Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• ATRP relies on the establishment of a reversible activation/deactivation equilibrium reaction between an alkyl halide or halide-like initiator (RX) and a radical species (R·) [43]. During the activation process, the organohalides quickly lose their terminal halogen atoms in the presence of the liganded

• photoredox catalyst mediated by light to overcome the challenge of metal contamination in the precipitated polymers [58]. After the ATRP reaction, a reactive chain end retains as a stable alkyl halide moiety. Therefore, ATRP is particularly suitable for the synthesis of polymers with complex architectures

N-Sulfenylsuccinimide/phthalimide: an alternative sulfenylating reagent in organic transformations

• Fatemeh Doraghi,
• Seyedeh Pegah Aledavoud,
• Mehdi Ghanbarlou,
• Bagher Larijani and
• Mohammad Mahdavi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1471–1502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.106

• in the presence of TEMPO, followed by insertion of an isocyanide molecule 166 or other nucleophiles 161 (Scheme 72) [102]. By studying the spectroscopic evidence, the authors found that both sulfenyl halide 165 and N-sulfenylsuccinimide 1 intermediates were involved in the reaction. Removal of TEMPO

• as a radical initiator from the reaction mixture did not result in product formation so, it seems that the reaction moved through a radical route for the formation of sulfenyl halide I, and N-sulfenylsuccinimide II. The use of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) instead of TEMPO also resulted in 85% yield

Application of N-heterocyclic carbene–Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review

• Nosheen Beig,
• Varsha Goyal and
• Raj K. Bansal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1408–1442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.102

• ). The complexes were obtained in high yields (>95%). The copper complexes were air and moisture-stable as solids but decomposed in chlorinated solvents after several days. It may be mentioned that Cu(I) halide and pseudohalide complexes with NHCs Me2L, Et2L and AdL were prepared from direct reaction of

Radical ligand transfer: a general strategy for radical functionalization

• David T. Nemoto Jr,
• Kang-Jie Bian,
• Shih-Chieh Kao and
• Julian G. West

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1225–1233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.90

• . Similar RLT “rebound” steps have been implicated in non-heme oxygenase and halogenase enzymes as well [16][17][18][19], hinting that this strategy might be general; however, enzymatic examples outside of hydroxo and halide ligand transfer are scarce. Groves’ initial discovery of the radical rebound

• (XAT) from the alkyl halide reagent and further oxidation of the transient radical to a carbocation by radical polar crossover (RPC), providing two mechanistic pathways to form the ATRA products [32]. While powerful, this approach is inherently incompatible with introducing alternative functionality

• instead of the halide included in the alkyl halide reagent, limiting the ability to form different difunctionalization products. Taking inspiration from Groves’ bio-inspired manganese tetradentate manganese catalysts, we found we could instead functionalize the transient alkyl radical via RLT from a

Exploring the role of halogen bonding in iodonium ylides: insights into unexpected reactivity and reaction control

• Carlee A. Montgomery and
• Graham K. Murphy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1171–1190, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.86

• intermolecular processes throughout the preceding sections, and was often formed between the ylide and the intended nucleophile (e.g., alkene, amine or halide) of the reaction. However, intramolecular halogen bonding was also observed with other non-reacting Lewis bases, where it altered an ylide’s stability and

Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies

• Mattia Lepori,
• Simon Schmid and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81

• electron transfer (conPET) mechanism (Figure 4C), PDI is photoexcited and reductively quenched by Et3N to form its stable, colored radical anion PDI•− that can be photoexcited again to generate an even stronger reductant; *PDI•− (*E1/2 = −1.87 V vs SCE) [34]. A SET process to the aryl halide regenerates

• -poor aryl halide substrates (Figure 11C). While trialkylamines like Et3N or DIPEA have been proven to be suitable terminal reductants in conPET chemistry [15][45][46][51][54], they may still decrease photoreductant activity via back electron transfer [56], in contrast to CO2•− which has an entropic

• mechanism follows a ‘monophotonic’ oxidative quenching (OQ) route in which [FeIII(btz)3]3+ is oxidatively quenched to [FeIV(btz)3]4+ by the alkyl halide substrate after excitation with green light. After addition of the alkyl radical to the alkene or alkyne substrate, the catalyst is regenerated by

Photoredox catalysis enabling decarboxylative radical cyclization of γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives: formal synthesis of 6,7-secoagroclavine

• Alessio Regni,
• Francesca Bartoccini and
• Giovanni Piersanti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 918–927, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.70

• formation and a hydroxyl radical (•OH). However, it is possible to transform an alcohol into a leaving group, in the radical sense, by converting it into a halide or pseudohalide derivative [104][105]. For alcohol 8, all attempts to make a better leaving group, including phenyl sulfone derivative, to have

Pyridine C(sp²)–H bond functionalization under transition-metal and rare earth metal catalysis

• Haritha Sindhe,
• Malladi Mounika Reddy,
• Karthikeyan Rajkumar,
• Akshay Kamble,
• Amardeep Singh,
• Anand Kumar and
• Satyasheel Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 820–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.62

• pyridine to form aryl–Pd(II) species 140 via intermediate C. Subsequently, oxidative addition takes place in the presence of the aryl halide to give the Pd(IV) complex 141 followed by reductive elimination furnishing 3-arylpyridines 138. Almost at the same time, Yu and co-workers reported the selective Pd

• . The proposed mechanism (Scheme 29b) involves the oxidative addition of the aryl halide to the Pd(0) complex in the presence of base ligand to afford 153. Subsequently, the substitution of the halide by pyridine 1 provides the intermediate 154 which undergoes C–H activation followed by reductive

Strategies in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines

• David I. H. Maier,
• Barend C. B. Bezuidenhoudt and
• Charlene Marais

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 700–718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.51

• derivatives follow standard reactions of secondary arylamines and as such will be only briefly discussed with selected examples. Huang and Buchwald [73] reported a palladium-catalysed arylation of 1a. Treatment of 1a with aryl halide 140 or 141 gave excellent yields of N-aryldibenzo[b,f]azepines 142 (Scheme

• ) by alkylation of 1a was patented in 1997 [79]. The process involves the alkylation of iminostilbene (1a) as a critical intermediate step (Scheme 33C). The alkyl halide linker of 148 was further functionalised by reaction with piperazine derivative 149 to give opipramol (5). 6.2 C-Functionalisation

Photocatalytic sequential C–H functionalization expediting acetoxymalonylation of imidazo heterocycles

• Deepak Singh,
• Shyamal Pramanik and
• Soumitra Maity

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 666–673, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.48

• triple role as activator of IPs, halide scavenger, and acetylating agent. Results and Discussion Optimization In the quest for the optimal reaction conditions, we started our investigations with 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (1a) and diethyl bromomalonate (2a) as model substrates. Initially, the

Transition-metal-catalyzed domino reactions of strained bicyclic alkenes

• Austin Pounder,
• Eric Neufeld,
• Peter Myler and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38

• -substituents including methoxy and halide groups; however, O-acetyl ketoximes with ortho- or meta-substituents failed to react. A small number of substituted [2.2.1]diazabicyclic alkenes 130a were successfully employed, albeit with slightly lower yields. In the reaction with N-methoxybenzamides 161, the same

Combretastatins D series and analogues: from isolation, synthetic challenges and biological activities

• Jorge de Lima Neto and
• Paulo Henrique Menezes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 399–427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.31

• ] between halide 37 and phenol 38 leading to the formation of diaryl ether 39, which was subjected to a regioselective iodination reaction to give compound 40. Conversion of the nitrile in compound 40 into the corresponding aldehyde 41 followed by Z-selective Still–Gennari olefination gave the cis α,β

• order to obtain higher yields in the intramolecular cyclization step, the authors also investigated the use of a strategy based on an SNAr reaction using an electron-deficient aryl halide. Thus, 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (118) was subjected to the Still–Gennari reaction, to give the corresponding cis

Strategies to access the [5-8] bicyclic core encountered in the sesquiterpene, diterpene and sesterterpene series

• Cécile Alleman,
• Charlène Gadais,
• Laurent Legentil and
• François-Hugues Porée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23

• additional functionalization steps the key intermediate 128. This compound constituted the substrate for the Pd-promoted intramolecular cyclization. In this case, an enol triflate was used instead of an alkenyl halide which required the presence of an electron-rich phosphine, a lower temperature (50 °C

• of an alkyl halide to a carbonyl group, implementation of the Barbier-type ring closure relied thus on the preliminary introduction of both aldehyde and alkyl halide functional groups on a suitable substrate. The mechanism was first thought to involve the coupling of an alkyl radical and a ketyl

Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry

• Eric Gayon,
• Guillaume Lefèvre,
• Olivier Guerret,
• Adrien Tintar and
• Pablo Chourreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15

• aimed at combining the advantages brought by those additives with the atom-economy offered by the use of organic electrophiles bearing halide leaving groups (better than that obtained with phosphates leaving groups, Scheme 4). We thus investigated the development of pheromone synthesis involving cross

1,4-Dithianes: attractive C2-building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecular architectures

• Bram Ryckaert,
• Ellen Demeyere,
• Frederick Degroote,
• Hilde Janssens and
• Johan M. Winne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 115–132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.12

• -haloalkylsulfide via a cyclic sulfonium intermediate, which then ring opens and eliminates the halide to give the unsaturated 1,4-dithiane ring. We have found this Parham ring expansion to be the most practical preparatory procedure for 2 on large scale [30]. Thus, a simple condensation of ethane-1,2-dithiol (10

Synthetic study toward tridachiapyrone B

• Morgan Cormier,
• Florian Hernvann and
• Michaël De Paolis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1741–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.183

• screening of various organocopper reagents (prepared from MeLi, EtMgBr, ZnEt2 or AlMe3 and copper halide or thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC)) was conducted, to no avail. In most cases, the starting material was recovered without indication that the pyrone ring interacted instead with the reagent. To decrease

Total synthesis of grayanane natural products

• Nicolas Fay,
• Rémi Blieck,
• Cyrille Kouklovsky and
• Aurélien de la Torre

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1707–1719, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.181

• diastereoselectivity in 58% on a 3 g scale. Subsequently, vinyl halide 48 was converted to diene 50 by Suzuki coupling with potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (49) in 90% yield (Scheme 8). The C7–C8 bond formation from a bridgehead carbocation was a real challenge to close the 7-membered ring. To achieve this, the

Functionalization of imidazole N-oxide: a recent discovery in organic transformations

• Koustav Singha,
• Imran Habib and
• Mossaraf Hossain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1575–1588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.168

• successfully obtained from the reaction medium (Scheme 4). The proposed mechanism proceeded via cine-substitution. The rate-determining step was found to be the nucleophilic attack of the halide ion at the C-2 position of the O-tosylated imidazole 1-oxide. In spite of the difference in rate for the cases of

• chloride and bromide where bromination occurred at higher rate, N-tosylpyridinium halide was the acylating agent in both cases. In 2017, M. Hossain and co-workers suggested a quite unique one-pot deoxygenative chlorination reaction procedure of 2-unsubstituted imidazole N-oxides using oxalyl chloride as

An alternative C–P cross-coupling route for the synthesis of novel V-shaped aryldiphosphonic acids

• Stephen J. I. Shearan,
• Enrico Andreoli and
• Marco Taddei

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1518–1523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.160

• between a primary alkyl halide and a trialkyl phosphite, first reported in the late 1890s, the general scheme for which can be seen in Supporting Information File 1, Scheme S1 [22]. It should be noted that this reaction is not suitable for use with aryl halide substrates due to the poor reactivity between

• -coupling reaction is carried out by placing the aryl halide and the precatalyst into a round-bottomed flask in the presence of a suitable solvent, such as 1,3-diisopropylbenzene or mesitylene, and setting to reflux. The advantage of using such solvents lies in their high boiling point (203 °C and 164 °C

• investigation would be required in order to confirm this. The choice of the phosphite is also important, partially due to the boiling point and the potential for running reactions at higher temperatures, and also the formation of an alkyl halide byproduct. It is the reactivity of this byproduct that determines

Enantioselective total synthesis of putative dihydrorosefuran, a monoterpene with an unique 2,5-dihydrofuran structure

• Irene Torres-García,
• Josefa L. López-Martínez,
• Rocío López-Domene,
• Manuel Muñoz-Dorado,
• Ignacio Rodríguez-García and
• Miriam Álvarez-Corral

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1264–1269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.132

• of the hydroxy group to the terminal double bond of the allene in compound 3. Another key step is the Ti(III)-mediated straightforward synthesis of this α-hydroxyallene, which could be achieved through a regioselective Barbier-type coupling of a propargylic halide (1-bromo-2-butyne) with the aldehyde

A one-pot electrochemical synthesis of 2-aminothiazoles from active methylene ketones and thioureas mediated by NH₄I

• Shang-Feng Yang,
• Pei Li,
• Zi-Lin Fang,
• Sen Liang,
• Hong-Yu Tian,
• Bao-Guo Sun,
• Kun Xu and
• Cheng-Chu Zeng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1249–1255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.130

• , the in situ generated α-iodoketone was proposed to be the key active species. Keywords: 2-aminothiazoles; electrosynthesis; indirect electrolysis; halide ion; Introduction Thiazoles are prevalent structural motifs in a wide range of natural products [1] and synthetic molecules possessing various

• . Organic electrosynthesis has been recognized as a green, modern, and safe technique, since electrons can be used as an alternative for oxidants or reductants [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. During our continuous interests in halide-mediated indirect electrolysis [39][40][41][42], we have achieved

• demonstrate the feasibility of our idea, ethyl acetoacetate (1a) and thiourea (2a) were chosen as model substrates for the optimization of reaction conditions. Based on our previous studies on the halide-mediated α-C–H functionalization of carbonyl compounds [32][33][34][35], graphite was chosen as the

Cathodic generation of reactive (phenylthio)difluoromethyl species and its reactions: mechanistic aspects and synthetic applications

• Sadanobu Iwase,
• Shinsuke Inagi and
• Toshio Fuchigami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 872–880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.88

• CH2Cl2 using 20 equiv of α-methylstyrene. However, the yield of 4 did not increase. The cathodic reduction of perfluoroalkyl halide generates radical and/or anionic species in general [24]. In order to generate radical species selectively, indirect cathodic reduction using various mediators has been

Synthesis of sulfur karrikin bioisosteres as potential neuroprotectives

• Martin Pošta,
• Václav Zima,
• Lenka Poštová Slavětínská,
• Marika Matoušová and
• Petr Beier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 549–554, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.57

• (LiHMDS), followed by the addition of an alkyl halide. Application of this method to 8 provided the target molecule 21 in good yield (Scheme 4). It has to be mentioned that the metalation proceeds exclusively at C7, and thus cannot be used for the preparation of 20 via alkylation at C5. Our attempt to

Site-selective reactions mediated by molecular containers

• Rui Wang and
• Yang Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 309–324, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.35

• monoreduced to the corresponding alkyl halide 21 as major product, together with minor alkane product that arose from the reaction outside the cavitand (Figure 6b). Experiments also indicated that the binding of the guests with the hosts must show high affinities (KA > 1.2 × 103 M−1) to make sure the

Recent developments and trends in the iron- and cobalt-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions

• Surendran Amrutha,
• Sankaran Radhika and
• Gopinathan Anilkumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 262–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.31

• reaction between an aryl/vinyl halide (Cl, Br, I, OTf) and a terminal alkyne in the presence of a Cu(I) co-catalyst under basic conditions to form a Csp2–Csp bond generating an arylalkyne is known as the Sonogashira (Sonogashira–Hagihara) coupling [1] and has become an important C–C bond-forming reaction

• cross-coupling reactions Homogeneous green protocols Tsai et al. discussed an efficient, simple and environmentally friendly method for the coupling of arylynols 3 with an aryl halide [21]. This strategy discloses a one pot reaction catalyzed by FeCl3 in an aqueous medium associated with the cationic

• iodides showed good to excellent yields when coupled with phenylacetylene. The proposed mechanism is similar to the standard palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction with the steps involving oxidative addition of the aryl/vinyl halide followed by transmetallation, and reductive elimination. The mechanism