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Search for "methylene blue" in Full Text gives 29 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows
- Jonathan P. Knowles,
- Luke D. Elliott and
- Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2025–2052, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.229
- issues such as oxygen depletion in the reaction mixture during the reaction, and bubble formation. Such reactors have been shown to be effective in the oxidative degradations of para-chlorophenol, toluene [36], phenol and methylene blue [37] with a deposited TiO2 photocatalyst. Aside from oxidative
- . However, not all dual channel microreactors need suffer such low productivity; the oxidation of β-citronellol (24) has been performed in the dual channel reactor designed by Kim et al. and gave a daily output of 45.5 mmol (1.9 mmol/h) by using methylene blue as the sensitiser and a 16 W LED light source
- microreactor surface, thus eliminating the need for subsequent removal of the catalyst in dispersed powder form as would be required in a batch reactor. This methodology has been shown to be effective in the oxidative degradation of a range of organic compounds, including methylene blue, [41][42][43] o-cresol
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: An immersion-well batch reactor with 125 W medium pressure Hg lamp.
Figure 2: Transmission profile of a 0.05 M solution, ε = 200 M−1 cm−1.
Figure 3: Schematic of a typical microflow photochemical reactor (above) and detail of a triple-channel micro...
Figure 4: Schematic of a typical macroflow photochemical reactor (above) and images of the FEP photochemical ...
Scheme 1: [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of enones with enol derivatives.
Scheme 2: Competing reactions in an intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition.
Scheme 3: Diastereocontrolled cycloaddition of a cyclic enone with cyclopentene.
Scheme 4: Comparison of yields and reaction times for a batch reactor with a microflow system.
Scheme 5: Intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition.
Scheme 6: Paterno–Büchi reaction of benzophenone with an allylic alcohol.
Scheme 7: Photooxygenation of cyclopentadiene.
Scheme 8: Preparation of the anthelmintic ascaridole 23.
Scheme 9: Production of rose oxide 27 from (−)-β-citronellol (24).
Scheme 10: Photocatalytic alkylation of benzylamine.
Scheme 11: Photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitroacetophenone.
Scheme 12: Conversion of L-lysine to L-pipecolinic acid.
Scheme 13: Photocatalytic hydrodehalogenation.
Scheme 14: Photocatalytic aza-Henry reactions.
Scheme 15: Photocatalytic α-alkylation of aliphatic ketones.
Scheme 16: Decarboxylative photochemical additions.
Scheme 17: Photochemical addition of isopropanol to furanones.
Scheme 18: Photochemical addition of methanol to limonene.
Scheme 19: Light-promoted reduction of flavone.
Scheme 20: Photoreduction of benzophenone with benzhydrol.
Scheme 21: Barton reaction in a microflow system.
Scheme 22: Microflow synthesis of vitamin D3.
Scheme 23: photochemical chlorination of cyclohexane.
Scheme 24: photochemical cyanation of pyrene.
Scheme 25: Intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of maleimide (76) and intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ...
Scheme 26: Intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition of maleimide under flow conditions.
Scheme 27: Intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition as a key step in the synthesis of (±)-neostenine.
Scheme 28: In situ generation of a thioaldehyde by photolysis of a phenacyl sulfide.
Scheme 29: Photodimerisation of maleic anhydride.
Scheme 30: [2 + 2] cycloaddition of a chiral enone with ethylene.
Scheme 31: Intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of a cyclopentenone.
Scheme 32: Photochemical Wolff rearrangement and cyclisation to β-lactams.
Scheme 33: Photochemical rearrangement of aryl azides.
Scheme 34: Rearrangement of quinoline N-oxides to quinolones.
Scheme 35: Photochemical rearrangement of cyclobutenones.
Scheme 36: Photoisomerisation en route to a vitamin-D derivative.
Scheme 37: Schematic of the Seeberger photooxygenation apparatus and sensitised photooxygenation of citronello...
Scheme 38: Sensitised photooxygenation of dihydroartemisinic acid.
Scheme 39: Photochemical preparation of CpRu(MeCN)3PF6.
Scheme 40: In situ photochemical generation and reaction of a [CpRu]+ catalyst.
Scheme 41: Intermolecular alkene–alkyne coupling with photogenerated catalyst.
Scheme 42: PET deoxygenation of nucleosides.
Scheme 43: Photochemical defluorination of DABFT.
Scheme 44: Aromatic azide reduction by visible-light-mediated photocatalysis.
Scheme 45: Examples of visible-light-mediated reactions.
Scheme 46: Visible-light-mediated formation of iminium ions.
Scheme 47: Examples of visible-light-mediated photocatalytic reactions.
Scheme 48: Anhydride formation from a visible-light-mediated process.
Scheme 49: Light-mediated conjugate addition of glycosyl bromide 141 to acrolein.
Scheme 50: Visible-light-mediated photocyclisation to [5]helicene.
An easily accessible sulfated saccharide mimetic inhibits in vitro human tumor cell adhesion and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells
- Grazia Marano,
- Claas Gronewold,
- Martin Frank,
- Anette Merling,
- Christian Kliem,
- Sandra Sauer,
- Manfred Wiessler,
- Eva Frei and
- Reinhard Schwartz-Albiez
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 787–803, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.89
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of (4-{[(β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]methyl}furan-3-yl)methyl hydrogen sulfate (GSF, 5) and ...
Figure 1: Effects of increasing concentrations of (4-{[(β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]methyl}furan-3-yl)methyl hyd...
Figure 2: Inhibition of adhesion of WM-115 cells to fibrinogen (A), or to fibronectin (B) with increasing con...
Figure 3: Inhibition of adhesion of melanoma cells WM-115 to fibronectin-coated plastic by 5 mM (4-{[(β-D-gal...
Figure 4: In silico blind-docking (A, B) and molecular dynamic simulations (C) of (4-{[(β-D-galactopyranosyl)...
Figure 5: Intact cell monolayers of WM-115 cells in 12-well plates were wounded with a 100 µL pipette tip and...
Figure 6: A: Zymograms (color inverted) of serum-free conditioned medium of melanoma cells treated with (4-{[...
Figure 7: Adhesion of HBMEC-60 to extracellular matrix proteins. Prior to the adhesion experiments, HBMEC-60 ...
Figure 8: Effect of (4-{[(β-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]methyl}furan-3-yl)methyl hydrogen sulfate (GSF) on transmi...
Figure 9: Influence of saccharide mimetics on endothelial networking (matrigel-assay) (A) and tube formation ...
Triple-channel microreactor for biphasic gas–liquid reactions: Photosensitized oxygenations
- Ram Awatar Maurya,
- Chan Pil Park and
- Dong-Pyo Kim
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1158–1163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.134
- -terpinene. Photosensitized oxygenation of (−)-citronellol The photosensitized oxygenation of citronellol is an industrially important synthetic transformation [47] as it is used for bulk production of a fragrance, rose oxide (Scheme 1). The reaction was performed with methylene blue as a sensitizer in
- expected with the new triple-channel microreactor. The microreactor was irradiated with a 16 W white LED light source (FAWOO-Tech. Korea, LH16-AFE39S-White) kept in close contact. The reaction mixture (a solution of citronellol and methylene blue in acetonitrile) was pumped into the middle channel without
- efficiency of the triple-channel microreactor. The product of this reaction is an allyl hydroperoxide alcohol that is used in the synthesis of artemisinin-derived antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxanes [48]. The reaction in the triple-channel and in batch was carried out as aforementioned with methylene blue as
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic the for contacting modes of biphasic gas–liquid in (a) batch reactor, (b) dual-channel, a...
Figure 2: Optical image of the triple-channel microreactor (for demonstration purposes, the inner channel for...
Figure 3: Photosensitized oxygenation in the triple-channel microreactor.
Scheme 1: Photosensitized oxygenation of citronellol (a key step in the synthesis of rose oxide).
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
