figure 2a). For all the samples, the thermoreversible gelation process was followed at 0 °C, since the gelation time becomes much longer at lower concentrations at 20 °C. For R-3, the critical gelation

Oxalyl retro-peptide gelators. Synthesis, gelation properties and stereochemical effects

• Janja Makarević,
• Milan Jokić,
• Leo Frkanec,
• Vesna Čaplar,
• Nataša Šijaković Vujičić and
• Mladen Žinić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 945–959, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.106

• Janja Makarevic Milan Jokic Leo Frkanec Vesna Caplar Natasa Sijakovic Vujicic Mladen Zinic Laboratory for Supramolecular and Nucleoside Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O.B. 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia 10.3762/bjoc.6.106 Abstract In this work we report on gelation properties, self

• ) 3a and (S,S)-bis(PhePhe) 5a showed moderate to excellent gelation of highly polar water/DMSO and water/DMF solvent mixtures. Retro-peptides incorporating different amino acids (S,S)-(LeuPhg) 2a and (S,S)-(PhgLeu) 4a showed no or very weak gelation. Different gelation effectiveness was found for

• hierarchical organisation was provided which determined the final morphological appearance of the aggregates [26]. It appears that gelation induced by aggregation of small abiotic or bio-inspired organic molecules represents an advantageous experimental system allowing in depth studies of the self-assembly as

Pyridinium based amphiphilic hydrogelators as potential antibacterial agents

• Sayanti Brahmachari,
• Sisir Debnath,
• Sounak Dutta and
• Prasanta Kumar Das

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 859–868, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.101

• rationally designed and synthesized to develop a structure-property relation. A judicious combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments led to the development of pyridinium based amphiphilic hydrogelators having a minimum gelation concentration of 1.7%, w/v. Field emission scanning electronic

• microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), photoluminescence, FTIR studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 2D NOESY experiments were carried out to elucidate the different non-covalent interactions responsible for the self-assembled gelation. The formation of three-dimensional supramolecular aggregates

• hydrophobic interactions is mandatory for any gelation process. Non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, π–π stacking or van der Waals forces play a pivotal role in self-assembled gelation [12]. Tuning the structure of gelator molecules leads to a better understanding of the

Chiral gels derived from secondary ammonium salts of (1R,3S)-(+)-camphoric acid

• Tapas Kumar Adalder,
• N. N. Adarsh,
• Ravish Sankolli and
• Parthasarathi Dastidar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 848–858, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.100

• )-(+)-camphoric acid and various secondary amines were prepared based on supramolecular synthon rationale. Out of seven salts prepared, two showed moderate gelation abilities. The gels were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, table top rheology, scanning electron microscopy, single crystal and

• powder X-ray diffraction. Structure property correlation based on X-ray diffraction techniques remain inconclusive indicating that some of the integrated part associated with the gelation phenomena requires a better understanding. Keywords: crystal engineering; LMOG; single crystal X-ray diffraction

• secondary amines namely, dicyclohexylamine (DCHA), dipropylamine (DPA), dibutylamine (DBUA), diisobutylamine (DIBUA), dihexylamine (DHA), dibenzylamine (DBA) and di-sec-butylamine (DSBUA) in a 1:2 molar ratio (Scheme 2). These salts were then used in gelation studies and the resulting gels characterized by

Organic gelators and hydrogelators

• Jean-Pierre Desvergne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 846–847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.99

• an understanding of the mechanism of gelation. It is also important to develop future green gelators for eco-compatible applications. This thematic series on organogels and hydrogels will address these various points with a particular emphasis on the molecular requirements on the gelling ability, the