Thermal and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon oil (Salmo salar L.) and complexation with β-cyclodextrin

• Daniel I. Hădărugă,
• Mustafa Ünlüsayin,
• Alexandra T. Gruia,
• Cristina Birău (Mitroi),
• Gerlinde Rusu and
• Nicoleta G. Hădărugă

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 179–191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.20

• –2.2 g/100 g of salmon [9][12]. The health benefit of omega-3 FAs (but especially EPA, (all-Z)-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA, (all-Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid) in reducing cardiovascular risk by reducing blood lipids (mainly LDL cholesterol and triglycerides), is well known

Physical properties and biological activities of hesperetin and naringenin in complex with methylated β-cyclodextrin

• Waratchada Sangpheak,
• Jintawee Kicuntod,
• Roswitha Schuster,
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol,
• Peter Wolschann,
• Nawee Kungwan,
• Helmut Viernstein,
• Monika Mueller and
• Piamsook Pongsawasdi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2763–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.297

• , grapefruit and orange. Several reports on biological effects of hesperetin and naringenin have been found [6], including blood lipid- and cholesterol-lowering effects [7][8][9], anti-inflammatory [10][11][12][13] and anticancer [14][15][16] activities, improved microcirculation, recovery of venous ulcers

Recent highlights in biosynthesis research using stable isotopes

• Jan Rinkel and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2493–2508, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.271

• and promoted a new dynamic view on biosynthesis research [4], leading to numerous breakthroughs such as the discovery of cholesterol biosynthesis [5]. With the rise of NMR and MS methods the usage of radioactive nuclei such as 14C and 3H shifted towards stable isotopes such as 13C and 2H [6], with the

Cholesterol lowering effects of mono-lactose-appended β-cyclodextrin in Niemann–Pick type C disease-like HepG2 cells

• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Yumi Hirai,
• Rena Nishiyama,
• Yuki Maeda,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Yoichi Ishitsuka,
• Yuki Kondo,
• Tetsumi Irie,
• Takumi Era and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2079–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.224

• .11.224 Abstract The Niemann–Pick type C disease (NPC) is one of inherited lysosomal storage disorders, emerges the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in endolysosomes. Currently, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) has been applied for the treatment of NPC. HP-β-CyD improved

• cholesterol lowering effects in NPC-like HepG2 cells, cholesterol accumulated HepG2 cells induced by treatment with U18666A. Lac-β-CyD (degree of substitution of lactose (DSL) 1) significantly decreased the intracellular cholesterol content in a concentration-dependent manner. TRITC-Lac-β-CyD was associated

• cholesterol in NPC-like HepG2 cells. These results suggest that Lac-β-CyD may have the potential as a drug for the treatment of hepatosplenomegaly in NPC disease. Keywords: asialoglycoprotein receptor; cholesterol; cyclodextrin; lactose; Niemann–Pick disease type C; Introduction The Niemann–Pick type C

Synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity evaluation of new cholesterol congeners

• Mohamed Ramadan El Sayed Aly,
• Hosam Ali Saad and
• Shams Hashim Abdel-Hafez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1922–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.208

• pharmacophoric conjugates through CuAAC. Basically, these conjugates included cholesterol and 1,2,3-triazole moieties, while the third, the pharmacophore, was either a chalcone, a lipophilic residue or a carbohydrate tag. These compounds were successfully prepared in good yields and characterized by NMR, MS and

• IR spectroscopic techniques. Chalcone conjugate 6c showed the best antimicrobial activity, while the lactoside conjugate 27 showed the best cytotoxic effect in vitro. Keywords: antimicrobial; chalcone; cholesterol; cytotoxicity; glycoside; triazole; Introduction Cholest-5-en-3β-ol (cholesterol, 1

• cholesterol (oxysterol) metabolites contributes to the prognosis of major chronic diseases. Cholesterol is completely absent in prokaryotic organisms [1][2][3]. Cholesterol gives eukaryotic membranes sufficient mechanical stiffness against cationic selective antimicrobials (CSAs) such as antimicrobial

Synthesis of photoresponsive cholesterol-based azobenzene organogels: dependence on different spacer lengths

• Yuchun Ren,
• Bin Wang and
• Xiuqing Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1089–1095, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.122

• Yuchun Ren Bin Wang Xiuqing Zhang Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province of China, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China 10.3762/bjoc.11.122 Abstract A series of azobenzene–cholesterol organogel compounds (M0–M12) with different spacers were

• the aggregates change from flower-like, network and rod with different sizes. By using IR and XRD characterization, it is found that intermolecular H-bonding, the solvents and van der Waals interaction are the main contributions to the specific superstructure. Keywords: azobenzene; cholesterol

• ], etc. The driving force for the spontaneous formation of gel could be relatively non-covalent interactions such as π–π stacking [4][5][6][7], hydrogen bonding [7][8][9], dipole–dipole [10], and van der Waals interactions [11][12]. A series of cholesterol-based gelators were reported [13][14][15]. These

Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol

• Jacek W. Morzycki and
• Andrzej Sobkowiak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 392–402, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.45

• Jacek W. Morzycki Andrzej Sobkowiak Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland 10.3762/bjoc.11.45 Abstract Indirect cholesterol electrochemical

• oxidation in the presence of various mediators leads to electrophilic addition to the double bond, oxidation at the allylic position, oxidation of the hydroxy group, or functionalization of the side chain. Recent studies have proven that direct electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol is also possible and

• affords different products depending on the reaction conditions. Keywords: allylic oxidation; cholesterol; electrochemical halogenation; electrochemical oxidation; Introduction Cholesterol is the most common steroid in the mammalian body. It is necessary to ensure a proper membrane permeability and

3α,5α-Cyclocholestan-6β-yl ethers as donors of the cholesterol moiety for the electrochemical synthesis of cholesterol glycoconjugates

• Aneta M. Tomkiel,
• Adam Biedrzycki,
• Jolanta Płoszyńska,
• Dorota Naróg,
• Andrzej Sobkowiak and
• Jacek W. Morzycki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 162–168, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.16

• /bjoc.11.16 Abstract 3α,5α-Cyclocholestan-6β-yl alkyl and aryl ethers were proved to be efficient cholesteryl donors in the electrochemical synthesis of glycoconjugates. 3α,5α-Cyclocholestan-6β-ol (i-cholesterol) and its tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether can also be used for this purpose. The i-cholesterol

• derivatives show similar reactivities to those of previously studied 3α,5α-cyclocholestan-6β-thioethers. Keywords: cholesterol; electrochemical oxidation; glycosylation; i-cholesteryl ethers; i-steroids; Introduction We have recently elaborated an electrochemical method for the preparation of glycosides and

• glycoconjugates from 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids (sterols). The method consists of electrooxidation of a proper cholesterol derivative in the presence of an unactivated sugar with a free hydroxy group at the anomeric position (formation of glycosides) or at any other position (preferentially a primary position) that

Effects of RAMEA-complexed polyunsaturated fatty acids on the response of human dendritic cells to inflammatory signals

• Éva Rajnavölgyi,
• Renáta Laczik,
• Viktor Kun,
• Lajos Szente and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3152–3160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.332

• ). The use of RAMEA for enhancing aqueous solubility of n−3 fatty acids has the unambiguous advantage over applying RAMEB (the β-cyclodextrin analog), since there is no interaction with cell membrane cholesterol. In vitro differentiated moDC were left untreated or were stimulated by bacterial

• depends on the type, number and position of the substituents [18][19]. For example, water soluble palmitic acid and myristic acid complexed by RAMEB could be used for cultivation of otherwise non-cultivable leprosy-derived psychrophilic mycobacteria [20]. The methylated β-CDs are used as cholesterol

• depleting agents to disrupt caveolae and lipid rafts in the cell membrane as well as for replenishment of cholesterol in the form of water-soluble cholesterol/methyl β-CD complex to clarify the role of lipid rafts in various cellular processes [21][22]. For instance, DHA exerted anti-inflammatory effects

Conjugates of methylated cyclodextrin derivatives and hydroxyethyl starch (HES): Synthesis, cytotoxicity and inclusion of anaesthetic actives

• Lisa Markenstein,
• Antje Appelt-Menzel,
• Marco Metzger and
• Gerhard Wenz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3087–3096, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.325

• time. β-CD can cause haemolysis due to extraction of cholesterol from cell walls [4][5]. Also the parenteral application of high doses of β-CD can cause kidney diseases [6][7]. Consequently, pharmaceutical applications of β-CD are restricted to oral dosage forms, such as piroxicam β-CD [8][9][10

A study on the inhibitory mechanism for cholesterol absorption by α-cyclodextrin administration

• Takahiro Furune,
• Naoko Ikuta,
• Yoshiyuki Ishida,
• Hinako Okamoto,
• Daisuke Nakata,
• Keiji Terao and
• Norihiro Sakamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2827–2835, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.300

• : Micelle formation of cholesterol with lecithin and bile salts is a key process for intestinal absorption of lipids. Some dietary fibers commonly used to reduce the lipid content in the body are thought to inhibit lipid absorption by binding to bile salts and decreasing the lipid solubility. Amongst these

• , α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) is reportedly one of the most powerful dietary fibers for decreasing blood cholesterol. However, it is difficult to believe that α-CD directly removes cholesterol because it has a very low affinity for cholesterol and its mechanism of action is less well understood than those

• of other dietary fibers. To identify this mechanism, we investigated the interaction of α-CD with lecithin and bile salts, which are essential components for the dissolution of cholesterol in the small intestine, and the effect of α-CD on micellar solubility of cholesterol. Results: α-CD was added to

Preparation and evaluation of cyclodextrin polypseudorotaxane with PEGylated liposome as a sustained release drug carrier

• Kayoko Hayashida,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Daichi Kono,
• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Koki Wada and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2756–2764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.292

• hydrophilic outer surface [1][2]. CDs are acknowledged to form inclusion complexes with various hydrophobic drugs, and improve their pharmaceutical properties [3]. For instance, γ-CD forms inclusion complexes with doxorubicin (DOX) with a stability constant of 345 M−1 [4]. CDs interact with cholesterol

• , phospholipids and proteins of biological membranes in the higher concentration range. Thus, CDs are utilized for studying the functions of caveolae, lipid rafts, and cholesterol transporters in various fields of cell biology [5]. Interestingly, CDs can also form inclusion complexes with linear polymers. Harada

• promising long-acting drug carriers. However, little is known about the formation of PPRXs with CDs. CDs are known to disrupt LP due to their interaction with membrane components such as phospholipids and/or cholesterol at higher concentration [39][40], even though CD PPRXs are generally prepared with CD

A green approach to the synthesis of novel phytosphingolipidyl β-cyclodextrin designed to interact with membranes

• Yong Miao,
• Florence Djedaïni-Pilard and
• Véronique Bonnet

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2654–2657, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.278

• its lipid structures or through its water-filled pores or tight junctions [4]. Different types of hydrophobic moieties (3-methylcarboxydodecan-5-enoic acyl [5], cholesterol [6], phospholipids [7]) have been successfully selectively grafted on the C6 position of CD. However, new hydrophobic anchors are

Encapsulation of biocides by cyclodextrins: toward synergistic effects against pathogens

• Véronique Nardello-Rataj and
• Loïc Leclercq

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2603–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.273

A versatile δ-aminolevulinic acid (ΑLA)-cyclodextrin bimodal conjugate-prodrug for PDT applications with the help of intracellular chemistry

• Chrysie Aggelidou,
• Theodossis A. Theodossiou,
• Antonio Ricardo Gonçalves,
• Mariza Lampropoulou and
• Konstantina Yannakopoulou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2414–2420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.251

• cholesterol in lipid raft and non-raft regions as well as removing and redistributing phospholipids [20]. Thus, the transport of an adamantyl-substituted guest that blocks the β-CD cavity is anticipated to alter the above host–membrane interactions. In this respect, the primary side enrichment of 1-CD with

Application of cyclic phosphonamide reagents in the total synthesis of natural products and biologically active molecules

• Thilo Focken and
• Stephen Hanessian

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1848–1877, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.195

• inhibitor (1996) Inhibitors of squalene synthase have sparked interest as selective cholesterol lowering agents [76][77]. The enzyme is involved in the first committed step in the cholesterol synthesis and catalyses the conversion of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate into squalene, which is later

• converted exclusively into various sterols, such as cholesterol, by a multi-step pathway [78]. The α-phosphono sulfonate 19 was found to be a potent inhibitor of squalene synthase, however, only the racemic version was originally tested. Biller and co-workers designed an enantioselective synthesis of 19

Synthesis of isoprenoid bisphosphonate ethers through C–P bond formations: Potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

• Xiang Zhou,
• Jacqueline E. Reilly,
• Kathleen A. Loerch,
• Raymond J. Hohl and
• David F. Wiemer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1645–1650, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.171

• CoA reductase (HMGCoA) is viewed as the first committed step of isoprenoid and steroid biosynthesis, and is the target of the statin class of cholesterol-lowering agents including lovastatin (1, Figure 1) and pravastatin (2) [1]. The downstream enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) is the target

Carbohydrate PEGylation, an approach to improve pharmacological potency

• M. Eugenia Giorgi,
• Rosalía Agusti and
• Rosa M. de Lederkremer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1433–1444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.147

• with activated hydrophilic PEG to enhance its stability (Figure 5) [61]. Bifunctional PEGs were used to introduce a bioactive molecule, for instance biotine, coumarin, cholesterol or mannose into the distal end of a PEG-chitosan complex (Figure 6) [62]. Fructans have been PEGylated by reaction of

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

• moiety attached to the scaffold. These compounds could find application as potent antibiotics, protease inhibitors or as cholesterol absorption modifiers (Scheme 37) [18]. In this particular reaction, the scaffolds were obtained by reacting the complex isocyanide 118 with different aldehydes and β-amino

3-Pyridinols and 5-pyrimidinols: Tailor-made for use in synergistic radical-trapping co-antioxidant systems

• Luca Valgimigli,
• Daniele Bartolomei,
• Riccardo Amorati,
• Evan Haidasz,
• Jason J. Hanthorn,
• Susheel J. Nara,
• Johan Brinkhorst and
• Derek A. Pratt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2781–2792, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.313

• mediated peroxidation’ (TMP), which occurs when α-tocopherol (the most biologically active form of vitamin E) is left alone to protect the lipid core of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). LDL is the particle responsible for the distribution of cholesterol in blood plasma and whose oxidation has been linked to

An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

Self-assembly of 2,3-dihydroxycholestane steroids into supramolecular organogels as a soft template for the in-situ generation of silicate nanomaterials

• Valeria C. Edelsztein,
• Andrea S. Mac Cormack,
• Matías Ciarlantini and
• Pablo H. Di Chenna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.213

• separately the hydrogen-bond donor (HBD, α), hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA, β), and polarizability (π*) properties as contributions to the overall solvent polarity had also been occasionally used to study solvent–gelator specific interactions [20][21]. LMOGs based on cholesterol and bile acids offered the most

• versatile units on which to base the systematic design of functional LMOGs for the gelation of organic solvents. Neither cholesterol nor cholestanol are gelator molecules, and although a variety of steroid derivatives has been analyzed over the years only a few simple analogues are known to be

• organogelators [22]. The steroidal LMOGs usually have substituents attached to the 3β-OH of the cholestane A ring and synthetic variations at the steroidal skeleton are scarce. Cholesterol-based LMOGs build mesophases in which steroid–steroid stacking is controlled by van der Waals forces. These interactions

N-Heterocyclic carbene–palladium catalysts for the direct arylation of pyrrole derivatives with aryl chlorides

• Ismail Özdemir,
• Nevin Gürbüz,
• Nazan Kaloğlu,
• Öznur Doğan,
• Murat Kaloğlu,
• Christian Bruneau and
• Henri Doucet

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 303–312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.35

• important research area in organic synthesis as such motives are known to be present in several bioactive molecules, such as Atorvastatin, which is used for lowering blood cholesterol, Fendosal, which is an anti-inflammatory agent, or Tanaproget, which is a progesterone-receptor agonist (Figure 1). The

The β-cyclodextrin/benzene complex and its hydrogen bonds – a theoretical study using molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics and COSMO-RS

• Jutta Erika Helga Köhler and
• Nicole Grczelschak-Mick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 118–134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.15

• simulations displayed different hydrogen bond patterns of cyclodextrins in crystal and in solution and confirmed the experimental findings of soluble cyclodextrin complexes of cholesterol type versus precipitates of cis/trans-cyclohexadecenone//CDs [10][11][12]. MD with λ-dynamics and calculation of the

Peptoids and polyamines going sweet: Modular synthesis of glycosylated peptoids and polyamines using click chemistry

• Daniel Fürniss,
• Timo Mack,
• Frank Hahn,
• Sidonie B. L. Vollrath,
• Katarzyna Koroniak,
• Ute Schepers and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 56–63, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.7

• be efficacious in the cellular delivery of oligonucleotides such as DNA [5][6][7] and RNA [8][9][10][11]. Conjugates of polyamines with aliphatic lipids or cholesterol yielding, i.e., dioctadecylaminoglycylspermine (DOGS, transfectam) are well established reagents for the transfection of DNA and