Glycoscience@Synchrotron: Synchrotron radiation applied to structural glycoscience

• Serge Pérez and
• Daniele de Sanctis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1145–1167, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.114

• data acquisition systems [81]. An illustration of how BioSAXS experiments can help to complete data obtained by protein crystallography is given by the characterization of the full structural assembly of the lectin of Burkholderia cenocepacia, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. Throughout biochemical

Glyco-gold nanoparticles: synthesis and applications

• Federica Compostella,
• Olimpia Pitirollo,
• Alessandro Silvestri and
• Laura Polito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1008–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.100

• glycoprobe interact with a microplate displaying AFP-L3, LcA strongly bind to AFP-L3 releasing from the supramolecular glycoprobe GAuNPs in a concentration which can be measured via UV–vis spectroscopy. Chiodo et al. [84] gave their contribution in the development of early stage cancer or pathogen diagnosis

• Galf, a five-membered form of galactose found in nonmammalian pathogenic species, i.e., the fungus Aspergillus, is able to modulate the innate immune response via dendritic cells, suggesting Galf-GNPs as versatile tools in functional studies to address the role of Galf in host-pathogen interaction. DC

• -based approach, which aim to trigger the production of specific and functional antibodies that prevent initial infection limiting pathogen/viral dissemination. Recent publications suggest that many different aspects are becoming clear and have to be underlined. The design of anti HIV-1 vaccines depends

Nucleophilic and electrophilic cyclization of N-alkyne-substituted pyrrole derivatives: Synthesis of pyrrolopyrazinone, pyrrolotriazinone, and pyrrolooxazinone moieties

• Işıl Yenice,
• Sinan Basceken and
• Metin Balci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 825–834, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.83

• biological activities. Various microbes, reported in the literature, can accomplish the synthesis of pyrazinone derivatives [3][4][5][6]. For instance, phevalin (1) and tyrvalin (2), pyrazinone derivatives synthesized by a serious human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, act as protein kinase inhibitors

Chemical probes for competitive profiling of the quorum sensing signal synthase PqsD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Michaela Prothiwa,
• Dávid Szamosvári,
• Sandra Glasmacher and
• Thomas Böttcher

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2784–2792, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.277

• Michaela Prothiwa David Szamosvari Sandra Glasmacher Thomas Bottcher Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.12.277 Abstract The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses the pqs quorum sensing system to

• bacterial strains urges the rapid discovery of new antibiotics and the development of novel antiinfective strategies [1]. One of the leading causes for nosocomial infections is the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which, by chronic infections, also poses a major threat for cystic

Biosynthesis of oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles in polyketides

• Franziska Hemmerling and
• Frank Hahn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1512–1550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.148

Discovery of an inhibitor of the production of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin in wild-type cells

• Bernardas Morkunas,
• Balint Gal,
• Warren R. J. D. Galloway,
• James T. Hodgkinson,
• Brett M. Ibbeson,
• Yaw Sing Tan,
• Martin Welch and
• David R. Spring

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1428–1433, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.137

• , UK Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671 10.3762/bjoc.12.137 Abstract Pyocyanin is a small molecule produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infections by this notorious opportunistic pathogen. The inhibition

• important opportunistic human pathogen [1]. This opportunistic pathogen is well known to be a challenging infection to completely eradicate in infected patients due to high levels of intrinsic resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics [1][2][3][4][5][6] and the tendency of P. aeruginosa cells to form

Natural products from microbes associated with insects

• Christine Beemelmanns,
• Huijuan Guo,
• Maja Rischer and
• Michael Poulsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 314–327, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.34

• specialized lifestyles and feeding behavior, insects are often prone to exploitation and pathogen infestation. In particular, life in large communities (social insects), the mass provisioning of nutrients to the offspring, and the construction of brooding chambers are threatened by invading and predatory

A novel and widespread class of ketosynthase is responsible for the head-to-head condensation of two acyl moieties in bacterial pyrone biosynthesis

• Darko Kresovic,
• Florence Schempp,
• Zakaria Cheikh-Ali and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1412–1417, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.152

• formation of 2,5-dialkylcyclohexane-1,3-diones from a β-ketoacylthioester and an α,β-unsaturated acylthioester [12]. We have recently demonstrated that dialkylresorcinols also serve as a new bacterial communication signal in the human and insect pathogen Photorhabdus asymbiotica [13]. A further example is

Multivalency as a chemical organization and action principle

• Rainer Haag

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 848–849, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.94

• Rainer Haag Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.11.94 Keywords: glycoarchitectures; supramolecular chemistry; multivalency; multivalent protein inhibitors; pathogen binding; Multivalency is a key principle in nature

• -organization of matter, in biological recognition processes as well as in signal transduction in biological systems. The targeted development of multivalent molecules is not only used for the strong inhibition of proteins and prevention of pathogen infections, but also allows for the selective production of

Probing multivalency in ligand–receptor-mediated adhesion of soft, biomimetic interfaces

• Stephan Schmidt,
• Hanqing Wang,
• Daniel Pussak,
• Simone Mosca and
• Laura Hartmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 720–729, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.82

• to identify the key principles of carbohydrate/protein receptor interaction and to utilize carbohydrate structures as drugs, e.g., in cancer treatment or pathogen-related diseases [2][3]. A well-established key principle of carbohydrate–receptor interactions is multivalency. Natural carbohydrate

• events such as initial cell adhesion processes or pathogen invasion in host tissue. Nevertheless, ligand–receptor interactions are typically characterized by studying the binding affinity of freely dissolved ligands without surface anchorage. Typical assays in this context are “chip”-based methods like

Synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of E. coli O117:K98:H4

• Pintu Kumar Mandal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2724–2728, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.287

• coli; glycosylation; lipopolysaccharide; O-antigen; pentasaccharide; Introduction Escherichia coli becomes an important human pathogen in recent years owing to the emergence of new pathogenic strains [1]. Several diseases, such as meningitis and sepsis [2], diarrhoeal outbreaks [3] and urinary tract

Encapsulation of biocides by cyclodextrins: toward synergistic effects against pathogens

• Véronique Nardello-Rataj and
• Loïc Leclercq

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2603–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.273

• : cyclodextrin; biocide; encapsulation; host–guest chemistry; pathogen; textile; Introduction Since the first reference to cyclodextrins (CDs) in 1891 by Villiers, CD has been of great interest to researchers [1]. Cyclodextrins are composed of several α-D-glucopyranose units linked 1→4 and arranged in a conical

• improve the performances of biocides. Review Biocides versus pathogen agents: the context i) Definitions and markets Pathogen is used to mean an infectious agent (e.g., virus, bacteria, prion, fungus or protozoan). The host may be an animal, a plant, a fungus or even another microorganism. To prevent and

• to treat pathogen infections, biocides are commonly used. Biocidal products are defined as “active substances and preparations containing one or more active substances, put up in the form in which they are supplied to the user, intended to destroy, render harmless, prevent the action of, or otherwise

Synthesis of aromatic glycoconjugates. Building blocks for the construction of combinatorial glycopeptide libraries

• Markus Nörrlinger and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2453–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.256

• communication, signal transduction, pathogen recognition or immunological responses [1][2][3][4]. In order to investigate these processes it is essential that a large amount of the respective polysaccharide structure is available. Unfortunately, isolation of pure oligosaccharides from natural sources is

Expeditive synthesis of trithiotriazine-cored glycoclusters and inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation

• Meriem Smadhi,
• Sophie de Bentzmann,
• Anne Imberty,
• Marc Gingras,
• Raoudha Abderrahim and
• Peter G. Goekjian

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1981–1990, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.206

• ) is an opportunistic human pathogen known to cause a variety of hospital-borne infections. It poses a severe threat to immunocompromised patients, as well as to those suffering from cystic fibrosis or cancer [1][2][3]. Its virulence is largely associated with multi-resistance to antibiotics, in

Facile synthesis of 1-alkoxy-1H-benzo- and 7-azabenzotriazoles from peptide coupling agents, mechanistic studies, and synthetic applications

• Mahesh K. Lakshman,
• Manish K. Singh,
• Mukesh Kumar,
• Raghu Ram Chamala,
• Vijayender R. Yedulla,
• Domenick Wagner,
• Evan Leung,
• Lijia Yang,
• Asha Matin and
• Sadia Ahmad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1919–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.200

• properties, particularly against the human pathogen Acanthamoeba that can infect a variety of organs such as brain, eyes, skin, and lungs [4]. Triazole and benzotriazole derivatives have been evaluated as antitumor agents, with several showing high activities [5], and a benzotriazole derivative was shown to

Synthesis and bioactivity of analogues of the marine antibiotic tropodithietic acid

• Patrick Rabe,
• Tim A. Klapschinski,
• Nelson L. Brock,
• Christian A. Citron,
• Paul D’Alvise,
• Lone Gram and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1796–1801, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.188

• , the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus 8325 and the Gram-negative Vibrio anguillarum 90-11-287 (Table 1). These organisms were selected for our bioactivity tests, because S. aureus is a clinically important human pathogen and strains with resistances against multiple antibiotic drugs cause severe

Convergent synthetic methodology for the construction of self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines using a novel carbohydrate scaffold

• Vincent Fagan,
• Istvan Toth and
• Pavla Simerska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1741–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.181

• specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found on immune cells. PRRs recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This leads to activation of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, resulting in significantly enhanced immune responses [6]. By preparing agonists for a particular

• type of PRR (e.g., Toll Like Receptor (TLR)), an appropriate immune response can be induced for each type of pathogen [7]. The TLR2 is a receptor present on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. It recognizes lipidic structural components of bacteria, fungi and viruses, and plays a key role

• peptide antigens [9][10][11][12]. The model pathogen chosen for this study was Streptococcus pyogenes, a Gram positive bacteria that affects the skin and upper respiratory tract, and causes a range of health issues that are collectively referred to as group A streptococcal (GAS) infections [13]. The most

Photoswitchable precision glycooligomers and their lectin binding

• Daniela Ponader,
• Sinaida Igde,
• Marko Wehle,
• Katharina Märker,
• Mark Santer,
• David Bléger and
• Laura Hartmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1603–1612, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.166

• ; multivalent glycosystems; photoswitch; precision polymer; Introduction Carbohydrate ligand–receptor interactions underpin many important processes in biology, for example in host-pathogen interactions [1][2]. Although monosaccharides usually exhibit only low binding affinities, nature is able to obtain high

Efficient routes toward the synthesis of the D-rhamno-trisaccharide related to the A-band polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Aritra Chaudhury,
• Sajal K. Maity and
• Rina Ghosh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1488–1494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.153

• complex [8], P. aeruginosa [9], Helicobacter pylori [10], Citrobacter freundii [11], Campylobacter fetus [12], Stenotrophonas maltophilia [13], Xanthomonas campestri [14] and Brucella sp. [15]. P. aeruginosa has long been established as an opportunistic pathogen which infects humans having compromised

Carbohydrate PEGylation, an approach to improve pharmacological potency

• M. Eugenia Giorgi,
• Rosalía Agusti and
• Rosa M. de Lederkremer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1433–1444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.147

• yielding a more defined product. Thus, glycoPEGylation was successfully applied to the introduction of a PEGylated sialic acid to a preexisting or enzymatically linked glycan in a protein. Carbohydrates are now recognized as playing an important role in host–pathogen interactions in protozoal, bacterial

• recognized as immunodominant epitopes in antigenic glycoconjugates [14]. Carbohydrates participate in molecular recognition events such as host–pathogen interactions, responsible for mammal infections, and are candidates for chemotherapy [15]. Moreover, synthesis of multivalent carbohydrate ligands provide

Design and synthesis of multivalent neoglycoconjugates by click conjugations

• Feiqing Ding,
• Li Ji,
• Ronny William,
• Hua Chai and
• Xue-Wei Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1325–1332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.134

• and glycopeptides are the key constituents of the cellular membrane and extracellular matrix, and play a pivotal role in various key cellular events such as cell–cell recognition, host–pathogen or host–symbiont interactions, molecular recognition of antibodies and metastasis [1][2][3][4][5]. The

Convergent synthesis of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide from the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp7

• Pintu Kumar Mandal,
• Debashis Dhara and
• Anup Kumar Misra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 293–299, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.26

• treatment of plant diseases led to environmental pollution, pathogen resistance, an increase in production costs, and serious risks to human health. Among several alternative approaches for the protection of crops against pathogens, biological control based on plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) seems to

Recent applications of the divinylcyclopropane–cycloheptadiene rearrangement in organic synthesis

• Sebastian Krüger and
• Tanja Gaich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 163–193, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.14

• (88, see Scheme 11) and tremulenediol A (89), isolated from a fungal pathogen [84]. Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination of the starting ketone 80 [85] provided an E/Z-mixture of α,β-unsaturated ester 81. Deprotonation followed by an acidic quench resulted in deconjugation to give β,γ-unsaturated ester

The myxocoumarins A and B from Stigmatella aurantiaca strain MYX-030

• Tobias A. M. Gulder,
• Snežana Neff,
• Traugott Schüz,
• Tammo Winkler,
• René Gees and
• Bettina Böhlendorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2579–2585, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.293

• to the non-treated controls. The following host/pathogen combinations were used: Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary (late blight) on tomato; Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. (gray mould) on bean; Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (DC.) Speer (powdery mildew) on barley; Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker

Bidirectional cross metathesis and ring-closing metathesis/ring opening of a C₂-symmetric building block: a strategy for the synthesis of decanolide natural products

• Bernd Schmidt and
• Oliver Kunz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2544–2555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.289

• which the absolute configuration was only assigned based on analogy to related natural products are stagonolide E [28][29] and curvulide A [30]. Stagonolide E is a secondary metabolite of Stagonospora cirsii, which is a fungal pathogen of the weed Cirsium arvense [28]. It has also been isolated from the