Mechanochemical synthesis of thioureas, ureas and guanidines

• Vjekoslav Štrukil

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1828–1849, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.178

• ) and glibenclamide (2), which belong to the class of sulfonylureas, and guanidine-derived metformin (3) are among the top selling oral hypoglycemics globally. Proguanil (4), a biguanide derivative, is widely prescribed to treat malaria, a disease that took over 430 000 lives in 2015 [6]. In the past 20

Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes

• Ivan A. Yaremenko,
• Vera A. Vil’,
• Dmitry V. Demchuk and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1647–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.162

• the World Health Organization (WHO) malaria is a widely distributed illness. About 3.2 billion people remain at risk of malaria and in 2015 214 million cases of malaria and 438 thousands deaths from it have been registered [10]. Compounds with high antimalarial [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20

• six-membered 1,2-dioxane [40][41][42], 1,2-dioxene [43], 1,2,4-trioxane [22][44][45] cycles. The naturally occuring peroxide artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives, artemether, arteether, and artesunate, are applied in large scale for malaria treatment [46][47]. Organic peroxides, their

Reactions of N,3-diarylpropiolamides with arenes under superelectrophilic activation: synthesis of 4,4-diaryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones and their derivatives

• Larisa Yu. Gurskaya,
• Diana S. Belyanskaya,
• Dmitry S. Ryabukhin,
• Denis I. Nilov,
• Irina A. Boyarskaya and
• Aleksander V. Vasilyev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.93

• very important class of heterocycles, which are used in chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. For instance, see a series of recent reviews on anti-malaria drugs containing a quinoline motif in the structure [1][2][3]. The synthesis of quinolines is an important task of organic chemistry

Three new trixane glycosides obtained from the leaves of Jungia sellowii Less. using centrifugal partition chromatography

• Luíse Azevedo,
• Larissa Faqueti,
• Marina Kritsanida,
• Antonia Efstathiou,
• Despina Smirlis,
• Gilberto C. Franchi Jr,
• Grégory Genta-Jouve,
• Sylvie Michel,
• Louis P. Sandjo,
• Raphaël Grougnet and
• Maique W. Biavatti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 674–683, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.68

• artemisinine, thapsigargin, and parthenolide are used nowadays for the treatment of malaria and cancer and have shown antileishmanial activities [13][14]. About two million new cases of Leishmania infection are considered to occur every year in tropical countries including Brazil. Today no effective vaccine

The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1194–1219, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.134

• , Seeberger and McQuade reported on further improvements of this strategy enabled by the development of a NaBH4-based flow reduction procedure of artemisinin (55) to yield dihydroartemisinin (61) as well as in-line purifications and derivatisations to also generate several related malaria medications (i.e., β

Reactions of nitroxides 15. Cinnamates bearing a nitroxyl moiety synthesized using a Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reaction

• Jerzy Zakrzewski and
• Bogumiła Huras

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1155–1162, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.130

• recognized as active agents against tuberculosis and malaria [3][7], cardiovascular diseases [3], and cancer [4]. Cinnamates show depigmenting [4], antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, CNS depressant, anxiolytic, and cytotoxic activity [7]. Cinnamate

Aza-Diels–Alder reaction between N-aryl-1-oxo-1H-isoindolium ions and tert-enamides: Steric effects on reaction outcome

• Amitabh Jha,
• Ting-Yi Chou,
• Zainab ALJaroudi,
• Bobby D. Ellis and
• T. Stanley Cameron

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 848–857, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.81

• -a]isoquinolinone which has been isolated from Berberis darwinii [1][2][3]. Cryptolepine is an indolo[3,2-b]quinolone alkaloid found in west African shrub Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, a plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria [3]. This alkaloid has shown potent antiplasmodial [4

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

Synthesis of five- and six-membered cyclic organic peroxides: Key transformations into peroxide ring-retaining products

• Alexander O. Terent'ev,
• Dmitry A. Borisov,
• Vera A. Vil’ and
• Valery M. Dembitsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 34–114, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.6

• biological activity. In medicinal chemistry of peroxides, particular emphasis is given to the design of compounds having activity against causative agents of malaria and helminth infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers malaria as one of the most dangerous social diseases. Worldwide, 300–500

• million cases of malaria occur each year, and 2 million people die from it [47][48]. Due to a high degree of resistance in malaria to traditional drugs as quinine, chloroquine, and mefloquine, an active search for other classes of new drugs is performed. In this respect, organic peroxides play a

• is the key pharmacophore of these drugs. A series of semi-synthetic derivatives of artemisinin were synthesized: artesunate, artemether, and artemisone (Figure 2). Currently, drugs based on these compounds are considered as the most efficacious for the treatment of malaria [52][53][54][55][56][57][58

Natural products in synthesis and biosynthesis

• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1897–1898, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.223

• examples of comparing natural to artificial systems it is their interplay that may provide the best solutions to some of the most urgent problems of our time. A perfect example is artemisinin, a terpenoid natural product from Artemisia annua, which is highly efficient in the treatment of malaria. The

Zanthoxoaporphines A–C: Three new larvicidal dibenzo[de,g]quinolin-7-one alkaloids from Zanthoxylum paracanthum (Rutaceae)

• Fidelis N. Samita,
• Louis P. Sandjo,
• Isaiah O. Ndiege,
• Ahmed Hassanali and
• Wilber Lwande

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 447–452, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.47

• also been previously reported from this genus [15][16]. Thus, the reports of the presence of N-containing secondary metabolites prompted us to investigate the larvicidal effect of extracts and isolated compounds as an alternative for malaria vector control, since synthetic organic insecticides are

Synthesis of SF₅-containing benzisoxazoles, quinolines, and quinazolines by the Davis reaction of nitro-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes

• Petr Beier and
• Tereza Pastýříková

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 411–416, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.43

• co-workers have recently reported the synthesis of some SF5-substituted quinolines as intermediates towards analogues of the antimalarial agent mefloquine and found that some analogues had improved activity and selectivity against malaria parasites (Scheme 2) [29][30]. Results and Discussion We

Metal-mediated aminocatalysis provides mild conditions: Enantioselective Michael addition mediated by primary amino catalysts and alkali-metal ions

• Matthias Leven,
• Jörg M. Neudörfl and
• Bernd Goldfuss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 155–165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.18

• -hydroxycoumarins to α,β-unsaturated ketones (Scheme 2) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. There is a wide spread of 4-hydroxycoumarins in pharmaceuticals such as anticoagulants and substances that inhibit HIV or malaria [28][29]. Among the most prominent chiral 4-hydroxycoumarins is warfarin, which works as a

Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows

• Jonathan P. Knowles,
• Luke D. Elliott and
• Kevin I. Booker-Milburn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2025–2052, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.229

Preparation of mixed trialkyl alkylcarbonate derivatives of etidronic acid via an unusual route

• Petri A. Turhanen,
• Janne Weisell and
• Jouko J. Vepsäläinen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2019–2024, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.228

• have been considered as growth inhibitors for parasitic diseases such as malaria [8] and have found applications in crystal-engineering studies [9]. BP prodrugs have attracted recent interest due to their ability to inhibit isoprenoid biosynthesis [10]. Etidronate, (1-hydroxyethylidene)-1,1

2-Allylphenyl glycosides as complementary building blocks for oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate synthesis

• Hemali D. Premathilake and
• Alexei V. Demchenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.66

• and viral infections, development of tumors, metastasis, tissue rejection, congenital disorders). The fact that many of these processes are directly associated with the pathogenesis of deadly diseases, including AIDS, cancer, pneumonia, septicemia, hepatitis and malaria [2][3][4], has been

Synthesis of szentiamide, a depsipeptide from entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus szentirmaii with activity against Plasmodium falciparum

• Friederike I. Nollmann,
• Andrea Dowling,
• Marcel Kaiser,
• Klaus Deckmann,
• Sabine Grösch,
• Richard ffrench-Constant and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 528–533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.60

• derived from the efficient synthesis enabled additional bioactivity tests leading to the identification of a notable activity against insect cells and Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. Keywords: cyclic depsipeptide; esterification; natural product; szentiamide; Xenorhabdus

• activity was detected. Additionally, the peptide 1 was tested against several parasites (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum) being the causative agents of the neglected tropical diseases [18] sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis and malaria

• . Interestingly, a good activity against the malaria-causing parasite P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.995 µg/mL) was observed, but only a 50- to 80-fold weaker cytotoxicity (L6 cells, IC50 = 57.4 µg/mL and HeLa cells, IC50 > 80 µg/mL). Only a weak activity was observed against T. b. rhodesiense and L. donovani with IC50

Synthesis of 2-amino-3-arylpropan-1-ols and 1-(2,3-diaminopropyl)-1,2,3-triazoles and evaluation of their antimalarial activity

• Matthias D’hooghe,
• Stéphanie Vandekerckhove,
• Karen Mollet,
• Karel Vervisch,
• Stijn Dekeukeleire,
• Liesbeth Lehoucq,
• Carmen Lategan,
• Peter J. Smith,
• Kelly Chibale and
• Norbert De Kimpe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1745–1752, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.205

• antiplasmodial activity against both a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50-values of ≤25 μM. Keywords: aminopropanes; antimalarial activity; aziridines; β-lactams; ring opening; Introduction Malaria remains a major issue in health control, especially in

• developing countries. This disease affects 40% of the global population, causing an annual mortality of one million people [1]. Despite recent advances in the development of a vaccine against malaria, chemotherapy remains the most viable alternative towards treatment of the disease [2]. In light of the rapid

• patterns at the aromatic rings (R1, R2) in aminopropanes 16a–g were realized as well. In view of the biological potential of aminopropanes in general, compounds 6, 8, 9, 12 and 16 were subsequently screened for their antiplasmodial activity. In addition, aziridines 14 and 15 were tested against the malaria

Marilones A–C, phthalides from the sponge-derived fungus Stachylidium sp.

• Celso Almeida,
• Stefan Kehraus,
• Miguel Prudêncio and
• Gabriele M. König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1636–1642, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.192

• Celso Almeida Stefan Kehraus Miguel Prudencio Gabriele M. Konig Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Malaria Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal

Synthesis of gem-difluoromethylenated analogues of boronolide

• Jing Lin,
• Xiao-Long Qiu and
• Feng-Ling Qing

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 37, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.37

• from Tetradenia riparia [3][5], a Central African species traditionally employed by the Zulu as an emetic, and whose leaf infusions have also been reported to be effective against malaria [2][4]. Boronolide (1) and its analogues 2–3 feature an interesting polyacetoxylated (or polyhydroxyl) side chain

Development of potential manufacturing routes for substituted thiophenes – Preparation of halogenated 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid derivatives as building blocks for a new family of 2,6-dihaloaryl 1,2,4-triazole insecticides

• John W. Hull Jr.,
• Duane R. Romer,
• David E. Podhorez,
• Mezzie L. Ash and
• Christine H. Brady

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 23, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-23

• exhibit low bio-persistence and low toxicity to birds, mammals, and aquatic life has intensified. The requirement for safe insecticides is driven by a continuing need to control malaria and to feed a growing world population. Indeed, it has been estimated that up to 15% of annual global food crops are