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Search for "guanidines" in Full Text gives 32 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Design and synthesis of a photoswitchable guanidine catalyst
- Philipp Viehmann and
- Stefan Hecht
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1825–1830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.209
- rac-lactide in order to explain the findings. Keywords: azobenzenes; guanidines; molecular switches; organocatalysis; photochromism; ring opening polymerization; Introduction The macroscopic properties of a given polymer, e.g., the glass-transition temperature, morphology, density and tensile
- ]. Metal-based catalysts as well as organocatalysts have been widely studied in the ROP of lactide [15]. Guanidines, and especially 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), have proven to be very powerful in this context (Scheme 1) [16]. However, due to the discussion of several polymerization mechanisms
- [17], TBD is a difficult target for the incorporation of photoresponsive switches. Recent work indicates that the activation mechanism for acyclic guanidines, such as guanidine 1 (Scheme 1), is strongly dependent on the formation of hydrogen bridges to monomer and initiator [18]. Note that with
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide with TBD or the acyclic guanidine 1 as catalysts [16,18].
Scheme 2: Illustration of a photoswitchable guanidine catalyst for the ROP of lactide and the corresponding t...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of guanidine 2E.
Figure 1: ORTEP image of the single-crystal X-ray structure of guanidine 2E, as well as a rotated close-up of...
Figure 2: UV–vis spectra of guanidine 2 in acetonitrile, c = 3.9·10−5 mol/L. (a) E→Z isomerization with irrad...
Scheme 4: Guanidine 11 as a catalyst in the ROP of rac-lactide (catalyst/initiator/monomer ratio = 10:1:100).
Figure 3: Supposed intermediates resulting from either a cyclohexane-substituted guanidine (a) [18] or an aromati...
Synthesis and evaluation of new guanidine-thiourea organocatalyst for the nitro-Michael reaction: Theoretical studies on mechanism and enantioselectivity
- Tatyana E. Shubina,
- Matthias Freund,
- Sebastian Schenker,
- Timothy Clark and
- Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1485–1498, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.168
- thiourea moiety and an imidazole group [43][44] on a chiral scaffold, as asymmetric catalysts in the addition of acetone to trans-β-nitrostyrene, have also been reported [44][45][46][47]. Since guanidines [48] are stronger bases than amines and/or imidazole, we were interested in exploring whether
- guanidine-thiourea organocatalysts would perform as well as or even better than amine-thioureas and imidazole-thioureas. Generally, guanidines are well-known basic catalysts in organic synthesis, but only scattered examples of chiral guanidines as organocatalysts are known [49]. Indeed, only one guanidine
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of guanidine-thiourea organocatalyst 7.
Scheme 2: Henry reaction of 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (8) with nitromethane (9).
Scheme 3: Michael addition of (12) and (14) to trans-β-nitrostyrene (11).
Figure 1: Optimized geometries of four conformers of catalyst 7. Energies are in kcal·mol−1, B3PW91/6–31G(d) ...
Scheme 4: Energy profile for the first step of the reaction between catalyst 7 and malonate 14. Energies are ...
Figure 2: Complexes (CatN1–CatN5) between catalyst 7 and nitrostyrene 11. Energies are in kcal·mol−1, B3PW91/...
Scheme 5: Two possible routes for ternary complex formation. Energies are in kcal·mol−1, B3PW91/6–31G(d) (fir...
Figure 3: Geometries of transition states for R and S products. Relative energies (with respect to Init10) ar...
Figure 4: Geometries of transition states for R and S products. Relative energies (with respect to Init10) ar...
Figure 5: B3PW91/6–31G(d) (first entry), DFT-PCM (second entry), MP2/6–31G(d)//B3PW91/6–31G(d) (third entry) ...
Figure 6: Geometries of transition states for R and S products with 7-TABD catalyst. Relative energies (to In...
Organocatalytic asymmetric addition of malonates to unsaturated 1,4-diketones
- Sergei Žari,
- Tiiu Kailas,
- Marina Kudrjashova,
- Mario Öeren,
- Ivar Järving,
- Toomas Tamm,
- Margus Lopp and
- Tõnis Kanger
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1452–1457, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.165
- bicyclic guanidines [7][9][12]. Xiao et al. reported the addition of nitroalkanes to 4-oxo-enoates, using chiral urea derivatives [7]. Miura et al. achieved an asymmetric addition of α,α-disubstituted aldehydes to maleimides catalyzed by primary amine thiourea organocatalyst [13]. Wang et al. reported the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The conjugated addition to unsaturated 1,4-diketone 1.
Figure 2: Organocatalysts screened.
Figure 3: Proposed transition state.
Figure 4: Calculated (red) and experimental (blue) IR (A) and VCD spectrum (B) of compound (R)-3a.
Cation affinity numbers of Lewis bases
- Christoph Lindner,
- Raman Tandon,
- Boris Maryasin,
- Evgeny Larionov and
- Hendrik Zipse
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1406–1442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.163
- by increasing ACA values. ACA values of 3,4,5-triaminopyridines and guanidines, ordered by increasing ACA values. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 432: File Typ: PDF. Energies, enthalpies and geometries for all Lewis bases and their respective adducts with various electrophiles
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Reactions for the methyl cation affinity (MCA) of a neutral Lewis base (1a), an anionic Lewis base ...
Figure 1: MCA values of monosubstituted amines of general formula Me2N(CH2)nH (n = 1–7, in kJ/mol).
Scheme 2: Systematic dependence of MCA.
Scheme 3: Trends in amine MCA values.
Figure 2: Eclipsing interactions in the best conformation of N+Me(iPr)3 (16Me) (left), and the corresponding ...
Scheme 4: General expression for the chain-length dependence of MCA values.
Figure 3: MCA values of monosubstituted phosphanes of general formula Me2P(CH2)nH (n = 1–8, in kJ/mol).
Figure 4: MCA values of monosubstituted phosphanes of general formula PMe2(CH(CH2)n+1) (n = 1–8, in kJ/mol).
Figure 5: The MCA values of n-butyldiphenylphosphane (102) and its (αα-/ββ-/γγ-) dimethylated analogues.
Figure 6: MCA values of phosphanes Me2P–NR2 with cyclic and acyclic amine substituents.
Figure 7: MCA values of phosphanes PMe2R connected to α,α- and β,β-position of nitrogen containing cyclic sub...
Scheme 5: Reactions for the benzhydryl cation affinity (BHCA) of a Lewis base (5a) and pyridine (5b).
Figure 8: Comparison of BHCA values (kJ/mol) and nucleophilicity parameters N for sterically unbiased pyridin...
Scheme 6: Reactions for the trityl cation affinity (THCA) of a Lewis base (6a) and pyridine (6b).
Figure 9: Comparison of MCA, BHCA, and TCA values of selected Lewis bases.
Scheme 7: Correlations of BHCA/TCA values with the respective MCA data for sterically unbiased systems (exclu...
Figure 10: Scheme for the angle d(RXRR) measurements.
Scheme 8: Reactions for the Mosher's cation affinity (MOSCA) of a Lewis base.
Scheme 9: Reactions for the acetyl cation affinity (ACA) of a Lewis base (9a) and pyridine (9b).
Figure 11: Structure of the acetylated pyridine 380 (380Ac).
Scheme 10: Reaction for the Michael-acceptor affinity (MAA) of a Lewis base.
Figure 12: Inverted reaction free energies for the addition of N- and P-based Lewis bases to three different M...
Figure 13: Correlation between MCA values and affinity values towards three different Michael acceptors.
Scheme 11: (a) General definition for a methyl cation transfer reaction between Lewis bases LB1 and LB2, and (...
Figure 14: The energetically best conformations of Pn-Bu3 (120_1, top) and (120_2, bottom).
Figure 15: Relative order of the conformations 120_1 to 120_7 depending on the level of theory.
Figure 16: The structure of the energetically best conformations of 120Me.
Shelf-stable electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents: A brief historical perspective
- Norio Shibata,
- Andrej Matsnev and
- Dominique Cahard
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 65, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.65
- % yield [17]. In 2008–2009, we found that chiral nonracemic cinchona alkaloids and guanidines act as Brønsted bases to generate ammonium or guanidinium enolates for the enantioselective electrophilic trifluoromethylation of β-keto esters with Umemoto reagents with good enantioselectivities in the range 60
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Preparation of the first electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent and its reaction with a thiophe...
Scheme 2: Synthetic routes to S-CF3 and Se-CF3 dibenzochalcogenium salts.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of (trifluoromethyl)dibenzotellurophenium salts.
Scheme 4: Nitration of (trifluoromethyl)dibenzochalcogenium salts.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of a sulphonium salt with a bridged oxygen.
Scheme 6: Reactivity of (trifluoromethyl)dibenzochalcogenium salts.
Scheme 7: Pd(II)-Catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylation of heterocycle-substituted arenes by Umemoto’s reagents....
Scheme 8: Mild electrophilic trifluoromethylation of β-ketoesters and silyl enol ethers.
Scheme 9: Enantioselective electrophilic trifluoromethylation of β-ketoesters.
Scheme 10: Preparation of water-soluble S-(trifluoromethyl)dibenzothiophenium salts.
Scheme 11: Method for large-scale preparation of S-(trifluoromethyl)dibenzothiophenium salts.
Scheme 12: Triflic acid catalyzed synthesis of 5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophenium salts.
Scheme 13: Trifluoromethylation of β-ketoesters and dicyanoalkylidenes by S-(trifluoromethyl)benzothiophenium ...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of chiral S-(trifluoromethyl)benzothiophenium salt 18 and attempt of enantioselective tri...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of O-(trifluoromethyl)dibenzofuranium salts.
Scheme 16: Photochemical O- and N-trifluoromethylation by 20b.
Scheme 17: Thermal O-trifluoromethylation of phenol by diazonium salt 19a. Effect of the counteranion.
Scheme 18: Thermal O- and N-trifluoromethylations.
Scheme 19: Method of preparation of S-(trifluoromethyl)diphenylsulfonium triflates.
Scheme 20: Reactivity of some S-(trifluoromethyl)diarylsulfonium triflates.
Scheme 21: One-pot synthesis of S-(trifluoromethyl)diarylsulfonium triflates.
Scheme 22: One-pot synthesis of Umemoto’s type reagents.
Scheme 23: Preparation of sulfonium salts by transformation of CF3− into CF3+.
Scheme 24: Selected reactions with the new Yagupolskii reagents.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of heteroaryl-substituted sulfonium salts.
Scheme 26: First neutral S-CF3 reagents.
Scheme 27: Synthesis of Togni reagents. aYield for the two-step procedure.
Scheme 28: Trifluoromethylation of C-nucleophiles with 37.
Scheme 29: Selected examples of trifluoromethylation of S-nucleophiles with 37.
Scheme 30: Selected examples of trifluoromethylation of P-nucleophiles with 35 and 37.
Scheme 31: Trifluoromethylation of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol with 35.
Scheme 32: Examples of O-trifluoromethylation of alcohols with 35 in the presence of 1 equiv of Zn(NTf2)2.
Scheme 33: Formation of trifluoromethyl sulfonates from sulfonic acids and 35.
Scheme 34: Organocatalytic α-trifluoromethylation of aldehydes with 37.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of reagent 42 and mechanism of trifluoromethylation.
Scheme 36: Trifluoromethylation of β-ketoesters and dicyanoalkylidenes with 42.
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
(Pseudo)amide-linked oligosaccharide mimetics: molecular recognition and supramolecular properties
- José L. Jiménez Blanco,
- Fernando Ortega-Caballero,
- Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
- José M. García Fernández
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 20, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.20
- monosaccharide units in glycooligomers is particularly attractive with regard to molecular recognition processes. Like thioureas and ureas, guanidines can also form bidentate hydrogen bonds. In addition, because of their positively charged character, guanidines can exert strong electrostatic interactions with
- pseudooligosaccharide 42 with different secondary amines gave the corresponding guanidines 43–46 (Scheme 5) and their conformational behaviour and tautomerism was studied by NMR spectroscopy. β(1→6)-Linked pseudodi- (47) and pseudotrisaccharides (48) incorporating guanidine intersaccharide bridges have been prepared
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic representation of sugar aminoacids (SAAs) and (pseudo)amide oligosaccharide mimetics.
Figure 2: Natural SAAs structures and natural nucleosidic antibiotics.
Scheme 1: Synthetic route to the target amide-linked sialooligomers. (a) Fmoc-Cl, NaHCO3, H2O, dioxane, 0 °C....
Figure 3: The general structure of glycoamino acids and their corresponding oligomers.
Figure 4: Conformational analysis of the β(1→2)-amide-linked glucooligomer 9.
Figure 5: Short oligomeric chains of C-glycosyl D-arabino THF amino acid oligomers.
Figure 6: (A) Stereoview of the minimized structure of compound 16 (produced by a 500 ps simulation) that mos...
Figure 7: Structures of linear oxetane-β- and δ-SAA homo-oligomers 19–20.
Figure 8: 10-Membered ring H-bonds in compound 21 consistent with NMR and modelling investigations.
Figure 9: General structure of carbopeptoid-oligonucleotide conjugates.
Figure 10: Protected derivatives of 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl carboxylic acid 22 and 23.
Figure 11: Cyclic homo-oligomers containing glucopyranoid-SAAs.
Scheme 2: Strategy for solid-phase synthesis of cyclic trimers and tetramers containing pyranoid δ-SAAs.
Figure 12: Cyclic tetramers of L-rhamno- and D-gulo-configured oxetane-SAAs.
Figure 13: Aminoglycosidic antibiotics of the glycocinnamoylspermidine family.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of (thio)trehazoline, via triflate, from β-hydroxy(thio)urea.
Figure 14: Approaches to access pseudoamide-type oligosaccharide mimics.
Figure 15: Calystegine B2 analogues 38 and 39 with urea-linked disaccharide structure.
Figure 16: Rotameric equilibrium shift of 40 by formation of a bidentate hydrogen bond.
Figure 17: Nucleotide analogues with thiourea and S-methylisothiouronium linkers.
Scheme 4: Retrosynthetic approach to synthesize thiourea-linked glycooligomers.
Figure 18: Rotameric equilibria for β-(1→6)-thiourea-linked glucodimer 41.
Figure 19: Schematic representation of (a) cyclodextrin (CDs) and (b) cyclotrehalan (CTs) family members.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of guanidine-linked pseudodisaccharides via carbodiimide.
Figure 20: β(1→6)-Guanidine-linked pseudodi- and pseudotrisaccharides 47 and 48.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of N-benzylguanidine-linked CT2 50.
Figure 21: Structure of RNG and DNG.
Figure 22: Preparation of Fmoc-guanidinium derivatives.
Figure 23: Structures of the homo-oligomeric RNG derivatives 51–55.
Figure 24: Phosphoramidite building block 56.
Figure 25: Structures of DNGs 57–65.
Figure 26: Structure of the phosphoramidite building block 66.
