Clickable azide-functionalized bromoarylaldehydes – synthesis and photophysical characterization

• Dominik Göbel,
• Marius Friedrich,
• Enno Lork and
• Boris J. Nachtsheim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1683–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.139

• , Germany Institute for Inorganic and Crystallographic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.16.139 Abstract Herein, we present a facile synthesis of three azide-functionalized fluorophores and their covalent attachment as triazoles in Huisgen-type

• reactions (CuAAC). For this, we treated the azide-functionalized luminophores with alkynes exhibiting different degrees of steric demand, including 1-decyne (29), phenylacetylene (30), 1-ethynyladamantane (31) and 1,3-di-tert-butyl-5-ethynylbenzene (32, see Scheme 5). All triazoles 33–44, based on the

• triazole 45 in 83% yield. Photophysical properties Finally, we examined the photophysical properties of both the azides and the triazoles. UV–vis absorption measurements of para-bromobenzaldehyde 3 and ortho-bromobenzaldehyde 4 as well as the corresponding triazoles 33–40 were conducted in chloroform

Azidophosphonium salt-directed chemoselective synthesis of (E)/(Z)-cinnamyl-1H-triazoles and regiospecific access to bromomethylcoumarins from Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts

• Soundararajan Karthikeyan,
• Radha Krishnan Shobana,
• Kamarajapurathu Raju Subimol,
• J. Helen Ratna Monica and
• Ayyanoth Karthik Krishna Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1579–1587, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.130

• )-catalysed straight forward protocol for synthesising structurally demanding (E)/(Z)-cinnamyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles and halomethylcoumarins from MBH adducts. The novel methodology, efficient catalyst, and direct utilization of MBH adducts under mild reaction conditions qualify the reported procedures as

• adducts, however, the vicinity of its (E)- and (Z)-isomers restricts their use as a favourable starting moiety [34]. After a careful bibliographic investigation, it became evident that there were no one-pot protocols for direct transformations of MBH adducts to cinnamyl triazoles. The outcome of

• developing a one-pot synthetic strategy will be worthwhile for pharmacologically important triazoles, such as isavuconazole, tazobactam, and ravuconazole [35]. Results and Discussion Initially, phosphonium salts were barely utilised or exploited in synthetic transformations. Later, in 2014, several organic

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• ], antiparkinsonian [6], and anticancer [10] properties. Particularly, triazoles illustrate distinguished moieties well distributed in natural products with biological properties [2][3][4][9][10], including antimicrobial [2], antibacterial [3], antifungal [3], anti-HIV [4], and anticancer [10] activities. One of the

• protecting groups [12]. Later, ruthenium complexes-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloadditions (RuAACs) regioselectively produced the opposite form of the disubstituted triazoles. Thus, a wide range of azides was reacted with diverse nonactivated terminal alkyne substrates using ruthenium complexes to generate

• -functionalized silica 46 was added to the mixture, and this was heated to reflux to generate the catalyst 48. Several organic halides or epoxides, nonactivated alkynes, and sodium azide were reacted in an aqueous medium to provide triazoles or β-hydroxytriazoles using 1.0 mol % catalyst loading at 25 °C

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

• in such systems are borates 90 [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114], phenyl imino acetic acid 91 [115] or mercapto triazoles 92 [116]. The latter often exists in its tautomeric thione form. Scheme 8 shows the respective structures. References [11][12][13][14

Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands

• Wisdom A. Munzeiwa,
• Bernard Omondi and
• Vincent O. Nyamori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 362–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.35

• et al. [73] reported on the synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted triazoles and Liu et al. [74] used this procedure to synthesize triazolylphosphine ligands with the phosphorous substituent in the α-position (Scheme 12). For this, the aryl azide 64 was reacted with bromomagnesium acetylides 65 to generate

• magnesium-containing triazoles 66 which, upon quenching with ammonium chloride, afforded the triazoles 67. Lithiation followed by coupling with the appropriate chlorophosphines resulted in the desired 1,5-disubstitued triazolylphosphine ligands 68. The procedure could be performed in one pot by directly

• stable up to 200 °C [109][110]. In these reactions the phosphine precursor can also be functionalized with appropriate groups for postfunctionalization. Detz et al. attached an alkyne to a phosphine which could easily be transformed to triazoles using click chemistry (Scheme 26) [111]. The click

Halogen-bonding-induced diverse aggregation of 4,5-diiodo-1,2,3-triazolium salts with different anions

• Xingyu Xu,
• Shiqing Huang,
• Zengyu Zhang,
• Lei Cao and
• Xiaoyu Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 78–87, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.10

• chemistry, anion recognition, organocatalysis, materials science and tuning of biomolecular systems [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. 1,2,3-Triazole-based XB-donors, such as 5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles A [28][29][30][31][32][33] and 5-iodo-1,2,3-triazolium B [34][35][36][37] (Figure 1), are promising

• candidates for XB donors, which is mainly due to the ease of preparation via a copper-catalyzed click reaction between azide and alkyne [38][39]. 1,2,3-Triazoles and 1,2,3-triazolium-based XB activators have been found applications in catalytic reactions [40][41] and anion recognition [42]. Recently, we

Influence of the cis/trans configuration on the supramolecular aggregation of aryltriazoles

• Sara Tejera,
• Giada Caniglia,
• Rosa L. Dorta,
• Andrea Favero,
• Javier González-Platas and
• Jesús T. Vázquez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2881–2888, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.282

• stabilization of the supramolecular aggregation of bis(4-bromophenyl)triazoles. The trans or cis spatial disposition of the triazole rings is highly important for gelation, with the cis configuration having higher propensity. Keywords: circular dichroism; cis/trans configuration; gels; triazole; X-ray

• disposition to one of them (see Figure 5). Conclusion In summary, the capacity of di-1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles to form gels was studied taking the dependence on the trans/cis configuration of the molecules into account. The results clearly show that compounds having the cis configuration are more

Diversity-oriented synthesis of spirothiazolidinediones and their biological evaluation

• Sambasivarao Kotha,
• Gaddamedi Sreevani,
• Lilya U. Dzhemileva,
• Milyausha M. Yunusbaeva,
• Usein M. Dzhemilev and
• Vladimir A. D’yakonov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2774–2781, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.269

• compound 7e with 3-butyn-1-ol (16b) we were able to isolate the self trimerized derivative 20 as a minor product (Scheme 7). The ester derivative of thiazolidinedione 18 was hydrolyzed under AcOH, HCl reflux conditions to obtain N-acid derivative 22 in 90% yield (Scheme 8) [54]. Fused 1,2,3-triazoles

Fluorinated maleimide-substituted porphyrins and chlorins: synthesis and characterization

• Valentina A. Ol’shevskaya,
• Elena G. Kononova and
• Andrei V. Zaitsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2704–2709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.263

• 1,2,3-triazole heterocycles via the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) between alkynes and azides, developed independently by Sharpless [41] and Meldal [42]. In addition to the applications of triazoles as pharmacophores in the potential biologically active molecules, these

In water multicomponent synthesis of low-molecular-mass 4,7-dihydrotetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

• Irina G. Tkachenko,
• Sergey A. Komykhov,
• Vladimir I. Musatov,
• Svitlana V. Shishkina,
• Viktoriya V. Dyakonenko,
• Vladimir N. Shvets,
• Mikhail V. Diachkov,
• Valentyn A. Chebanov and
• Sergey M. Desenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2390–2397, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.231

• accessible by variation of the binucleophilic component 1 (instead of 1, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole, 3-aminopyrazoles, 4-amino-1,2,3-triazoles, etc. can be used [13]). However, a relatively low reactivity of amine 1 due to the electron deficiency of the tetrazole ring has been reported

Thermal stability of N-heterocycle-stabilized iodanes – a systematic investigation

• Andreas Boelke,
• Yulia A. Vlasenko,
• Mekhman S. Yusubov,
• Boris J. Nachtsheim and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2311–2318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.223

• high Tpeak but also higher ΔHdec values for the latter ones. NHIs bearing N-heterocycles with a high N/C-ratio such as triazoles show among the lowest Tpeak and the highest ΔHdec values. A comparison of NHIs with known (pseudo)cyclic benziodoxolones is made and we further correlated their thermal

• decomposition enthalpy. If the triazole is connected to the iodoarene via N1 as in 5, Tpeak decreases and ΔHdec increases. It should be concluded that triazole 4 has the most advantageous decomposition behavior: It is thermally the most stable among the pseudocyclic triazoles with the lowest ΔHdec value

• . However, even the triazoles 2, 3, and 5 can be considered as safe compounds, but still deserve a common precaution due to the narrow decomposition process. Pyrazoles 6 and 7 are thermally more stable (Tpeak = 168.9 and 196.5 °C) with a remarkably lower ΔHdec value. NH-pyrazole 6 shows the lowest ΔHdec

Click chemistry towards thermally reversible photochromic 4,5-bisthiazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles

• Chenxia Zhang,
• Kaori Morinaka,
• Mahmut Kose,
• Takashi Ubukata and
• Yasushi Yokoyama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2161–2169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.213

• , Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey 10.3762/bjoc.15.213 Abstract Three new diarylethenes were synthesized from 1,2-bis(5-methyl-2-(4-substituted-phenyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethyne and benzyl azide through Ru(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cyclization reactions. The 4,5-bisthiazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles

• copper acetylide as the intermediate [15][17], resulting in the formation of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles. In contrast, when Ru(I) complexes are employed as the catalyst, the reaction mechanism is different from the case of Cu(I), and the major products are 1,5-disubstituted triazoles. Another more

• important difference is that Ru(I) catalysts work on the disubstituted alkynes to give 1,4,5-trisubstituted triazoles (Scheme 1) [18][19]. When both substituents of an internal alkyne are aromatic groups, the triazoles thus formed include the hexatriene motif in the structure. Although a number of

1,2,3-Triazolium macrocycles in supramolecular chemistry

• Mastaneh Safarnejad Shad,
• Pulikkal Veettil Santhini and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2142–2155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.211

• macrocycles and focus on their application in different areas of supramolecular chemistry. The synthesis is mostly relying on the well-known “click reaction” (CuAAC) leading to 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles that then can be quaternized. Applications of triazolium macrocycles thus prepared include

• polymers etc. [14][15]. Noncovalent interactions play a dynamic role in the binding mechanism of triazoles as macrocyclic receptors. It has been reported that the combined effects of both an electron lone pair on the nitrogen of the heterocycle and the acidic C5–H proton make 1,2,3-triazoles interesting

• (iodine, bromine) and chalcogens (selenium and tellurium) [18]. While there are several strategies for the synthesis of triazoles, the Cu(II)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC click reaction) is considered as one of the most efficient, simple and mild approaches towards the preparation

Vicinal difunctionalization of alkenes by four-component radical cascade reaction of xanthogenates, alkenes, CO, and sulfonyl oxime ethers

• Shuhei Sumino,
• Takahide Fukuyama,
• Mika Sasano,
• Ilhyong Ryu,
• Antoine Jacquet,
• Frédéric Robert and
• Yannick Landais

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.176

• functionalized keto-aldehydes [22], aminoalcohols [30], triazoles [31], just to name a few. A reaction mechanism is finally proposed for the four-component cascade reaction, which is depicted in Figure 2 [22][23][24][32][33][34]. Initially, α-carbonyl radical A [8] was generated by the reaction of the

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

• aromatic or aliphatic, only in case of triazoles substituted with an acetate group the final product was obtained in 66% yield. An open-flask, one-pot, Cu(II)-catalyzed ligand-free approach towards C–N bond formation was reported by Rasheed et al. [116]. The reaction was catalyzed by Cu(OAc)2 with cesium

Synthesis and fluorescent properties of N(9)-alkylated 2-amino-6-triazolylpurines and 7-deazapurines

• Andrejs Šišuļins,
• Jonas Bucevičius,
• Yu-Ting Tseng,
• Irina Novosjolova,
• Kaspars Traskovskis,
• Ērika Bizdēna,
• Huan-Tsung Chang,
• Sigitas Tumkevičius and
• Māris Turks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 474–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.41

• →4) followed by a SNAr process (4→5) which showcases the use of 1,2,3-triazoles as leaving groups. It is well established during our previous research in the purine nucleoside series that such an approach provides 6-amino-2-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) derivatives [25]. On the other hand, it was also

Copper(I)-catalyzed tandem reaction: synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from alkyl diacyl peroxides, azidotrimethylsilane, and alkynes

• Muhammad Israr,
• Changqing Ye,
• Munira Taj Muhammad,
• Yajun Li and
• Hongli Bao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2916–2922, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.270

• Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China University of Chinese academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China 10.3762/bjoc.14.270 Abstract A copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles

• , making this protocol operationally simple. The Cu(I) catalyst not only participates in the alkyl diacyl peroxides decomposition to afford alkyl azides but also catalyzes the subsequent CuAAC reaction to produce the 1,2,3-triazoles. Keywords: alkyl diacyl peroxides; azidotrimethylsilane; click reaction

• ; copper catalysis; radical; 1,2,3-triazoles; Introduction The “click chemistry”, coined by K. B. Sharpless in 2001 [1], is a powerful chemical transformation that has rapidly orthogonalized traditional disciplinary boundaries. With the discovery of “click chemistry”, new fields have been opened for the

Assembly of fully substituted triazolochromenes via a novel multicomponent reaction or mechanochemical synthesis

• Robby Vroemans,
• Yenthel Verhaegen,
• My Tran Thi Dieu and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2689–2697, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.246

• -triazoles [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Yet, the developed methodologies for trisubstituted triazolochromenes generally lack a substituent on the 2-position, except for a sporadic methyl group which drastically lowers the yield and often the use of transition metals is needed [28]. The additional

• cycloaddition reaction on the synthesis of NH-triazoles by Guan et al. using p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst in DMF [19], but with benzyl azide (4a) instead of sodium azide (Scheme 1). Our initial test gave a promising result, since after a reaction time of five days for the cycloaddition step the

Catalyst-free synthesis of 4-acyl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles by water-mediated cycloaddition reactions of enaminones and tosyl azide

• Lu Yang,
• Yuwei Wu,
• Yiming Yang,
• Chengping Wen and
• Jie-Ping Wan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2348–2353, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.210

• synthesis of 4-acyl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles has been accomplished with high efficiency through the cycloaddition reactions between N,N-dimethylenaminones and tosyl azide. This method is featured with extraordinary sustainability by employing water as the sole medium, free of any catalyst or additive

• numerous organic compounds [24][25][26][27][28]. The amazingly rapid and broad permeation of 1,2,3-triazoles to multidisciplinary areas can majorly be attributed to the occurrence of robust synthetic methods toward this heterocycle. The copper-catalyzed click [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes [29

• ][30][31][32], for example, has served enormously to the advances in both the preparation and application of 1,2,3-triazoles. In addition, the discovery of other metal-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloadditions (MAAC) providing 1,2,3-triazoles with diverse substitution patterns triggers the continuous

Revisiting ring-degenerate rearrangements of 1-substituted-4-imino-1,2,3-triazoles

• James T. Fletcher,
• Matthew D. Hanson,
• Joseph A. Christensen and
• Eric M. Villa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2098–2105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.184

• and bioactive molecules, but depending on the substituent identity, it can be inherently unstable due to Dimroth rearrangements. This study examined parameters governing the ring-degenerate rearrangement reactions of 1-substituted-4-imino-1,2,3-triazoles, expanding on trends first observed by L’abbé

• -containing molecules have also recently been shown to be useful synthons for preparing compounds with anticancer [33] and antituberculosis [34] properties. 1-Substituted-4-imino-1,2,3-triazole analogs are typically prepared from efficient condensation reactions of 1-substituted-4-formyl-1,2,3-triazoles

• -1,2,3-triazoles through a sequence of condensation, rearrangement and hydrolysis steps [42]. While this approach has found recent utility in preparing novel multidentate iminotriazole-based chelators [30][31][32], investigations exploring the parameters governing this rearrangement in greater detail

Hypervalent organoiodine compounds: from reagents to valuable building blocks in synthesis

• Gwendal Grelier,
• Benjamin Darses and
• Philippe Dauban

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1508–1528, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.128

• -dimethylpyrazole. The reaction has been extended to 1,2,3-triazoles, benzotriazole, and pyrazole. In the latter case, the use of (styryl)(aryl)-λ3-iodanes has also proved to be possible, with the styryl moiety being selectively transferred in the first step. The following step of C–H activation then gives access

[3 + 2]-Cycloaddition reaction of sydnones with alkynes

• Veronika Hladíková,
• Jiří Váňa and
• Jiří Hanusek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1317–1348, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.113

• (Scheme 6). A similar experiment was performed by Ohta et al. [60] five years later who irradiated single 3,4-diphenylsydnones and obtained the corresponding 2,4,5-triphenyl-1,2,3-triazoles in 21–24% yields (first misinterpreted as 1,3-diphenyldiazirine [61]). In the same year Angadiyavar and George [62

Atom-economical group-transfer reactions with hypervalent iodine compounds

• Andreas Boelke,
• Peter Finkbeiner and
• Boris J. Nachtsheim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1263–1280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.108

• atom-economical biphenylation of N-heterocycles was developed [33]. This method involved a direct N-arylation of pyrazoles or triazoles 12 under basic conditions, followed by a ruthenium-catalysed C–H arylation with the emerging aryl iodide (Scheme 8). Due to the fact that the first step of this

Sequential Ugi reaction/base-induced ring closing/IAAC protocol toward triazolobenzodiazepine-fused diketopiperazines and hydantoins

• Robby Vroemans,
• Fante Bamba,
• Jonas Winters,
• Joice Thomas,
• Jeroen Jacobs,
• Luc Van Meervelt,
• Jubi John and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 626–633, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.49

• of biological activities [56][57][58]. Owing to our interest in the chemistry of 1,2,3-triazoles [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] and the interesting biological activities of benzodiazepines and 2,5-diketopiperazines, we were motivated to develop a facile route towards

Continuous multistep synthesis of 2-(azidomethyl)oxazoles

• Thaís A. Rossa,
• Nícolas S. Suveges,
• Marcus M. Sá,
• David Cantillo and
• C. Oliver Kappe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 506–514, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.36

• 1,4-disubstituted triazoles 8 through click reaction between 2-azidomethyl-4,5-diaryloxazoles and alkynes in the presence of a copper(I) catalyst (Scheme 2). The authors were able to synthesize an array of small-molecule peptidomimetics that inhibited Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation [34