Synthesis and HDAC inhibitory activity of pyrimidine-based hydroxamic acids

• Virginija Jakubkiene,
• Gabrielius Ernis Valiulis,
• Markus Schweipert,
• Asta Zubriene,
• Daumantas Matulis,
• Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes and
• Sigitas Tumkevicius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 837–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.84

• the corresponding hydroxamic acids. The synthesized hydroxamic acids were tested as inhibitors of the HDAC4 and HDAC8 isoforms. Among the synthesized pyrimidine-based hydroxamic acids N-hydroxy-6-[6-methyl-2-(methylthio)-5-propylpyrimidin-4-yloxy]hexanamide was found to be the most potent inhibitor of

• HDAC proteins, gives them good biological activity in inhibiting these proteins. To date, three HDAC inhibitor drugs containing this functional group in their structure have been approved [6][7] (Figure 1). However, the main disadvantage of many HDAC inhibitors is their low selectivity: most of them

• equilibrium mixture of two isomeric forms. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized hydroxamic acids on HDAC4 and HDAC8 isoforms shows that most of them are prone to inhibit HDAC8 isoform rather than HDAC4. The most potent inhibitor of both the HDAC4 and HDAC8 isoforms was found to be N-hydroxy-6-[6-methyl

Structural basis for endoperoxide-forming oxygenases

• Takahiro Mori and
• Ikuro Abe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 707–721, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.71

• enzymes with tetranitromethane, a reagent for tyrosyl residue nitration, eliminated the cyclooxygenase activity, while the activity was not abolished in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, indicating that the tyrosine residue(s) is the catalytic center for endoperoxide formation

Synthesis of 5-unsubstituted dihydropyrimidinone-4-carboxylates from deep eutectic mixtures

• Sangram Gore,
• Sundarababu Baskaran and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 331–336, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.37

• raltegravir, the first HIV-integrase inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV infection, derived from 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine-4-carboxamide and N-methyl-4-hydroxypyrimidinone-carboxamide [18] and hydroxypyrimidinone carboxamide derivative P01, a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Anomeric 1,2,3-triazole-linked sialic acid derivatives show selective inhibition towards a bacterial neuraminidase over a trypanosome trans-sialidase

• Peterson de Andrade,
• Sanaz Ahmadipour and
• Robert A. Field

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 208–216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.24

• acid from the human host glycoconjugates onto its surface mucins to generate α-2,3-linked sialylated β-galactopyranose units, thus contributing directly to the parasite adhesion and invasion of host cells [12]. Although TcTS is the major parasite virulence factor [13], there is no nanomolar inhibitor

• , it is known that PLP is a TcTS weak inhibitor [35][38] and its inhibition does not involve formation of a Schiff-base intermediate [38]. However, an allosteric modulation of neuraminidase activity has been attributed to a selective modification of murine respirovirus neuraminidase via specific PLP

• -Lysine binding [39]. Although PLP is not a reported neuraminidase inhibitor, its main interaction in the active site could be reasoned based on previous results with sialic acid-derived phosphonate analogues. In this regard, it has been suggested that the inhibition of different strains of influenza

Synthesis and late stage modifications of Cyl derivatives

• Phil Servatius and
• Uli Kazmaier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 174–181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.19

• , such as histone deacetylases. Keywords: chelated enolate; Claisen rearrangement; HDAC inhibitor; peptide; late stage modification; Introduction Among natural products, peptidic structures have entered the limelight due to their extraordinary biological activities [1]. Often found as secondary

• B (Figure 1) is a cyclic tetrapeptide with a rather unusual epoxyketone side chain and was found to be a strong inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) [4][5]. HDACs are nuclear isozymes that regulate gene transcription via a dynamic process of acetylation and deacetylation of lysine residues of

• reactions. The chain length in 14 should generally be suitable for effective HDAC inhibition and the thioester moiety might act as a prodrug as described for the natural HDAC inhibitor largazole. Further investigations are currently in progress. Naturally occurring HDAC inhibitors. Naturally occurring HDAC

Ready access to 7,8-dihydroindolo[2,3-d][1]benzazepine-6(5H)-one scaffold and analogues via early-stage Fischer ring-closure reaction

• Irina Kuznetcova,
• Felix Bacher,
• Daniel Vegh,
• Hsiang-Yu Chuang and
• Vladimir B. Arion

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 143–151, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.15

• unit is shifted and the indole ring is flipped (D). Isomer D has been shown to be a potent tubulin-polymerase inhibitor, while B was only mildly cytotoxic towards cancer cells at a concentration of 1 µM [5][6]. Backbone C, despite being very similar to the other three scaffolds, remained a synthetic

• challenge and practical synthesis is still missing in the literature. Its accessibility may enrich the arsenal of available tools for enzyme inhibitor design by increasing the number of hydrogen bonding donor and acceptor groups at the same side of the backbone, which may result in a tight binding with

Regioselective synthesis of methyl 5-(N-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates as new amino acid-like building blocks

• Jolita Bruzgulienė,
• Greta Račkauskienė,
• Aurimas Bieliauskas,
• Vaida Milišiūnaitė,
• Miglė Dagilienė,
• Gita Matulevičiūtė,
• Vytas Martynaitis,
• Sonata Krikštolaitytė,
• Frank A. Sløk and
• Algirdas Šačkus

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 102–109, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.11

• peptide-like structure. Heterocyclic amino acids and related compounds have been used to prepare synthetic DNA-encoded compound libraries for the discovery of small molecule protein ligands [23][24][25]. Recently, a highly specific and potent p38α kinase inhibitor containing a 3-amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole

Chemoselective N-acylation of indoles using thioesters as acyl source

• Tianri Du,
• Xiangmu Wei,
• Honghong Xu,
• Xin Zhang,
• Ruiru Fang,
• Zheng Yuan,
• Zhi Liang and
• Yahui Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 89–94, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.9

• structural, chemical, and biological properties [1]. For example, indomethacin is a nonselective inhibitor of COX1 and COX2, which is used for treating fever, pain and swelling [2]. Indole analog L-768242 exhibits nanomolar potencies (Ki) with superior selectivity for the hCB2 receptor over the human central

1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis

• Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
• Patricia G. Ferreira,
• Amanda de A. Borges,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi,
• Fernando de Carvalho da Silva and
• Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 53–69, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.5

• good yields from the reaction of β-NQS 18 with 2-amino-5-selenothiazoles, such as 33 and 34. The authors reported that most of the compounds tested had similar anti-inflammatory properties or greater activity than meloxicam (Scheme 8). β-Lapachone (11) is a potent reversible inhibitor of the liver

Peptide stapling by late-stage Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling

• Hendrik Gruß,
• Rebecca C. Feiner,
• Ridhiwan Mseya,
• David C. Schröder,
• Michał Jewgiński,
• Kristian M. Müller,
• Rafał Latajka,
• Antoine Marion and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.1

• curve could not be obtained since it requires high inhibitor concentrations. In addition, the wild-type sequence aAxWt was also tested in the competitive FP assay (Kd = 1448 ± 204 nM) against its FITC-labelled analogue fAxWt, which had been determined in a direct assay (Kd = 1191 ± 182 nM). Finally, the

Efficient N-arylation of 4-chloroquinazolines en route to novel 4-anilinoquinazolines as potential anticancer agents

• Rodolfo H. V. Nishimura,
• Thiago dos Santos,
• Valter E. Murie,
• Luciana C. Furtado,
• Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo and
• Giuliano C. Clososki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2968–2975, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.206

• apoptosis [7]. Figure 1 highlights the structures of three EGFR inhibitors approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and one known tubulin inhibitor: erlotinib (1), gefitinib (2), lapatinib (3), and MPC-6827 – verubulin (4) [5][7]. Given that 4-anilinoquinazolines are potential

• ). The EGFR inhibitor drugs bearing the 4-anilinoquinazoline moiety did not show potent cytotoxic activity against T98G cells (21.3 µM for erlotinib, and 37.8 µM for gefitinib). However, the tubulin polymerization inhibitor (verubulin), which contains 4-anilinoquinazoline in its chemical structure, was

Selective sulfonylation and isonitrilation of para-quinone methides employing TosMIC as a source of sulfonyl group or isonitrile group

• Chuanhua Qu,
• Run Huang,
• Yong Li,
• Tong Liu,
• Yuan Chen and
• Guiting Song

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2822–2831, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.193

• of the radical inhibitor 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) was subjected to the model reaction system, however, the reaction was not inhibited (Scheme 6B). This result suggests that no radical pathway is involved in this transformation. Based on the above experiments, a proposed mechanism

Highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of racemic codonopsinol B through isoxazolidine-4,5-diol vinylation

• Lukáš Ďurina,
• Anna Ďurinová,
• František Trejtnar,
• Ľuboš Janotka,
• Lucia Messingerová,
• Jana Doháňošová,
• Ján Moncol and
• Róbert Fischer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2781–2786, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.188

• . Codonopsinol B, together with its N-nor-methyl analogue 2, proved to be a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor (Figure 1). The potency it showed is higher than that of the known natural alkaloids such as radicamines A and B [3][4], and codonopsinol [5]. In contrast, the unnatural enantiomers of 1 and radicamine A

Recent advances in the asymmetric phosphoric acid-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral compounds

• Alemayehu Gashaw Woldegiorgis and
• Xufeng Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2729–2764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.185

• diarylamines that exist as rapidly interconverting atropisomers, and a VEGFR inhibitor from Wyeth contains a potentially atropisomeric N-arylquinoid [95][96]. In 2020, Gustafson and co-workers reported the first chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed atroposelective electrophilic halogenation of N-arylquinoids 95, a

Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues

• Umesh P. Aher,
• Dhananjai Srivastava,
• Girij P. Singh and
• Jayashree B. S

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182

• ), which may be responsible for such differences [24]. Initial results point at a conventional mechanism of action. Therein, the investigation of the cellular metabolism predicts triphosphate formation of the compounds by phosphorylation, and the resulting nucleotide is a selective inhibitor of the HIV-1

Exfoliated black phosphorous-mediated CuAAC chemistry for organic and macromolecular synthesis under white LED and near-IR irradiation

• Azra Kocaarslan,
• Zafer Eroglu,
• Önder Metin and
• Yusuf Yagci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2477–2487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.164

• ’’-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA, Aldrich), sodium azide (NaN3, Panreac), copper(II) chloride (CuIICl2, Merck), black phosphorus, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as received. Propargyl acrylate (Sigma), styrene (Merck) were purified before by using a basic alumina column to remove the inhibitor and then stored in the

(Phenylamino)pyrimidine-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as analogs of imatinib: searching for novel compounds against chronic myeloid leukemia

• Luiz Claudio Ferreira Pimentel,
• Lucas Villas Boas Hoelz,
• Henayle Fernandes Canzian,
• Frederico Silva Castelo Branco,
• Andressa Paula de Oliveira,
• Vinicius Rangel Campos,
• Floriano Paes Silva Júnior,
• Rafael Ferreira Dantas,
• Jackson Antônio Lamounier Camargos Resende,
• Anna Claudia Cunha,
• Nubia Boechat and
• Mônica Macedo Bastos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2260–2269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.144

• with the interactions found for IMT in the 3PYY crystal. The analysis of the inhibitor complexes 2c and 2g and BCR-Abl-1 showed interactions similar to those described for IMT (Figure 4a). Thus, compound 2c presented hydrogen-bonding interactions with Asp400 and Leu383 (hydrogen bonding energy of −1.31

• (Molecular Devices). After the first reading, the plate was returned to the incubator, and after one hour, the second reading was performed, completing the 48 hours of incubation with the compounds. The reference inhibitor used was IMT at fixed concentrations of 1 μM and 10 μM. Molecular docking The Molegro

• with the lowest interaction energy were evaluated. The interactions between BCR-Abl-1 and each inhibitor were analyzed using the ligand map algorithm, a standard algorithm in the MVD program [50]. The usual threshold values for H-bonds and steric interactions were used. All figures for molecular

Catalyzed and uncatalyzed procedures for the syntheses of isomeric covalent multi-indolyl hetero non-metallides: an account

• Ranadeep Talukdar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2102–2122, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.137

• -hydrogen in the diallylsulfoxide (123) did not allow any Pummerer rearrangement [88][89]. Selenides In 1997, Showalter synthesized bis(indol-2-yl)selanes (or selenides) 130 having potential tyrosine kinase inhibitor activities [90][91]. The synthesis was achieved by reacting diselenium dichloride with (R

Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides

• Giulio Fittolani,
• Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas,
• Denisa Vargová,
• Manishkumar A. Chaube and
• Martina Delbianco

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1981–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.129

• differences in the conformational behavior of the two analogues (β(1–3) vs β(1–4) oligomers), it was observed that the β(1–3)-mimetic was still recognized by wheat germ agglutinin and a chitinase enzyme, and could act as a moderate inhibitor of chitin hydrolysis [268]. Mannose- and rhamnose-based

On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets

• Renato L. Carvalho,
• Amanda S. de Miranda,
• Mateus P. Nunes,
• Roberto S. Gomes,
• Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
• Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126

• to be a helpful strategy in the synthesis of compound LY2784544 (41), a potent inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 that is under clinical trials for the management of myeloproliferative disorders (Scheme 14B) [109][110]. Beyond that, this class of molecules (imidazopyridazines) are known to present a potent

• effects (85–89, Scheme 31A), such as antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitor, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities [164]. The reaction was promoted by non heme-Fe catalyst, behaving similarly to the bioinspired iron catalyst in a redox-selective way. The combination of Fe(phen)3(PF6)3 and tertiary

• anilines afforded α-aminoalkyl radicals that could be coupled with a wide range of electrophilic partners to afford the products in moderate to good yields. The new reaction was also used in the first step of the total synthesis of a caspase-3 inhibitor (90), and mechanistic investigations showed that O2

Natural products in the predatory defence of the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus

• Jana M. Boysen,
• Nauman Saeed and
• Falk Hillmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1814–1827, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.124

• since it was shown to be an effective inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production by preventing the activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and was thus proposed for potential use against atherosclerosis [67]. Furthermore fumigaclavine C has also proven effective against MCF-7

Sustainable manganese catalysis for late-stage C–H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs

• Jongwoo Son

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1733–1751, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.122

• derivatives of complex biologically active compounds and natural products were evaluated in the late-stage benzylic C–H amination process using MnIII(ClPc) (18) and iminoiodinane. For example, the amination of FKGK11 (17a), a potent inhibitor of iPLA2, proceeded smoothly in a moderate yield. Notably

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

Cascade intramolecular Prins/Friedel–Crafts cyclization for the synthesis of 4-aryltetralin-2-ols and 5-aryltetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-7-ols

• Jie Zheng,
• Shuyu Meng and
• Quanrui Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1481–1489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.104

• spectrum of biological activities [1][2][3]. Some representative compounds comprising this skeleton are illustrated in Figure 1. Cycloolivil (Figure 1, 2) [4], which is isolated from the stem bark of Olea europaea, has been recognized as inhibitor of cyclic AMP dependent phosphodiesterase, can act as a Ca2

Synthesis of 1-indolyl-3,5,8-substituted γ-carbolines: one-pot solvent-free protocol and biological evaluation

• Premansh Dudhe,
• Mena Asha Krishnan,
• Kratika Yadav,
• Diptendu Roy,
• Krishnan Venkatasubbaiah,
• Biswarup Pathak and
• Venkatesh Chelvam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1453–1463, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.101

• -pyrido[3,4-b]indole (β-carboline) is the most naturally abundant, present for instance, in the alkaloid harmine, a well-known selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) [1]. On the contrary, 5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indoles (γ-carbolines) are comparatively less examined, although these heterocycles have