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Search for "stereoselective" in Full Text gives 585 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
One-pot nucleophilic substitution–double click reactions of biazides leading to functionalized bis(1,2,3-triazole) derivatives
- Hans-Ulrich Reissig and
- Fei Yu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1399–1407, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.101
- the alkynyl-substituted 1,2-oxazin-4-ol derivative 19 which is smoothly available from the corresponding ketone 6 by highly stereoselective reduction with sodium borohydride [53]. Starting from 1,3- (8) or 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (16), respectively, the approved conditions in the presence of TBTA
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Earlier approaches to multivalent carbohydrate mimetics B, D or F based on enantiopure aminopyran a...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of model compound 3 under conventional conditions and as a one-pot process employing benz...
Scheme 3: One-pot reaction employing enantiopure alkynyl-substituted 1,2-oxazin-4-one derivative 6 leading to...
Scheme 4: One-pot reactions of dihalides 8 and 11 with sodium azide and alkyne 2 leading to symmetric divalen...
Scheme 5: One-pot reactions employing enantiopure alkynyl-substituted 1,2-oxazin-4-one derivative 6 leading t...
Scheme 6: One-pot reaction employing enantiopure alkynyl-substituted 1,2-oxazin-4-ol derivative 19 leading to...
Scheme 7: Reductive ring-openings of 1,2-oxazine derivatives 19 and 23 as simple model compounds by hydrogeno...
Scheme 8: Attempted reductive ring-openings of compound 21 by hydrogenolysis or by samarium diiodide leading ...
Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues
- Marco Antônio G. B. Gomes,
- Alicia Bauduin,
- Chloé Le Roux,
- Romain Fouinneteau,
- Wilfried Berthe,
- Mathieu Berchel,
- Hélène Couthon and
- Paul-Alain Jaffrès
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1299–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.96
- NaH, DMF) were applied to prepare enantiopure (R)-6.1 or (S)-6.1 from commercially available enantiopure solketal [75][76][78]. For the protected secondary alcohol of the glycerol derivative 6.6a (Figure 6B), a stereoselective synthesis, starting from either ᴅ- or ʟ-tartaric acids, produced first the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structure of some natural ether lipids (ELs).
Figure 2: Synthesis of lyso-PAF and PAF from 1-O-alkylglycerol [64].
Figure 3: Synthesis of lyso-PAF from 1,3-benzylideneglycerol 3.1 [69].
Figure 4: A) Synthesis of the two enantiomers of octadecylglycerol (4.6 and 4.10) from ᴅ-mannitol (4.1); B) s...
Figure 5: Four-step synthesis of PAF 5.6 from (S)-glycidol [73].
Figure 6: Synthesis of 1-O-alkylglycerol A) from solketal, B) from ᴅ- or ʟ-tartaric acid and the intermediate ...
Figure 7: Synthesis of EL building blocks starting from substituted glycidol 7.1a–c [82].
Figure 8: Synthesis of PAF 8.5 by using phosphoramidite 8.2 [86].
Figure 9: Synthesis of oleyl-PAF 9.7 from ʟ-serine [88].
Figure 10: Synthesis of racemic analogues of lyso-PAF 10.8 and PAF 10.9 featuring a phenyl group between the g...
Figure 11: Synthesis of racemic deoxy-lyso-PAF 11.7 and deoxy-PAF 11.8 [91].
Figure 12: Synthesis of racemic thio-PAF 12.8 [93].
Figure 13: Racemic synthesis of 13.6 to illustrate the modification of the glycerol backbone by adding a methy...
Figure 14: Racemic synthesis of 14.5 as an illustration of the introduction of methyl substituents on the glyc...
Figure 15: Synthesis of functionalized sn-2-acyl chains of PC-EL; A) Steglich esterification or acylation reac...
Figure 16: Synthesis of racemic mc-PAF (16.3), a carbamate analogue of PAF [102].
Figure 17: A) Synthesis of (R)-17.2 and (S)-17.6 starting from (S)-solketal (17.1); B) synthesis of N3-PAF (17...
Figure 18: Modification of the phosphocholine polar head to produce PAF analogues [81].
Figure 19: Racemic PAF analogues 19.3 and 19.5 characterized by the absence of the phosphate group [107].
Figure 20: Synthesis of PIP3-PAF (20.7) [108].
Figure 21: Large-scale synthesis of C18-edelfosine (21.8) [116].
Figure 22: Synthesis of C16-edelfosine (22.10) starting from isopropylidene-ʟ-glyceric acid methyl ester (22.1...
Figure 23: Phosphocholine moiety installation by the use of chlorophosphite 23.2 as key reagent [119].
Figure 24: Synthesis of rac-1-alkyl-2-O-methylglycerol (AMG) [120].
Figure 25: Synthesis of stereocontrolled 1-alkyl-2-O-methyl glycerol 25.9 (AMG) from dimethyl ᴅ-tartrate [81].
Figure 26: A) Racemic synthesis of thioether 26.4 [129,130], B) structure of sulfone analogue 26.5 [129].
Figure 27: Stereocontrolled synthesis of C18-edelfosine thioether analogue 27.8 [118].
Figure 28: Synthesis of thioether 28.4 that include a thiophosphate function [134].
Figure 29: Synthesis of ammonium thioether 29.4 and 29.6 [135].
Figure 30: Synthesis of the N-methylamino analogue of edelfosine 30.6 (BN52211) [138].
Figure 31: Synthesis of 1-desoxy analogues of edelfosine; A) with a saturated alkyl chain; B) synthesis of the...
Figure 32: Stereocontrolled synthesis of edelfosine analogue (S)-32.8 featuring a C18:1 lipid chain [142].
Figure 33: Synthesis of edelfosine analogues with modulation of the lipid chain; A) illustration with the synt...
Figure 34: Synthesis of phospholipid featuring a carbamate function to link the lipid chain to the glycerol un...
Figure 35: Synthesis of sesquiterpene conjugates of phospho glycero ether lipids [148].
Figure 36: Racemic synthesis of methyl-substituted glycerol analogues 36.7 and 36.10: A) synthesis of diether ...
Figure 37: Racemic synthesis of ilmofosine (37.6) [155,156].
Figure 38: A) Stereoselective synthesis of 38.5 via a stereoselective hydroboration reaction; B) synthesis of ...
Figure 39: Racemic synthesis of SRI62-834 (39.6) featuring a spiro-tetrahydrofurane heterocycle in position 2 ...
Figure 40: Racemic synthesis of edelfosine analogue 40.5 featuring an imidazole moiety in sn-2 position [160].
Figure 41: Racemic synthesis of fluorine-functionalized EL: A) Synthesis of 41.6 and B) synthesis of 41.8 [161-163].
Figure 42: A) Synthesis of the β-keto-ester 42.6 that also features a decyl linker between the phosphate and t...
Figure 43: Synthesis of phosphonate-based ether lipids; A) edelfosine phosphonate analogue 43.7 and B) thioeth...
Figure 44: Enantioselective synthesis of phosphonates 44.3 and 44.4 [171].
Figure 45: Racemic synthesis of phosphinate-based ether lipid 45.10 [172].
Figure 46: Racemic synthesis of edelfosine arsonium analogue 46.5 [173].
Figure 47: Synthesis of edelfosine dimethylammonium analogue 47.2 [118].
Figure 48: Synthesis of rac-C18-edelfosine methylammonium analogue 48.4 [176].
Figure 49: A) Synthesis of edelfosine N-methylpyrrolidinium analogue 49.2 or N-methylmorpholinium analogue 49.3...
Figure 50: A) Synthesis of edelfosine’s analogue 50.4 with a PE polar group; B) illustration of a pyridinium d...
Figure 51: A) Synthesis of 51.4 featuring a thiazolium cationic moiety; B) synthesis of thiazolium-based EL 51...
Figure 52: Synthesis of cationic ether lipids 52.3, 52.4 and 52.6 [135,183].
Figure 53: Synthesis of cationic carbamate ether lipid 53.5 [184].
Figure 54: Synthesis of cationic sulfonamide 54.5 [185].
Figure 55: Chemical structure of ONO-6240 (55.1) and SRI-63-119 (55.2).
Figure 56: Synthesis of non-ionic ether lipids 56.2–56.9 [188].
Figure 57: Synthesis of ether lipid conjugated to foscarnet 57.6 [189].
Figure 58: A) Synthesis of ether lipid conjugated to arabinofuranosylcytosine; B) synthesis of AZT conjugated ...
Figure 59: Synthesis of quercetin conjugate to edelfosine [191].
Figure 60: Synthesis of 60.8 (Glc-PAF) [194].
Figure 61: A) Synthesis of amino ether lipid 61.7 functionalized with a rhamnose unit and its amide analogue 6...
Figure 62: A) Synthesis of glucose ether lipid 62.4; B) structure of ether lipid 62.5 possessing a maltose uni...
Figure 63: A) Synthesis of glucuronic methyl ester 63.8; B) structure of cellobiose 63.9 and maltose 63.10 ana...
Figure 64: A) Synthesis of maltosyl glycerolipid 64.7; B) structure of lactose analogue 64.8 prepared followin...
Figure 65: A) Asymmetric synthesis of the aglycone moiety starting from allyl 4-methoxyphenyl ether; B) glycos...
Figure 66: A) Synthesis of ohmline possessing a lactose moiety. B) Structure of other glyco glycero lipids pre...
Figure 67: A) Synthesis of lactose-glycerol ether lipid 67.5; B) analogues possessing a maltose (67.6) or meli...
Figure 68: Synthesis of digalactosyl EL 68.6, A) by using trityl, benzyl and acetyl protecting groups, B) by u...
Figure 69: A) Synthesis of α-ohmline; B) structure of disaccharide ether lipids prepared by using similar meth...
Figure 70: Synthesis of lactose ether lipid 70.3 and its analogue 70.6 featuring a carbamate function as linke...
Figure 71: Synthesis of rhamnopyranoside diether 71.4 [196].
Figure 72: Synthesis of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-S-(α-ᴅ-1'-thioglucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (72.5) [225].
Figure 73: A) Preparation of lipid intermediate 73.4; B) synthesis of 2-desoxy-C-glycoside 73.10 [226].
Figure 74: Synthesis of galactose-pyridinium salt 74.3 [228].
Figure 75: Synthesis of myo-inositol derivative Ino-C2-PAF (75.10) [230].
Figure 76: A) Synthesis of myo-inositol phosphate building block 76.7; B) synthesis of myo-inositolphosphate d...
Figure 77: A) Synthesis of phosphatidyl-3-desoxy-inositol 77.4; B) synthesis of phosphono-3-desoxyinositol 77.9...
Figure 78: A) Structure of diether phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-3,4-diphosphate 78.1; B) synthesis of phosphatidy...
Figure 79: A) Synthesis of diether-phosphatidyl derivative 79.4 featuring a hydroxymethyl group in place of a ...
Figure 80: Synthesis of Glc-amine-PAF [78].
Figure 81: Synthesis of glucosamine ether lipid 81.4 and its analogues functionalized in position 3 of the ami...
Figure 82: Synthesis of fully deprotected aminoglucoside ether lipid 82.5 [246].
Figure 83: Synthesis of C-aminoglycoside 83.12 using Ramberg–Bäcklund rearrangement as a key step [250].
Figure 84: A) List of the most important glyco lipids and amino glyco lipids included in the study of Arthur a...
Figure 85: Synthesis of mannosamine ether lipid 85.6 [254].
Figure 86: A) Synthesis of glucosamine ether lipids with a non-natural ʟ-glucosamine moiety; B) synthesis of e...
Figure 87: A) Structure of the most efficient anticancer agents 87.1–87.4 featuring a diamino glyco ether lipi...
Figure 88: A) Synthesis of diamino glyco ether lipid 87.4; B) synthesis of bis-glycosylated ether lipid 88.10 [256]....
Figure 89: Synthesis of triamino ether lipid 89.4 [260].
Figure 90: Synthesis of chlorambucil conjugate 90.7 [261].
Figure 91: Three main methods for the preparation of glycerol ether lipid 91.3; A) from solketal and via a tri...
Figure 92: Four different methods for the installation of the phosphocholine polar head group; A) method using...
Figure 93: Illustration of two methods for the installation of saccharides or aminosaccharides; A) O-glycosyla...
Acetaldehyde in the Enders triple cascade reaction via acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal
- Alessandro Brusa,
- Debora Iapadre,
- Maria Edith Casacchia,
- Alessio Carioscia,
- Giuliana Giorgianni,
- Giandomenico Magagnano,
- Fabio Pesciaioli and
- Armando Carlone
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.92
- process which involves two consecutives stereoselective reactions. The control of the diastereomeric ratio is, however, difficult to attain as demonstrated by an extensive screening and is always near 50:50 without significant deviations changing the reaction conditions. On the contrary, the use of
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Original triple organocatalytic cascade reaction developed by Enders.
Figure 1: Approaches based on the original Enders cascade reaction to access trisubstituted cyclohexene carba...
Scheme 2: Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (6) as an acetaldehyde surrogate to effect a triple organocatalytic ca...
Figure 2: Scope of the cascade reaction using 6 as an acetaldehyde equivalent. Reaction conditions: 3 (0.5 mm...
Aromatic C–H bond functionalization through organocatalyzed asymmetric intermolecular aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction: a recent update
- Anup Biswas
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 956–981, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.72
- acyclic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, and polycyclic molecular architectures with high molecular complexity. In particular, asymmetric organocatalysis plays a pivotal role in the construction of optically active, bioactive, and natural products. The main advantages of organocatalyzed stereoselective
- categorized into two major divisions: 1) covalent bonding and 2) noncovalent bonding catalysts. A covalent bonding organocatalyst reacts with a substrate to form an activated chiral intermediate which undergoes a stereoselective reaction with another reagent. A noncovalent bonding catalyst usually assembles
- the reaction partners in a highly ordered three dimensional transition state through noncovalent interactions (like H-bonding, π–π interactions) thus promoting the stereoselective reaction. Examples of covalent bonding organocatalysts are amines [6][7], N-heterocyclic carbenes [8][9], phosphines [10
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: First organocatalyzed asymmetric aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 2: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between indoles and cyclic ketimines.
Scheme 3: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction utilizing trifluoromethyldihydrobenzoazepinoindoles as electrophiles.
Scheme 4: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction utilizing cyclic N-sulfimines as electrophiles.
Scheme 5: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction involving N-unprotected imino ester as electrophile.
Scheme 6: Aza-Friedel–Crafts and lactonization cascade.
Scheme 7: One-pot oxidation and aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 8: C1 and C2-symmetric phosphoric acids as catalysts.
Scheme 9: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction using Nps-iminophosphonates as electrophiles.
Scheme 10: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between indole and α-iminophosphonate.
Scheme 11: [2.2]-Paracyclophane-derived chiral phosphoric acids as catalyst.
Scheme 12: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction through ring opening of sulfamidates.
Scheme 13: Isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione scaffolds as electrophiles.
Scheme 14: Functionalization of the carbocyclic ring of substituted indoles.
Scheme 15: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between unprotected imines and aza-heterocycles.
Scheme 16: Anilines and α-naphthols as potential nucleophiles.
Scheme 17: Solvent-controlled regioselective aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 18: Generating central and axial chirality via aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 19: Reaction between indoles and racemic 2,3-dihydroisoxazol-3-ol derivatives.
Scheme 20: Exploiting 5-aminoisoxazoles as nucleophiles.
Scheme 21: Reaction between unsubstituted indoles and 3-alkynylated 3-hydroxy-1-oxoisoindolines.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of unnatural amino acids bearing an aza-quaternary stereocenter.
Scheme 23: Atroposelective aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 24: Coupling of 5-aminopyrazole and 3H-indol-3-ones.
Scheme 25: Pyrophosphoric acid-catalyzed aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction on phenols.
Scheme 26: Squaramide-assisted aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 27: Thiourea-catalyzed aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 28: Squaramide-catalyzed reaction between β-naphthols and benzothiazolimines.
Scheme 29: Thiourea-catalyzed reaction between β-naphthol and isatin-derived ketamine.
Scheme 30: Quinine-derived molecule as catalyst.
Scheme 31: Cinchona alkaloid as catalyst.
Scheme 32: aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction by phase transfer catalyst.
Scheme 33: Disulfonamide-catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 34: Heterogenous thiourea-catalyzed aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 35: Total synthesis of (+)-gracilamine.
Scheme 36: Total synthesis of (−)-fumimycin.
Asymmetric tandem conjugate addition and reaction with carbocations on acylimidazole Michael acceptors
- Brigita Mudráková,
- Renata Marcia de Figueiredo,
- Jean-Marc Campagne and
- Radovan Šebesta
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 881–888, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.65
- 10.3762/bjoc.19.65 Abstract We present here a stereoselective tandem reaction based on the asymmetric conjugate addition of dialkylzinc reagents to unsaturated acylimidazoles followed by trapping of the intermediate zinc enolate with carbocations. The use of a chiral NHC ligand provides chiral zinc
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Concept of this work.
Scheme 2: Initial experiments for the trapping of the intermediate enolate Enl-1a with tropylium NTf2.
Scheme 3: The reaction scope.
Figure 1: Comparison of DFT-calculated and experimental ECD of (2R,3R)-4 and (2S,3R)-4.
Figure 2: DFT calculated (ωB97X-D4/def2-TZVPPD//PBEh-3c/def2-mSVP) HOMO energies and NBO charges for represen...
Pyridine C(sp2)–H bond functionalization under transition-metal and rare earth metal catalysis
- Haritha Sindhe,
- Malladi Mounika Reddy,
- Karthikeyan Rajkumar,
- Akshay Kamble,
- Amardeep Singh,
- Anand Kumar and
- Satyasheel Sharma
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 820–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.62
- . Except lately, in 2020, Chen and group [82] reported a Pd/Cu-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective synthesis of C2-alkenylated pyridines starting from internal alkynes 84 and pyridinium salts in a stereodivergent manner (Scheme 17a). The interesting part of this work was the switching of the alkene
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative examples of bioactive natural products and FDA-approved drugs containing a pyridine ...
Scheme 1: Classical and traditional methods for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines.
Scheme 2: Rare earth metal (Ln)-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 3: Pd-catalyzed C–H alkylation of pyridine N-oxide.
Scheme 4: CuI-catalyzed C–H alkylation of N-iminopyridinium ylides with tosylhydrazones (A) and a plausible r...
Scheme 5: Zirconium complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 6: Rare earth metal-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with nonpolar unsaturated substrates.
Scheme 7: Heterobimetallic Rh–Al complex-catalyzed ortho-C–H monoalkylation of pyridines.
Scheme 8: Mono(phosphinoamido)-rare earth complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 9: Rhodium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with acrylates and acrylamides.
Scheme 10: Ni–Al bimetallic system-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 11: Iridium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 12: para-C(sp2)–H Alkylation of pyridines with alkenes.
Scheme 13: Enantioselective pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 14: Pd-catalyzed C2-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 15: Ru-catalyzed C-6 (C-2)-propenylation of 2-arylated pyridines.
Scheme 16: C–H addition of allenes to pyridines catalyzed by half-sandwich Sc metal complex.
Scheme 17: Pd-catalyzed stereodivergent synthesis of alkenylated pyridines.
Scheme 18: Pd-catalyzed ligand-promoted selective C3-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 19: Mono-N-protected amino acids in Pd-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 20: Amide-directed and rhodium-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 21: Bimetallic Ni–Al-catalyzed para-selective alkenylation of pyridine.
Scheme 22: Arylboronic ester-assisted pyridine direct C–H arylation.
Scheme 23: Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation/benzylation with toluene.
Scheme 24: Pd-catalyzed pyridine C–H arylation with potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
Scheme 25: Transient activator strategy in pyridine C–H biarylation.
Scheme 26: Ligand-promoted C3-arylation of pyridine.
Scheme 27: Pd-catalyzed arylation of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids.
Scheme 28: Iron-catalyzed and imine-directed C–H arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 29: Pd–(bipy-6-OH) cooperative system-mediated direct pyridine C3-arylation.
Scheme 30: Pd-catalyzed pyridine N-oxide C–H arylation with heteroarylcarboxylic acids.
Scheme 31: Pd-catalyzed C–H cross-coupling of pyridine N-oxides with five-membered heterocycles.
Scheme 32: Cu-catalyzed dehydrative biaryl coupling of azine(pyridine) N-oxides and oxazoles.
Scheme 33: Rh(III)-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative C3-heteroarylation of pyridines.
Scheme 34: Pd-catalyzed C3-selective arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 35: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative C–H annulation of pyridines to quinolines.
Scheme 36: Rhodium-catalyzed and NHC-directed C–H annulation of pyridine.
Scheme 37: Ni/NHC-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective C–H cyclization of pyridines.
Scheme 38: Rare earth metal-catalyzed intramolecular C–H cyclization of pyridine to azaindolines.
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed alkenylation of bipyridine with terminal silylacetylenes.
Scheme 40: Rollover cyclometallation in Rh-catalyzed pyridine C–H functionalization.
Scheme 41: Rollover pathway in Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of N,N,N-tridentate chelating compounds.
Scheme 42: Pd-catalyzed rollover pathway in bipyridine-6-carboxamides C–H arylation.
Scheme 43: Rh-catalyzed C3-acylmethylation of bipyridine-6-carboxamides with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 44: Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of bipyridines with alkynes.
Scheme 45: Rh-catalyzed C–H acylmethylation and annulation of bipyridine with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 46: Iridium-catalyzed C4-borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 47: C3-Borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed regioselective synthesis of silylated dihydropyridines.
Synthesis of medium and large phostams, phostones, and phostines
- Jiaxi Xu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 687–699, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.50
- construction of the rings. However, the synthetic methods are still limited, especially for asymmetric synthetic methods. Thus, it is clear that highly stereoselective asymmetric synthetic methods to access various medium and large phostam, phostone, and phostine derivatives are in high demand and should be
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically active agents and chiral ligands containing medium and large phostams, phostones, and ...
Figure 2: Synthetic strategies for the preparation of medium and large phostams, phostones, and phostines.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 1,2-azaphosphepine 2-oxide, 1,2-azaphosphocine 2-oxide, 1,2-azaphosphepane 2-oxide, an...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of bis[1,2]oxaphosphepine 2-oxide from tert-butyl 2-(bis(allyloxy)phosphoryl)pent-4-enoat...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 2-ethoxy-5H-benzo[f][1,2]oxaphosphepine 2-oxides from 2-allylphenyl ethyl vinylphospho...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3,6-dihydrobenzo[g][1,2]oxaphosphocine 2-oxides from 2-allylphenyl ethyl ally...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of benzothiophene-fused 2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaphosphecane 2-oxide from (4-allyl-2-(4-methylphe...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of benzothiophene-fused 2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaphosphecane 2-oxide from benzyl hydrogen ((4-all...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of benzothiophene-fused 2-hydroxy-1-oxa-2-phosphacycloundecane 2-oxide from benzyl hydrog...
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 5,6,7-trihydro-1,2-oxaphosphepine 2-oxide and its benzo derivatives from 3-bromobut-3-...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-fused 2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaphosphonane 2-oxide from benzyl hydroge...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of 3-phenoxybenzo[f]pyreno[1,10-cd][1,2]oxaphosphepine 3-oxide from diphenyl pyren-1-ylph...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 1,2-oxaphosphepane 2-oxides and 1,2-oxaphosphocane 2-oxide from hydrogen methyl hex-5-...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 2-methoxy-1,2-oxaphosphinane 2-oxides, 1,2-oxaphosphepine 2-oxides, 1,2-oxaphosphepane...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 1,2-azaphosphepane 2-oxide and its benzo derivatives from 5-bromohex-5-en-1-yl methylp...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydronaphtho[2,1-c][1,2]oxaphosphinine 4-oxide and 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of 2-alkoxy-3,5-dimethylene-1,2-oxaphosphepane 2-oxides from dialkyl 2-bromo-1-methylethy...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of 14-methyl-2-phenoxy-1-oxa-2-phosphacyclotetradecane 2-oxide from phenyl hydrogen (12-h...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 5-oxo-1,3,5-trihydrobenzo[f][1,2]azaphosphepine 2-oxides from 1,2-dihydro-4H-benzo[d][...
Scheme 18: Synthesis of 3-hydrobenzo[f][1,2]oxaphosphepin-5(4H)-one 2-oxides from 2-phenyl/alkoxy-4H-benzo[d][...
Scheme 19: Synthesis of bicyclic seven- and eight-membered phosphotones from cycloalk-2-enones and dimethyl ph...
Scheme 20: Synthesis of binaphthylene-fused phosphotones from (M)-2'-methyl-[1,1'-binaphthalen]-2-ol and pheny...
Scheme 21: Synthesis of bicyclic phosphotone from (1S,2R)-2-methyl-3-(phenylsulfonyl)cyclohept-3-en-1-ol and d...
Enolates ambushed – asymmetric tandem conjugate addition and subsequent enolate trapping with conventional and less traditional electrophiles
- Péter Kisszékelyi and
- Radovan Šebesta
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 593–634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.44
- stereocenters were isolated in excellent yields and high diastereoselectivity. The authors have shown that catalyst loadings as low as 0.5 mol % can still be sufficient to promote the highly stereoselective reaction. Similarly to aldol reactions, Mannich-type additions are also suitable to trap the metal
- stereoselective methodologies have been published that demonstrate the Cu- or Ni-catalyzed conjugate addition of organozincs to α,β-unsaturated ketones 14 followed by the reaction of the metal enolate with a nitroolefin (20) (Table 1) [30][31][32][33]. These reactions were facilitated by different ligand families
- stereoselective conjugate borylation of cyclobutene 1-carboxyester 175 (Scheme 45A) [87]. As a result, the cis-β-boronyl cyclobutylcarboxyester 176 was prepared on a gram scale with 80% yield and an excellent 99% ee (dr >20:1). Subsequent transformation to the corresponding trifluoroborate salt 177 resulted in a
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General scheme depicting tandem reactions based on an asymmetric conjugate addition followed by an ...
Scheme 2: Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition of R2Zn/aldol reaction with chiral acetals.
Scheme 3: Cu-catalyzed asymmetric desymmetrization of cyclopentene-1,3-diones using a tandem conjugate additi...
Scheme 4: Stereocontrolled assembly of dialkylzincs, cyclic enones, and sulfinylimines utilizing a Cu-catalyz...
Scheme 5: Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition/Mannich reaction (A). Access to chiral isoindolinones and tr...
Scheme 6: Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition/nitro-Mannich reaction (A) with syn–anti or syn–syn selectiv...
Figure 1: Various chiral ligands utilized for the tandem conjugate addition/Michael reaction sequences.
Scheme 7: Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition/Michael reaction: side-product formation with chalcone (A) a...
Scheme 8: Zn enolate trapping using allyl iodides (A), Stork–Jung vinylsilane reagents (B), and allyl bromide...
Scheme 9: Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition/acylation through Li R2Zn enolate (A). A four-component coup...
Scheme 10: Selected examples for the Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition/trifluoromethylthiolation sequence....
Scheme 11: Zn enolates trapped by vinyloxiranes: synthesis of allylic alcohols.
Scheme 12: Stereoselective cyclopropanation of Mg enolates formed by ACA of Grignard reagents to chlorocrotona...
Scheme 13: Domino aldol reactions of Mg enolates formed from coumarin and chromone.
Scheme 14: Oxidative coupling of ACA-produced Mg enolates.
Scheme 15: Tandem ACA of Grignard reagents to enones and Mannich reaction.
Scheme 16: Diastereodivergent Mannich reaction of Mg enolates with differently N-protected imines.
Scheme 17: Tandem Grignard–ACA–Mannich using Taddol-based phosphine-phosphite ligands.
Scheme 18: Tandem reaction of Mg enolates with aminomethylating reagents.
Scheme 19: Tandem reaction composed of Grignard ACA to alkynyl enones.
Scheme 20: Rh/Cu-catalyzed tandem reaction of diazo enoates leading to cyclobutanes.
Scheme 21: Tandem Grignard-ACA of cyclopentenones and alkylation of enolates.
Scheme 22: Tandem ACA of Grignard reagents followed by enolate trapping reaction with onium compounds.
Scheme 23: Mg enolates generated from unsaturated lactones in reaction with activated alkenes.
Scheme 24: Lewis acid mediated ACA to amides and SN2 cyclization of a Br-appended enolate.
Scheme 25: Trapping reactions of aza-enolates with Michael acceptors.
Scheme 26: Si enolates generated by TMSOTf-mediated ACA of Grignard reagents and enolate trapping reaction wit...
Scheme 27: Trapping reactions of enolates generated from alkenyl heterocycles (A) and carboxylic acids (B) wit...
Scheme 28: Reactions of heterocyclic Mg enolates with onium compounds.
Scheme 29: Synthetic transformations of cycloheptatrienyl and benzodithiolyl substituents.
Scheme 30: Aminomethylation of Al enolates generated by ACA of trialkylaluminum reagents.
Scheme 31: Trapping reactions of enolates with activated alkenes.
Scheme 32: Alkynylation of racemic aluminum or magnesium enolates.
Scheme 33: Trapping reactions of Zr enolates generated by Cu-ACA of organozirconium reagents.
Scheme 34: Chloromethylation of Zr enolates using the Vilsmeier–Haack reagent.
Scheme 35: Tandem conjugate borylation with subsequent protonation or enolate trapping by an electrophile.
Scheme 36: Tandem conjugate borylation/aldol reaction of cyclohexenones.
Scheme 37: Selected examples for the tandem asymmetric borylation/intramolecular aldol reaction; synthesis of ...
Scheme 38: Cu-catalyzed tandem methylborylation of α,β-unsaturated phosphine oxide in the presence of (R,Sp)-J...
Scheme 39: Cu-catalyzed tandem transannular conjugated borylation/aldol cyclization of macrocycles containing ...
Scheme 40: Stereoselective tandem conjugate borylation/Mannich cyclization: selected examples (A) and a multi-...
Scheme 41: Some examples of Cu-catalyzed asymmetric tandem borylation/aldol cyclization (A). Application to di...
Scheme 42: Atropisomeric P,N-ligands used in tandem conjugate borylation/aldol cyclization sequence.
Scheme 43: Selected examples for the enantioselective Cu-catalyzed borylation/intramolecular Michael addition ...
Scheme 44: Selected examples for the preparation of enantioenriched spiroindanes using a Cu-catalyzed tandem c...
Scheme 45: Enantioselective conjugate borylation of cyclobutene-1-carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester 175 wit...
Scheme 46: Cu-catalyzed enantioselective tandem conjugate silylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones with subsequen...
Scheme 47: Cu-catalyzed enantioselective tandem conjugate silylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones with subsequen...
Scheme 48: Cu-catalyzed tandem conjugate silylation/aldol condensation. The diastereoselectivity is controlled...
Scheme 49: Chiral Ru-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction.
Scheme 50: Rh-Phebox complex-catalyzed reductive cyclization and subsequent reaction with Michael acceptors th...
Scheme 51: Rh-catalyzed tandem asymmetric conjugate alkynylation/aldol reaction (A) and subsequent spiro-cycli...
Scheme 52: Rh-bod complex-catalyzed tandem asymmetric conjugate arylation/intramolecular aldol addition (A). S...
Scheme 53: Co-catalyzed C–H-bond activation/asymmetric conjugate addition/aldol reaction.
Scheme 54: (Diisopinocampheyl)borane-promoted 1,4-hydroboration of α,β-unsaturated morpholine carboxamides and...
Figure 2: Some examples of total syntheses that have been recently reviewed.
Scheme 55: Stereoselective synthesis of antimalarial prodrug (+)-artemisinin utilizing a tandem conjugate addi...
Scheme 56: Amphilectane and serrulatane diterpenoids: preparation of chiral starting material via asymmetric t...
Scheme 57: Various asymmetric syntheses of pleuromutilin and related compounds based on a tandem conjugate add...
Scheme 58: Total synthesis of glaucocalyxin A utilizing a tandem conjugate addition/acylation reaction sequenc...
Scheme 59: Installation of the exocyclic double bond using a tandem conjugate addition/aminomethylation sequen...
Scheme 60: Synthesis of the taxol core using a tandem conjugate addition/enolate trapping sequence with Vilsme...
Scheme 61: Synthesis of the tricyclic core of 12-epi-JBIR-23/24 utilizing a Rh-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate ...
Scheme 62: Total synthesis of (−)-peyssonoside A utilizing a Cu-catalyzed enantioselective tandem conjugate ad...
A new oxidatively stable ligand for the chiral functionalization of amino acids in Ni(II)–Schiff base complexes
- Alena V. Dmitrieva,
- Oleg A. Levitskiy,
- Yuri K. Grishin and
- Tatiana V. Magdesieva
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 566–574, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.41
- base chiral template is a fairly versatile “tool” that can be adapted to a specific task. A relatively new approach to functionalization of amino acids is a combination of a stereoselective synthesis in a metal-coordination environment with electrochemical activation [31]. It increases the reactivity
- be shown below, this is not necessary since the isomeric Schiff base template proved efficient in stereoselective modification of amino acids. The products of the oxidative dimerization via the phenylene ring were not detected for both isomeric templates. The subsequent reaction with (S
- characterized using spectral methods (for HRMS, 1H, 13C NMR, including 2D techniques, see Supporting Information File 1). To obtain the serine derivative (SerNi)L7, the recently developed electrochemical approach for the stereoselective hydroxyalkylation [32] was used. The reaction protocol is operationally
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Selected examples of the chiral ligands used for synthesis of the Ni(II)–Schiff base complexes.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of the chiral ligand L7 and its Ni(II) complexes with glycine, serine, dehydroalanine, an...
Figure 1: Fragment of the NOESY spectrum of the ʟ-(oBrCysNi)L7 complex indicating the correlation between the...
Figure 2: Low-gradient isosurfaces with low densities (blue color of the isosurface corresponds to the hydrog...
Figure 3: Saturated solutions of (GlyNi)L1 (left) and (GlyNi)L7 (right) in diethyl ether.
Figure 4: The CV curves observed for (GlyNi)L7 and (ΔAlaNi)L7 in the anodic and cathodic regions (Pt, CH3CN, ...
Transition-metal-catalyzed domino reactions of strained bicyclic alkenes
- Austin Pounder,
- Eric Neufeld,
- Peter Myler and
- William Tam
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38
- , the authors noted the reaction was stereoselective for the trans-addition product. Mechanistically, the authors proposed the reaction begins with the Cu-mediated substitution reaction of iodobenzene (66a) with KSCN to afford phenyl thiocyanate (70). The Cu complex can then undergo oxidative addition
- after dissociation. Alternatively, 205 can undergo a ring closure followed by a subsequent C–P-bond cleavage causing a ring opening resulting in 207. Intramolecular SN2’ and elimination of the phosphine oxide generates the final product 202e which the authors propose is stereoselective due to
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Ring-strain energies of homobicyclic and heterobicyclic alkenes in kcal mol−1. a) [2.2.1]-Bicyclic ...
Figure 2: a) Exo and endo face descriptions of bicyclic alkenes. b) Reactivity comparisons for different β-at...
Scheme 1: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyl propiolates 2 ...
Scheme 2: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 8 with β-iodo-(Z)-propenoat...
Scheme 3: Ni-catalyzed two- and three-component difunctionalizations of norbornene derivatives 15 with alkyne...
Scheme 4: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component difunctionalization of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyn...
Scheme 5: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component carboacylation of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 6: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines 31 with heterobicyclic alkene...
Scheme 7: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of α-amino radicals with heterobicyclic alkenes 30.
Scheme 8: Cu-catalyzed rearrangement/allylic alkylation of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenes 47 with Grignard r...
Scheme 9: Cu-catalyzed aminoboration of bicyclic alkenes 1 with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) (53) and O-be...
Scheme 10: Cu-catalyzed borylalkynylation of oxabenzonorbornadiene (30b) with B2pin2 (53) and bromoalkynes 62.
Scheme 11: Cu-catalyzed borylacylation of bicyclic alkenes 1.
Scheme 12: Cu-catalyzed diastereoselective 1,2-difunctionalization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 for the synthe...
Scheme 13: Fe-catalyzed carbozincation of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with arylzinc reagents 74.
Scheme 14: Co-catalyzed addition of arylzinc reagents of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 15: Co-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes 30 via C–H activation of arenes.
Scheme 16: Co-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation/ring-opening/dehydration domino reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 w...
Scheme 17: Co-catalyzed enantioselective carboamination of bicyclic alkenes 1 via C–H functionalization.
Scheme 18: Ru-catalyzed cyclization of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives with propargylic alcohols for the synthe...
Scheme 19: Ru-catalyzed coupling of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives 30 with propargylic alcohols and ethers 106...
Scheme 20: Ru-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes via the C–H activation of anilides.
Scheme 21: Ru-catalyzed of azabenzonorbornadiene derivatives with arylamides.
Scheme 22: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with arylboronate esters 118.
Scheme 23: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with dienyl- and heteroaromatic boronate esters.
Scheme 24: Rh-catalyzed domino lactonization of doubly bridgehead-substituted oxabicyclic alkenes with seconda...
Scheme 25: Rh-catalyzed domino carboannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes with 2-cyanophenylboronic acid and 2-f...
Scheme 26: Rh-catalyzed synthesis of oxazolidinone scaffolds 147 through a domino ARO/cyclization of oxabicycl...
Scheme 27: Rh-catalyzed oxidative coupling of salicylaldehyde derivatives 151 with diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 28: Rh-catalyzed reaction of O-acetyl ketoximes with bicyclic alkenes for the synthesis of isoquinoline...
Scheme 29: Rh-catalyzed domino coupling reaction of 2-phenylpyridines 165 with oxa- and azabicyclic alkenes 30....
Scheme 30: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with N-sulfonyl 2-aminob...
Scheme 31: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with arylphosphine deriv...
Scheme 32: Rh-catalyzed domino ring-opening coupling reaction of azaspirotricyclic alkenes using arylboronic a...
Scheme 33: Tandem Rh(III)/Sc(III)-catalyzed domino reaction of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with alkynols 184 dir...
Scheme 34: Rh-catalyzed asymmetric domino cyclization and addition reaction of 1,6-enynes 194 and oxa/azabenzo...
Scheme 35: Rh/Zn-catalyzed domino ARO/cyclization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with phosphorus ylides 201.
Scheme 36: Rh-catalyzed domino ring opening/lactonization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with 2-nitrobenzenesulf...
Scheme 37: Rh-catalyzed domino C–C/C–N bond formation of azabenzonorbornadienes 30 with aryl-2H-indazoles 210.
Scheme 38: Rh/Pd-catalyzed domino synthesis of indole derivatives with 2-(phenylethynyl)anilines 212 and oxabe...
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed domino carborhodation of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with B2pin2 (53).
Scheme 40: Rh-catalyzed three-component 1,2-carboamidation reaction of bicyclic alkenes 30 with aromatic and h...
Scheme 41: Pd-catalyzed diarylation and dialkenylation reactions of norbornene derivatives.
Scheme 42: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 43: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of norbornene and DFT mechanistic study.
Scheme 44: Pd-catalyzed three-component coupling N-tosylhydrazones 236, aryl halides 66, and norbornene (15a).
Scheme 45: Pd-catalyzed arylboration and allylboration of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 46: Pd-catalyzed, three-component annulation of aryl iodides 66, alkenyl bromides 241, and bicyclic alk...
Scheme 47: Pd-catalyzed double insertion/annulation reaction for synthesizing tetrasubstituted olefins.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed aminocyclopropanation of bicyclic alkenes 1 with 5-iodopent-4-enylamine derivatives 249...
Scheme 49: Pd-catalyzed, three-component coupling of alkynyl bromides 62 and norbornene derivatives 15 with el...
Scheme 50: Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization/ring-opening reaction of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with 2-i...
Scheme 51: Pd-catalyzed dimer- and trimerization of oxabenzonorbornadiene derivatives 30 with anhydrides 268.
Scheme 52: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene 15b yielding fused xa...
Scheme 53: Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation and heteroannulation of urea-derived bicyclic alkenes 158 and aryl iodi...
Scheme 54: Access to fused 8-membered sulfoximine heterocycles 284/285 via Pd-catalyzed Catellani annulation c...
Scheme 55: Pd-catalyzed 2,2-bifunctionalization of bicyclic alkenes 1 generating spirobicyclic xanthone deriva...
Scheme 56: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene (15b) producing subst...
Scheme 57: Pd-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation furnishing bicyclic-fused indanes 281 and 283.
Scheme 58: Pd-catalyzed ring-opening/ring-closing cascade of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 59: Pd-NHC-catalyzed cyclopentannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 60: Pd-catalyzed annulation cascade generating diazabicyclic-fused indanones 292 and indanols 294.
Scheme 61: Pd-catalyzed skeletal rearrangement of spirotricyclic alkenes 176 towards large polycyclic benzofur...
Scheme 62: Pd-catalyzed oxidative annulation of aromatic enamides 298 and diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 63: Accessing 3,4,5-trisubstituted cyclopentenes 300, 301, 302 via the Pd-catalyzed domino reaction of ...
Scheme 64: Palladacycle-catalyzed ring-expansion/cyclization domino reactions of terminal alkynes and bicyclic...
Scheme 65: Pd-catalyzed carboesterification of norbornene (15a) with alkynes, furnishing α-methylene γ-lactone...
Asymmetric synthesis of a stereopentade fragment toward latrunculins
- Benjamin Joyeux,
- Antoine Gamet,
- Nicolas Casaretto and
- Bastien Nay
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 428–433, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.32
- the literature all target similar disconnections, especially an aldol strategy involving a recurrent 4-acetyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-one ketone partner. Herein, we describe an alternative disconnection and subsequent stereoselective transformations to construct a stereopentade amenable to latrunculin and
- analogue synthesis, starting from (+)-β-citronellene. Key stereoselective transformations involve an asymmetric Krische allylation, an aldol reaction under 1,5-anti stereocontrol, and a Tishchenko–Evans reduction accompanied by a peculiar ester transposition, allowing to install key stereogenic centers of
- precluded the installation of the pyran ring – and the use of its well-known isomerization to set up important stereocenters [6][9] –, thus imposing the anticipated construction of key asymmetric centers. The following discussion will deal with the stereoselective synthesis of a stereopentade amenable to
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structure of latrunculins (the red dots show the natural product stereopentade).
Figure 2: General strategy for latrunculin cycle disconnections (left), previous works towards linear precurs...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of fragment 15 from (+)-β-citronellene (10).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of fragment 8 from ʟ-cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride (16).
Scheme 3: Synthesis of fragment 21 through a stereoselective aldol reaction.
Scheme 4: 1,3-Anti-diastereoselective reduction of 21 with PNBz transposition, and final determination of the...
Synthesis, α-mannosidase inhibition studies and molecular modeling of 1,4-imino-ᴅ-lyxitols and their C-5-altered N-arylalkyl derivatives
- Martin Kalník,
- Sergej Šesták,
- Juraj Kóňa,
- Maroš Bella and
- Monika Poláková
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 282–293, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.24
- -benzyl group with the Cbz group, trityl ether hydrolysis, oxidation of the liberated OH group, and stereoselective addition of MeMgBr to the resulting aldehyde functionality. Hydrogenolysis of the Cbz protecting group in 13 followed by N-alkylation afforded pyrrolidines 14–16 which after acidic
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Natural iminosugars (1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-ᴅ-mannitol (DIM) and swainsonine) and selected examples ...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of the key pyrrolidine 3 and the target pyrrolidines 7–10. Reagents and conditions: (a) M...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of the intermediate 13 and the target pyrrolidines 17–20. Reagents and conditions: (a) 1....
Scheme 3: Synthesis of the target pyrrolidines 26–29. Reagents and conditions: (a) Tf2O, pyridine, CH2Cl2, 0 ...
Figure 2: Superposition of the inhibitor 29 (green), docked into dGMII, with X-ray complexes of swainsonine (...
Figure 3: FMO-PIEDA total pair interaction energies (ΔElinker-E) (in kcal mol−1) between the structural moiet...
Figure 4: QM/MM optimized complexes 28:dGMII (top) and 31:dGMII (bottom) [22]. N-2-naphthylmethyl group (grey) an...
Figure 5: FMO-PIEDA total pair interaction energies (ΔElinker-E) (in kcal mol−1) between the N-2-naphthylmeth...
Strategies to access the [5-8] bicyclic core encountered in the sesquiterpene, diterpene and sesterterpene series
- Cécile Alleman,
- Charlène Gadais,
- Laurent Legentil and
- François-Hugues Porée
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of terpenes containing a bicyclo[3.6.0]undecane motif.
Figure 2: Commercially available first and second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts.
Figure 3: Examples of strategies to access the fusicoccan and ophiobolin tricyclic core structure by RCM.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of bicyclic core structure 12 of ophiobolin M (13) and cycloaraneosene (14).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of the core structure 21 of ophiobolins and fusicoccanes.
Scheme 3: Ring-closing metathesis attempts starting from thioester 22.
Scheme 4: Total synthesis of ent-fusicoauritone (28).
Figure 4: General structure of ophiobolins and congeners.
Scheme 5: Total synthesis of (+)-ophiobolin A (8).
Scheme 6: Investigation of RCM for the synthesis of ophiobolin A (8). Path A) RCM with TBDPS-protected alcoho...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of the core structure of cotylenin A aglycon, cotylenol (50).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of tricyclic core structure of fusicoccans.
Scheme 9: Total synthesis of (−)-teubrevin G (59).
Scheme 10: Synthesis of the core skeleton 63 of the basmane family.
Scheme 11: Total synthesis of (±)-schindilactone A (68).
Scheme 12: Total synthesis of dactylol (72).
Scheme 13: Ring-closing metathesis for the total synthesis of (±)-asteriscanolide (2).
Scheme 14: Synthesis of the simplified skeleton of pleuromutilin (1).
Scheme 15: Total synthesis of (−)-nitidasin (93) using a ring-closing metathesis to construct the eight-member...
Scheme 16: Total synthesis of (±)-naupliolide (97).
Scheme 17: Synthesis of the A-B ring structure of fusicoccane (101).
Scheme 18: First attempts of TRCM of dienyne substrates.
Scheme 19: TRCM on optimized substrates towards the synthesis of ophiobolin A (8).
Scheme 20: Tandem ring-closing metathesis for the synthesis of variecolin intermediates 114 and 115.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of poitediol (118) using the allylsilane ring-closing metathesis.
Scheme 22: Access to scaffold 122 by a NHK coupling reaction.
Scheme 23: Key step to construct the [5-8] bicyclooctanone core of aquatolide (4).
Scheme 24: Initial strategy to access aquatolide (4).
Scheme 25: Synthetic plan to cotylenin A (130).
Scheme 26: [5-8] Bicyclic structure of brachialactone (7) constructed by a Mizoroki–Heck reaction.
Scheme 27: Influence of the replacement of the allylic alcohol moiety.
Scheme 28: Formation of variecolin intermediate 140 through a SmI2-mediated Barbier-type reaction.
Scheme 29: SmI2-mediated ketyl addition. Pleuromutilin (1) eight-membered ring closure via C5–C14 bond formati...
Scheme 30: SmI2-mediated dialdehyde cyclization cascade of [5-8-6] pleuromutilin scaffold 149.
Scheme 31: A) Modular synthetic route to mutilin and pleuromutilin family members by Herzon’s group. B) Scaffo...
Scheme 32: Photocatalyzed oxidative ring expansion in pleuromutilin (1) total synthesis.
Scheme 33: Reductive radical cascade cyclization route towards (−)-6-epi-ophiobolin N (168).
Scheme 34: Reductive radical cascade cyclization route towards (+)-6-epi-ophiobolin A (173).
Scheme 35: Radical 8-endo-trig-cyclization of a xanthate precursor.
Figure 5: Structural representations of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), and ceroplastol II (179) beari...
Scheme 36: Synthesis of the common [5-8-5] tricyclic intermediate of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), an...
Scheme 37: Asymmetric synthesis of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), and ceroplastol II (179).
Figure 6: Scope of the Pauson–Khand reaction.
Scheme 38: Nazarov cyclization revealing the fusicoauritone core structure 192.
Scheme 39: Synthesis of fusicoauritone (28) through Nazarov cyclization.
Scheme 40: (+)-Epoxydictymene (5) synthesis through a Nicholas cyclization followed by a Pauson–Khand reaction...
Scheme 41: Synthesis of aquatolide (4) by a Mukaiyama-type aldolisation.
Scheme 42: Tandem Wolff/Cope rearrangement furnishing the A-B bicyclic moiety 204 of variecolin.
Scheme 43: Asymmetric synthesis of the A-B bicyclic core 205 and 206 of variecolin.
Scheme 44: Formation of [5-8]-fused rings by cyclization under thermal activation.
Scheme 45: Construction of the [5-8-6] tricyclic core structure of variecolin (3) by Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of the [6-4-8-5]-tetracyclic skeleton by palladium-mediated cyclization.
Scheme 47: Access to the [5-8] bicyclic core structure of asteriscanolide (227) through rhodium-catalyzed cycl...
Scheme 48: Total syntheses of asterisca-3(15),6-diene (230) and asteriscanolide (2) with a Rh-catalyzed cycliz...
Scheme 49: Photocyclization of 2-pyridones to access the [5-8-5] backbone of fusicoccanes.
Scheme 50: Total synthesis of (+)-asteriscunolide D (245) and (+)-aquatolide (4) through photocyclization.
Scheme 51: Biocatalysis pathway to construct the [5-8-5] tricyclic scaffold of brassicicenes.
Scheme 52: Influence of the CotB2 mutant over the cyclization’s outcome of GGDP.
Sequential hydrozirconation/Pd-catalyzed cross coupling of acyl chlorides towards conjugated (2E,4E)-dienones
- Benedikt Kolb,
- Daniela Silva dos Santos,
- Sanja Krause,
- Anna Zens and
- Sabine Laschat
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.17
- substituents in the one-pot reaction and showed that regardless of the substitution pattern, the reactions lead to the stereoselective formation (≥95% (2E,4E)) of the respective dienones under mild conditions. It was found that enynes with alkyl chains gave higher yields than the corresponding aryl-substituted
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Examples of biologically active compounds with (2Ε,4E)-unsaturated ketone units.
Scheme 2: Selected examples for the synthesis of conjugated dienones from the literature [6-21].
Scheme 3: Previous work of hydrozirconations with Schwartz's reagent and our work [54,55,57,58,61,62].
Scheme 4: Synthesis of substituted enynes 25f–o via Corey–Fuchs reaction and Hunsdiecker reaction.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of non-natural (a) and natural (b) dienone-containing terpenes: synthesis of β-ionone (3)....
Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry
- Eric Gayon,
- Guillaume Lefèvre,
- Olivier Guerret,
- Adrien Tintar and
- Pablo Chourreu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15
- issues for living organisms [25][26]. Additionally, the classic stereoselective synthesis of dienol phosphates requires cryogenic temperatures (−78 °C) as well as NMP-based methodologies [27]. Therefore, motivated by those considerations, we sought a suitable efficient and non-toxic additive which would
Scheme 1: Structure of the (8E,10Z)-tetradecadienal (1, sex pheromone of the horse-chestnut leaf miner) and r...
Scheme 2: a) Alkyl–vinyl seminal cross-coupling reaction by Kochi; b) improved procedure described by Cahiez.
Scheme 3: Iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of n-OctMgCl with a 1-butadienyl phosphate.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of several insect sex pheromones (a) red bollworm moth, b) European grapevine moth, c) ho...
Scheme 5: Cross-coupling of alkyl Grignard reagents with a) alkenyl or b) aryl halides involving EtOMgCl as a...
Scheme 6: Total synthesis of codling moth sex pheromone 4 using an iron-mediated cross-coupling between an α,...
1,4-Dithianes: attractive C2-building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecular architectures
- Bram Ryckaert,
- Ellen Demeyere,
- Frederick Degroote,
- Hilde Janssens and
- Johan M. Winne
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 115–132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.12
- should be noted that the three-step strategy (dithiolane protection, oxidative rearrangement, and hydrodesulfurization) can be used to treat carbonyl functional groups as synthetic equivalents of cis-alkenes (Scheme 10c), as is shown by the highly stereoselective conversion of α-phenylacetophenone (60
- -fused dihydrodithiin ring is first hydrodesulfurized and then dehydroxylated in a stereospecific and stereoselective manner [62]. The dihydrodithiin building block 66 thus acts as a synthetic equivalent of an allyl alcohol anion and serves as a versatile synthon for de novo carbohydrate synthesis [63
- expected allyl cation (3 + 2) cycloaddition reactivity is not operating under gold(I) catalysis, but instead it behaved as a reliable and quite stereoselective vinylgold carbenoid species, affording exclusively cyclopropanation products with a wide range of olefin substrates (Scheme 18c). The carbene-type
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: 1,3-Dithianes as useful synthetic building blocks: a) general synthetic utility (in Corey–Seebach-t...
Scheme 2: Metalation of other saturated heterocycles is often problematic due to β-elimination [16,17].
Scheme 3: Thianes as synthetic building blocks in the construction of complex molecules [18].
Figure 1: a) 1,4-Dithiane-type building blocks that can serve as C2-synthons and b) examples of complex targe...
Scheme 4: Synthetic availability of 1,4-dithiane-type building blocks.
Scheme 5: Dithiins and dihydrodithiins as pseudoaryl groups [36-39].
Scheme 6: Metalation of other saturated heterocycles is often problematic due to β-elimination [40-42].
Figure 2: Reactive conformations leading to β-fragmentation for lithiated 1,4-dithianes and 1,4-dithiin.
Scheme 7: Mild metalation of 1,4-dithiins affords stable heteroaryl-magnesium and heteroaryl-zinc-like reagen...
Scheme 8: Dithiin-based dienophiles and their use in synthesis [33,49-54].
Scheme 9: Dithiin-based dienes and their use in synthesis [55-57].
Scheme 10: Stereoselective 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-based synthesis of cis-olefins [42,58].
Scheme 11: Addition to aldehydes and applications in stereoselective synthesis.
Figure 3: Applications in the total synthesis of complex target products with original attachment place of 1,...
Scheme 12: Direct C–H functionalization methods for 1,4-dithianes [82,83].
Scheme 13: Known cycloaddition reactivity modes of allyl cations [84-100].
Scheme 14: Cycloadditions of 1,4-dithiane-fused allyl cations derived from dihydrodithiin-methanol 90 [101-107].
Scheme 15: Dearomative [3 + 2] cycloadditions of unprotected indoles with 1,4-dithiane-fused allyl alcohol 90 [30]....
Scheme 16: Comparison of reactivity of dithiin-fused allyl alcohols and similar non-cyclic sulfur-substituted ...
Scheme 17: Applications of dihydrodithiins in the rapid assembly of polycyclic terpenoid scaffolds [108,109].
Scheme 18: Dihydrodithiin-mediated allyl cation and vinyl carbene cycloadditions via a gold(I)-catalyzed 1,2-s...
Scheme 19: Activation mode of ethynyldithiolanes towards gold-coordinated 1,4-dithiane-fused allyl cation and ...
Scheme 20: Desulfurization problems.
Scheme 21: oxidative decoration strategies for 1,4-dithiane scaffolds.
Organophosphorus chemistry: from model to application
- György Keglevich
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 89–90, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.8
- newly prepared thiophosphorus acids were not efficient in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 2-phenylquinoline. However, they may find application in other model reactions. These days, stereoselective syntheses incorporating “green" chemical considerations are of utmost importance in medicinal
Combining the best of both worlds: radical-based divergent total synthesis
- Kyriaki Gennaiou,
- Antonios Kelesidis,
- Maria Kourgiantaki and
- Alexandros L. Zografos
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1–26, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.1
- the radical formation of the tetracyclic core of 130 in 75% yield as a mixture of two diastereoisomers (dr = 3:2) that were both used to access natural products. Impressively, the protocol allowed the installation of three rings and the stereoselective introduction of chiral centers at C2 and C21 for
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: The power of radical retrosynthesis and the tactic of divergent total synthesis.
Figure 1: Evolution of radical chemistry for organic synthesis.
Scheme 2: Divergent total synthesis of α-pyrone-diterpenoids (Baran).
Scheme 3: Divergent synthesis of pyrone diterpenoids by merged chemoenzymatic and radical synthesis (part I, ...
Scheme 4: Divergent synthesis of pyrone diterpenoids by merged chemoenzymatic and radical synthesis (part II,...
Scheme 5: Divergent synthesis of drimane-type hydroquinone meroterpenoids (Li).
Scheme 6: Divergent synthesis of natural products isolated from Dysidea avara (Lu).
Scheme 7: Divergent synthesis of kaurene-type terpenoids (Lei).
Scheme 8: Divergent synthesis of 6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane meroterpenoids (Lou).
Scheme 9: Divergent synthesis of crinipellins by radical-mediated Dowd–Backwith rearrangement (Xie and Ding).
Scheme 10: Divergent total synthesis of Galbulimima alkaloids (Shenvi).
Scheme 11: Divergent synthesis of eburnane alkaloids (Qin).
Scheme 12: Divergent synthesis of Aspidosperma alkaloids (Boger).
Scheme 13: Photoredox based synthesis of (−)-FR901483 (160) and (+)-TAN1251C (162, Gaunt).
Scheme 14: Divergent synthesis of bipolamines (Maimone).
Scheme 15: Flow chemistry divergency between aporphine and morphinandione alkaloids (Felpin).
Scheme 16: Divergent synthesis of pyrroloazocine natural products (Echavarren).
Scheme 17: Using TEMPO to stabilize radicals for the divergent synthesis of pyrroloindoline natural products (...
Scheme 18: Radical pathway for preparation of lignans (Zhu).
Scheme 19: Divergent synthesis of DBCOD lignans (Lumb).
Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges
- Jorge García-Lacuna and
- Marcus Baumann
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182
- ]. General purification scheme using the catch and release strategy. Exemplar catch and release purification of a stereoselective oxidation. Redrawn from [105]. Catch and release-type purification using conventional SiO2. Redrawn from [107]. Schematic representation of an industrial continuous
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Automated in-line chromatography with the Advion puriFlash® system. The rightmost part of the schem...
Scheme 2: Purification via pH tuning and several Zaiput membranes. Redrawn from [51].
Scheme 3: Two-phase recirculating system for purifications of an immobilized enzyme-based reaction. Redrawn f...
Scheme 4: Countercurrent L–L purification using large Zaiput membranes in the presence of a phase transfer ca...
Scheme 5: General scheme of a telescoped flow process using L–L separators.
Scheme 6: Example of phase separation using a computer-vision approach. Redrawn from [68].
Scheme 7: Example of an inline purification using heterogeneous scavenging. Redrawn from [76].
Scheme 8: General scheme of a telescoped process using heterogenous cartridges.
Scheme 9: Comparison of two strategies for flow-based imatinib syntheses. Redrawn from [91] and [92].
Scheme 10: General purification scheme using the catch and release strategy.
Scheme 11: Exemplar catch and release purification of a stereoselective oxidation. Redrawn from [105].
Scheme 12: Catch and release-type purification using conventional SiO2. Redrawn from [107].
Scheme 13: Schematic representation of an industrial continuous crystallization. Redrawn from [109].
Scheme 14: General scheme of an academic inline crystallization approach.
Scheme 15: Simplified overview of purification options and selected criteria.
Total synthesis of grayanane natural products
- Nicolas Fay,
- Rémi Blieck,
- Cyrille Kouklovsky and
- Aurélien de la Torre
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1707–1719, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.181
- the PMB protecting group, Dess–Martin oxidation, and SmI2-induced cyclization. This last step was highly selective, giving solely the intermediate 17. The synthesis was then pursued by the hydroboration–oxidation of the monosubstituted alkene, followed by stereoselective epoxidation of the 1,1
- , obtaining excellent selectivity in all cases. Alternatively, the same year, the authors published a vinyl radical cyclization occurring in presence of n-Bu3SnH, providing a stereoselective access to the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane unit corresponding to the CD rings [25]. Newhouse’s synthesis of principinol D In
- compound 60 was employed to form an α,β-epoxyketone intermediate which underwent SmI2 reduction at −78 °C, giving access to the desired syn diastereomer with good selectivity (dr = 8.5:1). The free alcohol was then protected with an ethoxymethyl ether (EOM). Finally, Peterson olefination, stereoselective
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: General structure of grayanane natural products.
Scheme 1: Grayanane biosynthesis.
Scheme 2: Matsumoto’s relay approach.
Scheme 3: Shirahama’s total synthesis of (–)-grayanotoxin III.
Scheme 4: Newhouse’s syntheses of fragments 25 and 29.
Scheme 5: Newhouse’s total synthesis of principinol D.
Scheme 6: Ding’s total synthesis of rhodomolleins XX and XXII.
Scheme 7: First key step of Luo’s strategy.
Scheme 8: Luo’s total synthesis of grayanotoxin III.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of principinol E and rhodomollein XX.
Scheme 10: William’s synthetic effort towards pierisformaside C.
Scheme 11: Hong’s synthetic effort towards rhodojaponin III.
Scheme 12: Recent strategies for grayanane synthesis.
Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations – an unperceived organocatalysis field
- Elena R. Lopat’eva,
- Igor B. Krylov,
- Dmitry A. Lapshin and
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1672–1695, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.179
- aimed at overviewing the current state-of-art and perspectives of oxidative organocatalysis by redox-active molecules with the emphasis on challenging chemo-, regio- and stereoselective CH-functionalization processes. The catalytic systems based on N-oxyl radicals, amines, thiols, oxaziridines, ketone
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Organocatalysis classification used in the present perspective.
Scheme 2: Oxidative processes catalyzed by amines.
Scheme 3: N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis in oxidative functionalization of aldehydes.
Scheme 4: Examples of asymmetric oxidative processes catalyzed by chiral Brønsted acids.
Scheme 5: Asymmetric aerobic α-hydroxylation of lactams under phase-transfer organocatalysis conditions emplo...
Scheme 6: Selective CH-oxidation of methylarenes to aldehydes or carboxylic acids.
Scheme 7: An example of the regioselective CH-amination by a sterically hindered imide-N-oxyl radical precurs...
Scheme 8: CH-amination of ethylbenzene and CH-fluorination of aldehydes catalyzed by N-hydroxybenzimidazoles,...
Scheme 9: Mixed hetero-/homogeneous TiO2/N-hydroxyimide photocatalysis in the selective benzylic oxidation.
Scheme 10: Electrochemical benzylic iodination and benzylation of pyridine by benzyl iodides generated in situ...
Scheme 11: Electrochemical oxidative C–O/C–N coupling of alkylarenes with NHPI. Electrolysis conditions: Const...
Scheme 12: Chemoselective alcohol oxidation catalyzed by TEMPO.
Scheme 13: ABNO-catalyzed oxidative C–N coupling of primary alcohols with primary amines.
Scheme 14: ACT-catalyzed electrochemical oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
Scheme 15: Electrocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols by a TEMPO derivative immobilized on a graphite ano...
Scheme 16: Electrochemical oxidation of carbamates of cyclic amines to lactams and oxidative cyanation of amin...
Scheme 17: Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer (SET) as basic principles of amine cation...
Scheme 18: Electrochemical quinuclidine-catalyzed oxidation involving unactivated C–H bonds.
Scheme 19: DABCO-mediated photocatalytic C–C cross-coupling involving aldehyde C–H bond cleavage.
Scheme 20: DABCO-derived cationic catalysts in inactivated C–H bond cleavage for alkyl radical addition to ele...
Scheme 21: Electrochemical diamination and dioxygenation of vinylarenes catalyzed by triarylamines.
Scheme 22: Electrochemical benzylic oxidation mediated by triarylimidazoles.
Scheme 23: Thiyl radical-catalyzed CH-arylation of allylic substrates by aryl cyanides.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of redox-active alkyl tetrafluoropyridinyl sulfides by unactivated C–H bond cleavage by t...
Scheme 25: Main intermediates in quinone oxidative organocatalysis.
Scheme 26: Electrochemical DDQ-catalyzed intramolecular dehydrogenative aryl–aryl coupling.
Scheme 27: DDQ-mediated cross-dehydrogenative C–N coupling of benzylic substrates with azoles.
Scheme 28: Biomimetic o-quinone-catalyzed benzylic alcohol oxidation.
Scheme 29: Electrochemical synthesis of secondary amines by oxidative coupling of primary amines and benzylic ...
Scheme 30: General scheme of dioxirane and oxaziridine oxidative organocatalysis.
Scheme 31: Dioxirane organocatalyzed CH-hydroxylation involving aliphatic C(sp3)–H bonds.
Scheme 32: Enantioselective hydroxylation of CH-acids catalyzed by chiral oxaziridines.
Scheme 33: Iodoarene-organocatalyzed vinylarene diamination.
Scheme 34: Iodoarene-organocatalyzed asymmetric CH-hydroxylation of benzylic substrates.
Scheme 35: Iodoarene-organocatalyzed asymmetric difluorination of alkenes with migration of aryl or methyl gro...
Scheme 36: Examples of 1,2-diiodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzene-catalyzed electrochemical oxidative heterocyclizations.
Scheme 37: Electrochemical N-ammonium ylide-catalyzed CH-oxidation.
Scheme 38: Oxidative dimerization of aryl- and alkenylmagnesium compounds catalyzed by quinonediimines.
Scheme 39: FLP-catalyzed dehydrogenation of N-substituted indolines.
Synthetic study toward the diterpenoid aberrarone
- Liang Shi,
- Zhiyu Gao,
- Yiqing Li,
- Yuanhao Dai,
- Yu Liu,
- Lili Shi and
- Hong-Dong Hao
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1625–1628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.173
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China 10.3762/bjoc.18.173 Abstract An approach to aberrarone, an antimalarial diterpenoid natural product with tetracyclic skeleton is reported. Key to the stereoselective preparation of
- . Impressed by the structural features and biological profiles, our group embarked a project on the total synthesis of this natural product. Herein, we report our stereoselective synthesis of its 6-5-5 tricyclic skeleton. Our retrosynthetic analysis is shown in Scheme 1. For the formation of the D ring with
- stereoselectivity is possible through the conformation of 14 where the OTBS group is in pseudoequatorial position (Scheme 2). Therefore, the Pauson–Khand reaction proceeded to afford 11 containing an α-H at C6. From this intermediate, to our delight, the stereoselective attachment of the requisite methyl group
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Selected representative natural products with 6-5-5 tricyclic skeleton.
Scheme 1: Retrosynthetic analysis of aberrarone (1).
Scheme 2: Synthetic study toward aberrarone (1).
Efficient synthesis of aziridinecyclooctanediol and 3-aminocyclooctanetriol
- Emine Salamci and
- Ayse Kilic Lafzi
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1539–1543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.163
- versatility in numerous regio- and stereoselective ring opening and/or expansion reactions, as well as rearrangements [5]. The aziridine structural motif is present in natural products such as mitomycins and azinomycins (Figure 1) [1][5], which exhibit potent biological activities such as antitumor and
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Some biologically active aziridine-bearing compounds 1, 2 and aminocyclitol 3.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of dimesylate 8.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of aminocyclooctanetriol 13.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of aziridinecyclooctanediol 16.
Supramolecular approaches to mediate chemical reactivity
- Pablo Ballester,
- Qi-Qiang Wang and
- Carmine Gaeta
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1463–1465, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.152
- the synthesis and properties of such BINOL-based chiral MIMs, together with their use in further diastereoselective modifications, their application in asymmetric catalysis, and stereoselective chemosensing. In their minireview, Prodip Howlader and Michael Schmittel [22] highlighted the recent results
Preparation of an advanced intermediate for the synthesis of leustroducsins and phoslactomycins by heterocycloaddition
- Anaïs Rousseau,
- Guillaume Vincent and
- Cyrille Kouklovsky
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1385–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.143
- on the synthesis and the coupling of three main fragments. The central fragment was synthesized via a regio-and stereoselective nitroso Diels–Alder reaction with an enol phosphate, followed by reductive cleavage of the phosphate to the ketone 11b. Coupling studies of this fragment with the lactone
- fragment was accomplished in a stereoselective fashion through a vinyllithium intermediate. An advanced synthetic intermediate was then obtained after functional group transformation. Keywords: cycloaddition; organolithium; stereoselective; total synthesis; Introduction Leustroducsins 1a–c and
- , we have shown that the Wightman reagent 6, a chiral chloronitroso derivative [27], led to a complete regio- and stereoselective reaction with functionalized dienes (Scheme 1). The chiral auxiliary contributes to both regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. After hydrolysis of the chiral auxiliary and
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of leustroducsins and phoslactomycins.
Figure 2: Synthetic strategy for the leustroducins and phoslactomycins.
Figure 3: strategy for the synthesis of central fragment 4: nitroso Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 1: A highly regio-and stereoselective nitroso Diels–Alder cycloaddition between Wightman’s reagent 6 a...
Scheme 2: Hydrolysis of enol phosphate in the unprotected cycloadduct.
Scheme 3: Attempts for hydrolysis of the enol phosphate under basic conditions.
Scheme 4: Cleavage of enol phosphate with Red-Al.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of the protected central fragment 11b.
Scheme 6: Synthesis and derivatization of the lactone fragment.
Scheme 7: Coupling reaction between alkyne 19 and ketone 11b.
Scheme 8: Coupling reaction between vinyl iodide 20 and ketone 11b.
Scheme 9: Oxidation of the acetal to the lactone.
