Bioinspired cobalt cubanes with tunable redox potentials for photocatalytic water oxidation and CO₂ reduction

• Zhishan Luo,
• Yidong Hou,
• Jinshui Zhang,
• Sibo Wang and
• Xinchen Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2331–2339, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.208

• spectrometer with KBr as the diluents. Electrochemical measurements were conducted with a Biologic VSP-300 Electrochemical System in a conventional three electrode cell. The 1H NMR experiments were performed on Bruker AVANCE 400M spectrometers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was obtained using a FEI

Synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly of glutamic acid-based squaramides

• Juan V. Alegre-Requena,
• Marleen Häring,
• Isaac G. Sonsona,
• Alex Abramov,
• Eugenia Marqués-López,
• Raquel P. Herrera and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.180

• aliphatic chain and on the other side to a glutamic acid residue. The gelator bearing the free carboxylic groups showed a lower gelation capacity than its precursor diester derivative. Some selected gels were further studied by infrared spectroscopy, rheology and electron microscopy. Critical gelation

• –780 nm), which was later supported by electron microscopy (see below). Moreover, the gels displayed full thermoreversibility and remained stable for at least two months when stored in sealed vials. Only the gel made in DMF showed a gradual gel-to-crystal transition [37][38], which is not surprising

• organogels were conducted by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of the corresponding xerogels obtained by the freeze-drying method (Figure 4). The remarkable influence of the solvents on the morphologies was evident among different samples. For instance, the specimens prepared in ethyl

Functionalization of graphene: does the organic chemistry matter?

• Artur Kasprzak,
• Agnieszka Zuchowska and
• Magdalena Poplawska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2018–2026, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.177

• for functionalized GO: 1639 cm−1). This unexpected statement was supported, not by further spectroscopic analyses, but by morphological studies (transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) only. Once again, the possible electrostatic adsorption or hydrogen bonding

A self-assembled photoresponsive gel consisting of chiral nanofibers

• Lei Zou,
• Dan Han,
• Zhiyi Yuan,
• Dongdong Chang and
• Xiang Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1994–2001, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.174

• absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy and rheological techniques. This work provides a new method for facile synthesis of chiro-optical gels. Keywords: chirality; nanostructure; organogel; photoresponse; self-assembly; Introduction Supramolecular gels [1][2] immobilized

• to the character of the gel. However, the gel is not stable under shaking, where it is broken into a mixture of solution and small pieces. After melting these particles again then natural cooling, the gel state was once again obtained. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was utilized

• process was partially reversible. The compound 3 cycling test, with more than 8 cycles, caused the total disappearance of the CD signal and the process was then no longer reversible (Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1). The morphology of compound 3 was further characterized by scanning electron

Graphitic carbon nitride prepared from urea as a photocatalyst for visible-light carbon dioxide reduction with the aid of a mononuclear ruthenium(II) complex

• Kazuhiko Maeda,
• Daehyeon An,
• Ryo Kuriki,
• Daling Lu and
• Osamu Ishitani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1806–1812, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.153

• Kα radiation), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (FTIR-610, Jasco), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM-2010F, JEOL), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) (V-565, Jasco). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of each specimen was determined using a

Cobalt–metalloid alloys for electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural as an alternative anode reaction in lieu of oxygen evolution during water splitting

• Jonas Weidner,
• Stefan Barwe,
• Kirill Sliozberg,
• Stefan Piontek,
• Justus Masa,
• Ulf-Peter Apfel and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1436–1445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.121

• dilution with 990 μL water. Physical characterization X-ray diffractometry XRD data were obtained using a Panalytical X'PERT Pro MPD X-ray diffractometer with a Cu Kα radiation source (λ = 1.5418 Å) in the 2θ = 20–80° range. Scanning electron microscopy SEM images were taken using a Quanta ED FEG scanning

An alternative to hydrogenation processes. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzophenone

• Cristina Mozo Mulero,
• Alfonso Sáez,
• Jesús Iniesta and
• Vicente Montiel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 537–546, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.40

• a polymer electrolyte membrane electrochemical reactor (PEMER). Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were synthesised and supported on a carbonaceous matrix (Pd/C) with a 28 wt % of Pd with respect to carbon material. Pd/C was characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric

• is the Toray paper support. Morphology, size and dispersion of Pd nanoparticles in Pd/C were analysed by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEOL JEM-2012 instrument with an accelerating voltage of 300 kV. The TEM was connected with an energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) for the analysis of

• the Pd nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a Mettler Toledo model TGA/SDTA851 and /SF/1100 using a heating slope of 10 K min−1 from 298 K to 1023 K under a N2:O2 (4:1) atmosphere. For the characterisation of the Pdx/C/T scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs

Synthesis and supramolecular properties of regioisomers of mononaphthylallyl derivatives of γ-cyclodextrin

• Markéta Bláhová,
• Sergey K. Filippov,
• Lubomír Kováčik,
• Jiří Horský,
• Simona Hybelbauerová,
• Zdenka Syrová,
• Tomáš Křížek and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2509–2520, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.248

• light scattering (DLS) [18][19][20][21] and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) [22][23][24]. Results and Discussion Synthesis We present two approaches for the synthesis of naphthylallyl (NA) derivatives. The first approach is a cross-metathesis of peracetylated allyl derivatives of γ-CD

• nm and 300 nm. The 2-O-sample did not show any temperature dependence. Transmission cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) The supramolecular properties of the individual regioisomers (2-O-, 3-O-, 6-O-) of NA-γ-CD 2a–c and the dependence of the formation of the self-assembled structures on their

New bio-nanocomposites based on iron oxides and polysaccharides applied to oxidation and alkylation reactions

• Daily Rodríguez-Padrón,
• Alina M. Balu,
• Antonio A. Romero and
• Rafael Luque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1982–1993, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.194

• three materials (Table 1). The materials exhibited, in general, satisfying surface areas and pore volumes, particularly taking into account their preparation methodology. Electron microscopy The morphology of the nanomaterials was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission

• electron microscopy (TEM). The micrographs show a homogeneous distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles for the three catalysts (Figure 3A,C,E). The analysis of the SEM images reveals the tendency of the constituent particles of the magnetic material to form agglomerates due to their nanometer size (Figure

• obtained from the N2 desorption branch. Electron microscopy SEM images and the elemental composition were recorder using the JEOL JSM-6490 LV microscope. The samples were Au/Pd-coated on a high-resolution sputter SC7640 at a sputtering rate of 1.5 kV per minute, up to 7 nm thickness. TEM micrographs were

An effective Pd nanocatalyst in aqueous media: stilbene synthesis by Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction under microwave irradiation

• Carolina S. García,
• Paula M. Uberman and
• Sandra E. Martín

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1717–1727, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.166

• QP 5050 spectrometer equipped with a VF-5 ms, 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm column. Melting points were determined with an electrical instrument. MW-induced reactions were performed in a CEM Focused Microwave TM Synthesis System, Model Discover single mode instrument. Transmission electron microscopy was

Block copolymers from ionic liquids for the preparation of thin carbonaceous shells

• Sadaf Hanif,
• Bernd Oschmann,
• Dmitri Spetter,
• Muhammad Nawaz Tahir,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Rudolf Zentel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1693–1701, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.163

• 10% for the carbon coated particles (Figure 4a). The resulting particles were also characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and corresponding images are shown in Figure 6a and 6b. The average particle diameter is ≈8 nm. Figure 6b shows nanoparticles sheathed and connected through

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) boosts as detergent-substitute the performance of ß-barrel hybrid catalyst for phenylacetylene polymerization

• Julia Kinzel,
• Daniel F. Sauer,
• Marco Bocola,
• Marcus Arlt,
• Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani,
• Andreas Thiel,
• Klaus Beckerle,
• Tino Polen,
• Jun Okuda and
• Ulrich Schwaneberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1498–1506, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.148

• to regain their 3D structure [33][46]. Using MPD is not only beneficial for the polymerization process, but also enables the use of characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Polymeric detergents are effective protein-stabilizing agents mainly at

Mechanochemical synthesis of graphene oxide-supported transition metal catalysts for the oxidation of isoeugenol to vanillin

• Ana Franco,
• Sudipta De,
• Alina M. Balu,
• Araceli Garcia and
• Rafael Luque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1439–1445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.141

• diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). N2 adsorption measurements were performed at 77 K by using a Micromeritics ASAP 2000 volumetric adsorption analyzer. The samples were degassed

Mechanochemistry-assisted synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons applied as supercapacitors

• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Nicolas Jäckel,
• Felix Hippauf,
• Volker Presser and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1332–1341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.130

• voltage of 20 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was executed with a TEM Libra 200 system from Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. For the TEM, the sample powder was sonicated in acetone for 5 s. A lacey-carbon film on copper net (300 mesh) from Plano was used as TEM

Glycoscience@Synchrotron: Synchrotron radiation applied to structural glycoscience

• Serge Pérez and
• Daniele de Sanctis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1145–1167, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.114

• biology and the investigation of macromolecular structure and function relationships. Major contributions also came from considerable advances in high resolution NMR spectrometry and electron microscopy along with the continuous evolution of synchrotron radiation and free electron laser light sources

• electron microscopy). Figure 15 displays the reconstruction of the full macromolecular complex as a flexible arrangement of three mannose/heptose-specific dimers flanked by two fucose-specific TNF-α-like trimers [48]. This study (along with many other examples) highlights the potential of SAXS to decipher

Aggregation behaviour of a single-chain, phenylene-modified bolalipid and its miscibility with classical phospholipids

• Simon Drescher,
• Vasil M. Garamus,
• Christopher J. Garvey,
• Annette Meister and
• Alfred Blume

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 995–1007, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.99

• was studied as a function of temperature using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). We show that our new bolalipid self-assembles into nanofibres, which transform into

• side by side within the fibrous aggregate but slightly twisted relative to each other leading to a helical super structure of the fibres. This helicity was previously confirmed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) [26], and Monte Carlo

• were vigorously vortexed at 60 °C to obtain a homogeneous suspension. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The samples were prepared by spreading 5 µL of the bolalipid suspension (c = 0.05 mg mL−1 in case of pure bolalipid, c = 60 µM in case of lipid mixtures) onto a copper grid coated with a Formvar

Expression, purification and structural analysis of functional GABA transporter 1 using the baculovirus expression system

• Jing Hu,
• Chris Weise,
• Christoph Böttcher,
• Hua Fan and
• Jian Yin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 874–882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.88

• and size-exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography (SE-FPLC). A yield of 200–300 μg of the GAT1/GFP protein could be purified from 400–600 mL of infected Sf9 cells. The purified protein was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed that the GAT1/GFP fusion protein was

• molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa, and the overlapping peak 2 (14.7 mL) corresponds to a molecular weight of 45 kDa, which was determined by comparison with the protein standards (Figure 4B). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis Cryogenic TEM (cryo-TEM) was employed to analyze both peaks

• membrane. GAT1 dimers were expressed and examined as a distinct population of 9 nm freeze-fracture particles in the plasma membrane of Xenopuslaevis oocytes by freeze-fracture and electron microscopy [33]. The GAT1 protein monomer was determined to be the functional unit since each monomer functions

Continuous-flow processes for the catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of alkynes

• Carmen Moreno-Marrodan,
• Francesca Liguori and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 734–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.73

Fast and efficient synthesis of microporous polymer nanomembranes via light-induced click reaction

• Qi An,
• Youssef Hassan,
• Xiaotong Yan,
• Peter Krolla-Sidenstein,
• Tawheed Mohammed,
• Mathias Lang,
• Stefan Bräse and
• Manuel Tsotsalas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 558–563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.54

• selectively dissolved using cyclohexane. Afterwards we dissolved the sacrificial substrate to obtain the freestanding CMP membranes. To investigate the freestanding CMP nanomembrane we transferred it to a copper grid and recorded scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Figure 4 shows the SEM images of the

• electron microscopy (SEM): We recorded SEM images using a FEI Philips XL30 (FEI Co., Eindhoven, NL), a field emission gun environmental scanning electron microscope (FEG-ESEM). Samples have been coated with a thin layer (about 5 nm) of a gold/palladium film in order to avoid charging and improve samples

A new class of organogelators based on triphenylmethyl derivatives of primary alcohols: hydrophobic interactions alone can mediate gelation

• Wangkhem P. Singh and
• Rajkumar S. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 138–149, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.17

• the gel were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, rheology and powder XRD techniques. This gel also showed a good absorption profile for a water soluble dye. Given the non-polar nature of this molecule, gel formation is likely to be mediated by hydrophobic interactions

• microscopic structures and morphologies of the gels formed by the gelators, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed with the dried gels [33]. Dried gels (xerogels) were obtained from the gels by evaporation of the solvent. The morphologies for TPM-G12 and TPM-G5 are drastically different

• with minimum gelation concentration in the range of 0.5–4.0%, w/v. 1,8-Bis(trityloxy)octane, the ditrityl derivative of 1,8-octanediol was found to be an excellent gelator of some polar solvents. Detailed characterizations of the gel were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR

Supramolecular frameworks based on [60]fullerene hexakisadducts

• Andreas Kraft,
• Johannes Stangl,
• Ana-Maria Krause,
• Klaus Müller-Buschbaum and
• Florian Beuerle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.1

• electron microscopy were carried out on activated and non-activated samples of HFF-3. They corroborate the strong anisotropic character of crystalline needles of the X-ray structure determination and do not show changes upon activation (see Figure S13 in Supporting in Information File 1). However, powder X

Computational methods in drug discovery

• Sumudu P. Leelananda and
• Steffen Lindert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2694–2718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.267

• , cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) has experienced a ‘resolution revolution’, leading to an increasing number of near-atomic resolution structures [18]. Experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy are associated with cost and time constraints, and are also limited by

Synthesis of three-dimensional porous hyper-crosslinked polymers via thiol–yne reaction

• Mathias Lang,
• Alexandra Schade and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2570–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.252

• crosslinking reaction conditions. The obtained HCPs showed BET surface areas up to 650 m²/g and are insoluble in common organic solvents. The characterisation of the networks was performed using IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X

Inhibition of peptide aggregation by means of enzymatic phosphorylation

• Kristin Folmert,
• Malgorzata Broncel,
• Hans v. Berlepsch,
• Christopher H. Ullrich,
• Mary-Ann Siegert and
• Beate Koksch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2462–2470, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.240

• and normalized to the starting value at t = 5 min of one. The shown plots represent an average of three independent measurements. Transmission electron microscopy Peptides, prepared as for CD spectroscopy measurements, were examined after 24 hours. Aliquots (6 µL) of the corresponding solution were

Size-controlled and redox-responsive supramolecular nanoparticles

• Raquel Mejia-Ariza,
• Gavin A. Kronig and
• Jurriaan Huskens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2388–2399, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.260

• ). Equipment Dynamic light scattering (DLS) Hydrodynamic diameters and zeta potentials were measured on a Zetasizer NanoZS (Malvern Instrument Ltd, Malvern, United Kingdom) at 20 °C, with a laser wavelength of 633 nm and a scattering angle of 173°. High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) All SEM