Dialkyl dicyanofumarates and dicyanomaleates as versatile building blocks for synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic studies

• Grzegorz Mlostoń and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2235–2251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.221

• exclusively [69]. In the case of the isomeric 2,3- and 3,4-diaminopyridines, the initial addition reaction occurred via the attack of the more nucleophilic NH2 group at the 3-position [69]. Less nucleophilic 1,2-diamines, such as 5,6-diaminouracil and -thiouracil or 1,2-diaminobenzimidazole, react with E-1 in

Conjugated nitrosoalkenes as Michael acceptors in carbon–carbon bond forming reactions: a review and perspective

• Yaroslav D. Boyko,
• Valentin S. Dorokhov,
• Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov and
• Sema L. Ioffe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2214–2234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.220

• Na2CO3. The efficiency of the addition reaction depends on both electron enrichment of the aromatic ring and the electron-withdrawing character of the substituent in nitrosoalkene NSA14. 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene gave the corresponding substitution products in highest yield, while anisole proved to be

Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules

• Tapas Kumar Achar,
• Anima Bose and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1907–1931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.186

• K2CO3 (Scheme 3). Michael adducts were isolated with good to excellent yield (76–99%) in a high-speed vibration mill (HSVM) within 10–60 min [51]. Bolm and co-workers reported an organocatalytic asymmetric version of Michael addition reaction under planetary-milling (PM) conditions. Differently

Mechanochemical synthesis of thioureas, ureas and guanidines

• Vjekoslav Štrukil

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1828–1849, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.178

• more nucleophilic in the addition reaction to isocyanates (Scheme 15a). The ability to selectively convert o-pda into non-symmetrical mono-thioureas provided an opportunity to synthesize hybrid urea–thiourea derivatives 37a–d in a one-pot, two-step mechanochemical solvent-free process. After ball

• hydantoins. The in situ basic conditions, necessary for the deprotonation of the amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride salts in order to make the amino group nucleophilic, were generated by the hydrolysis of KOCN. Following the addition reaction with KOCN starting from hydrochloride salts of L-phenylalanine

Transition-metal-free one-pot synthesis of alkynyl selenides from terminal alkynes under aerobic and sustainable conditions

• Adrián A. Heredia and
• Alicia B. Peñéñory

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.92

• , respectively). This result shows that under the conditions used, the Ph2Se2 addition reaction to the triple bond competes with Se-alkynylation. This side reaction is less efficient when the concentration decreases, favoring the reaction of interest when the amount of solvent increases. Subsequently, a set of

• ). However, with 6-bromohex-1-ene the yield of compound 5d dropped to 41% (Table 3, entry 5) and 2-methyltetrahydro-2H-selenopyran was detected by GC–MS. This indicates a possible competitive intramolecular addition reaction between the selenium atom-centered radical and the alkenyl moiety. The reaction with

The synthesis of α-aryl-α-aminophosphonates and α-aryl-α-aminophosphine oxides by the microwave-assisted Pudovik reaction

• Erika Bálint,
• Ádám Tajti,
• Anna Ádám,
• István Csontos,
• Konstantin Karaghiosoff,
• Mátyás Czugler,
• Péter Ábrányi-Balogh and
• György Keglevich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 76–86, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.10

• compounds. Study on the addition of diethyl phosphite to N-benzylidene(butyl)amine by in situ FTIR spectroscopy Then, we wished to follow the addition reaction of DEP to N-benzylidene(butyl)amine (1a) at 80 °C in acetonitrile (Scheme 2) by in situ Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Initially the IR spectra

• scale. This calculation (MCR-ALS, multivariate curve resolution – alternating least squares) gives the concentration profiles of the components and also the spectra of pure components. From Figure 3, it can be seen that the addition reaction was complete after 3.5 h. Finally, the characteristic IR

• components in the addition reaction at 80 °C in acetonitrile. Atomic numbering with anisotropic displacements plot of 5b at −100 °C. Atomic numbering with anisotropic displacements plot of 5d at −100 °C. The energy diagram for the reaction with dimethyl phosphite. The energy diagram for the reaction with

p-Nitrophenyl carbonate promoted ring-opening reactions of DBU and DBN affording lactam carbamates

• Madhuri Vangala and
• Ganesh P Shinde

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2086–2092, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.197

• products [12]. Subsequently, Ma and Dolphin isolated chlorin-e6 lactams from the reaction of methyl pheophorbide with DBU and DBN promoted by trialkyl triflates [13]. Additionally, the conjugate addition reaction of DBU to diarylpyrone [14] and Baylis–Hillman acetates [15] also gave caprolactam products. A

Enantioselective addition of diphenyl phosphonate to ketimines derived from isatins catalyzed by binaphthyl-modified organocatalysts

• Hee Seung Jang,
• Yubin Kim and
• Dae Young Kim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1551–1556, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.149

• of organocatalysts [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], we have reported the catalytic asymmetric decarboxylative aldol addition reaction of isatins with benzoylacetic acids catalyzed by chiral binaphthyl-based squaramide [46]. Here we wish to report the enantioselective addition reaction of diphenyl

• phosphonate to ketimines derived from isatins catalyzed by binaphthyl-modified bifunctional organocatalysts (Figure 1). Results and Discussion To determine suitable reaction conditions for the organocatalytic enantioselective addition reaction of diphenyl phosphonate to ketimines derived from isatins, we

• at room temperature (Table 1, entries 1–6). Catalyst III, which is a binaphthyl-modified squaramide bifunctional organocatalyst, was the best catalyst for this enantioselective addition reaction (90% ee, Table 1, entry 3). In order to improve the selectivity, different solvents were tested in the

Multicomponent reactions: A simple and efficient route to heterocyclic phosphonates

• Mohammad Haji

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1269–1301, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.121

• one-pot reaction of 2-bromobenzaldehydes 169, alkynes 170, amines 171, and diethyl phosphonate under multicatalytic conditions including palladium and copper salts (Scheme 37) [75]. This process presumably involves a sequential Sonogashira coupling/cyclization-nucleophilic addition reaction, which is

Towards the total synthesis of keramaphidin B

• Pavol Jakubec,
• Alistair J. M. Farley and
• Darren J. Dixon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1096–1100, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.104

• catalyst. We reasoned that a similar catalytic approach could be used to fix the absolute stereochemical configuration in the Michael addition reaction between δ-valerolactone pronucleophile 8 and nitro-olefin 9, although a degree of uncertainty as to the relative stereochemical outcome of the catalyst

• -valerolactone (10) with dimethyl carbonate, using LHMDS as the base, in 83% yield. The furanyl nitroolefin 11 was readily synthesised on multigram scale via a Henry condensation, according to literature procedures [20]. We were delighted to observe that the Michael addition reaction using our previously

• . Having played a key role in the Michael addition reaction and the nitro-Mannich lactamisation cascade, at this stage the nitro functionality had fully served its purpose. Accordingly, traceless reductive cleavage of the nitro group [22] using tributyltin hydride and AIBN was carried out to afford

1H-Imidazol-4(5H)-ones and thiazol-4(5H)-ones as emerging pronucleophiles in asymmetric catalysis

• Antonia Mielgo and
• Claudio Palomo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 918–936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.90

• acceptors in reactions promoted by bifunctional Brønsted bases. 1.2.1 Nitroalkenes as acceptors. Investigation of the base-catalyzed Michael addition reaction of 2-thio-1H-imidazol-4(5H)-ones 4 to nitroalkenes 5 [55] revealed that cinchona alkaloids such as quinine, (DHQ)2Pyr or even thiourea tertiary amine

• demonstrated to be either less reactive and/or less stereoselective in their addition reaction to nitrostyrene thus affording the corresponding Michael adducts with no diastereoselectivity and/or poor enantioselectivity (Scheme 3). Useful applications of the Michael adducts coming from the Michael addition of

• addition reaction of imidazolones to simple unsaturated esters and ketones revealed that whilst these reactions worked sluggish, they proceeded efficiently when α-silyloxyenones were used as Michael acceptors. In these cases and, under the conditions shown in Scheme 5, reaction of the 1,5

Muraymycin nucleoside-peptide antibiotics: uridine-derived natural products as lead structures for the development of novel antibacterial agents

• Daniel Wiegmann,
• Stefan Koppermann,
• Marius Wirth,
• Giuliana Niro,
• Kristin Leyerer and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 769–795, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.77

• studies [123][124]. It should also be noted that a biomimetic domino guanidinylation–aza-Michael-addition reaction for the synthesis of the capreomycidine scaffold has been developed, which only furnished the target structures as stereoisomeric mixtures though [125]. The epicapreomycidine-derived

(Thio)urea-mediated synthesis of functionalized six-membered rings with multiple chiral centers

• Giorgos Koutoulogenis,
• Nikolaos Kaplaneris and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 462–495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.48

• -pyran-6-carboxylate 3 using organocatalyst 4 [16]. Possible hydrogen-bonding for the reaction of (E)-methyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-enoate [16]. Asymmetric desymmetrization of 4,4-cyclohexadienones using the Michael addition reaction with malonates [17]. The enantioselective synthesis of α,α-disubstituted

Cupreines and cupreidines: an established class of bifunctional cinchona organocatalysts

• Laura A. Bryant,
• Rossana Fanelli and
• Alexander J. A. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 429–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.46

• vinylogous Michael addition reaction [48]. In this process, cyclic enones 52 are added to nitroalkenes 41 using dienamine catalysis (Scheme 13). Although no model is suggested with respect to how the 6’-OH is involved, it is clearly of importance as the analogous 6’-OMe derived cupreine catalyst gives

Rhodium, iridium and nickel complexes with a 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene tris-MIC ligand. Study of the electronic properties and catalytic activities

• Carmen Mejuto,
• Beatriz Royo,
• Gregorio Guisado-Barrios and
• Eduardo Peris

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2584–2590, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.278

• addition reaction of arylboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketones. Keywords: arylation of unsaturated ketones; mesoionic carbenes; nickel; iridium; rhodium; Introduction Highly symmetrical poly-NHCs are a very interesting type of ligands, because they allow the preparation of a variety of supramolecular

• the addition reaction of arylboronic acids to 2-cyclohexen-1-one, where it showed good activity. The same ligand was also used for the preparation of nanometer-sized cylinder-like structures of Cu, Ag and Au [13]. As mesoionic carbenes (MICs) are known to be stronger electron donors compared to NHCs

• of the tris-MIC ligand B with those of its tris-NHC analogue, A. The catalytic activity of the tris-MIC-trirhodium complex was tested in the addition reaction of arylboronic acids to 2-cyclohexen-1-one and compared to the results obtained with the tris-NHC analogue. Results and Discussion Complex 2

Reaction of allene esters with Selectfluor/TMSX (X = I, Br, Cl) and Selectfluor/NH₄SCN: Competing oxidative/electrophilic dihalogenation and nucleophilic/conjugate addition

• A. Srinivas Reddy and
• Kenneth K. Laali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1641–1648, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.180

Design and synthesis of hybrid cyclophanes containing thiophene and indole units via Grignard reaction, Fischer indolization and ring-closing metathesis as key steps

• Sambasivarao Kotha,
• Ajay Kumar Chinnam and
• Mukesh E. Shirbhate

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1514–1519, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.165

• started with a Grignard addition reaction. In this context, commercially available thiophene-2,5-dicarbaldehyde (4) was reacted with the Grignard reagent [23] derived from 5-bromo-1-pentene to give diol 6 as a diastereomeric mixture (Scheme 1). Alternatively, the dialdehyde 4 can be prepared by using the

• of a higher analogue containing seven carbon alkenyl chains was undertaken. To achieve this goal, thiophene dicarbaldehyde 4 was subjected to a Grignard addition reaction with hexenylmagnesium bromide which gave diol 6a as a mixture of diastereomers. Further, the diol was subjected to an oxidation

Selected synthetic strategies to cyclophanes

• Sambasivarao Kotha,
• Mukesh E. Shirbhate and
• Gopalkrushna T. Waghule

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1274–1331, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.142

• and an RCM as key steps. In this regard, the α,α'-dibromo-m-xylene (136) was treated with arylboronic acid 180, to give the dialdehyde 181 which on reaction with indium-mediated Grignard addition reaction gave diolefin 182. Later RCM of diolefin 182 delivered cyclophane 183. Subsequent oxidation of

Development of variously functionalized nitrile oxides

• Haruyasu Asahara,
• Keita Arikiyo and
• Nagatoshi Nishiwaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1241–1245, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.138

• borohydride also proved to be highly reactive, causing a further addition reaction even at −78 °C to generate the corresponding alcohol 11j (Table 2, entry 17). This disadvantage was overcome by using bulkier diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL) to furnish aldehydes 9j and 10j, although small amounts of

A new and efficient procedure for the synthesis of hexahydropyrimidine-fused 1,4-naphthoquinones

• Marcelo Isidoro P. Reis,
• Vinícius R. Campos,
• Jackson A. L. C. Resende,
• Fernando C. Silva and
• Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1235–1240, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.137

• unsymmetrical hexahydropyrimidine-fused 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinones by the reaction of 4-amino-l,2-naphthoquinone and 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone with amines and formaldehyde in moderate yields [37]. Ohta et al. studied the nucleophilic addition reaction of methylamine to 2-bromo-3-hydroxymethyl-1,4

Intermolecular addition reactions of N-alkyl-N-chlorosulfonamides to unsaturated compounds

• Gerold Heuger and
• Richard Göttlich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.136

• cyclisation of various unsaturated N-hetero-substituted amines and amides via radicals [1][2][3] and other mechanistic pathways [4][5][6][7][8]. Although reported by other groups [9][10][11] in our hands an efficient intermolecular addition reaction of N-hetero substituted amines via radicals was not possible

• as such electrophilic intermediates for an efficient intermolecular addition reaction. Addition reactions with N-alkyl-N-halosulfonamides to unsaturated compounds have not been examined in detail so far. In earlier works Komori added a secondary N-chloro-sulfonamide to 1-hexene under photoirridation

• of 92% of 3 (Table 1, entry 7), whilst changing the chloroamide/styrene ratio led to reduced yields. We next wanted to check the scope of this addition reaction and used, with the chloroamide 2b, a sulfonamide with an extreme sterical hinderance (tert-butyl group). This led to the addition product 4

Synthesis of 1,2-cis-2-C-branched aryl-C-glucosides via desulfurization of carbohydrate based hemithioacetals

• Henok H. Kinfe,
• Fanuel M. Mebrahtu,
• Mandlenkosi M. Manana,
• Kagiso Madumo and
• Mokela S. Sokamisa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 583–588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.64

• the regioselective ring opening of 1,2-cyclopropanated carbohydrates and the radical addition reaction of glycals [11][12][13][14][15]. Although the synthetic methodologies developed for the synthesis of C-glycosides and 2-C-branched sugars are extensively studied, the synthesis of 1,2-cis-2-C

Diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition reactions utilizing α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams

• Katherine M. Byrd

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 530–562, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.60

• Katherine M. Byrd Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA 10.3762/bjoc.11.60 Abstract The conjugate addition reaction has been a useful tool in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. The utility of this reaction has been

• -addition of the carbonyl group is always a concern. In this case, the 1,2-addition product was not observed. The authors concluded that the 1,2-addition reaction did not occur because the magnesium salts that were present in the solution would be chelated strongly by the oxygen in the chiral auxiliary and

• the oxygen of the resulting enolate of the CA reaction. This chelation to the magnesium would retard the 1,2-addition reaction from occurring. Since the Mukaiyama publication, there have been many chiral auxiliaries studied in DCA reactions of α,β-unsaturated amides [35]. Figure 2 highlights a few of

Come-back of phenanthridine and phenanthridinium derivatives in the 21st century

• Lidija-Marija Tumir,
• Marijana Radić Stojković and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2930–2954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.312

• reaction. Ghosh, Dhara et al. also reported a synthesis of substituted phenanthridines based on palladium-mediated Suzuki coupling (Scheme 14) [34][35]. Aerobic ligand-free domino Suzuki coupling–Michael addition reaction in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and K3PO4 as a catalytic system in H2O was catalysed by

Design and synthesis of novel bis-annulated caged polycycles via ring-closing metathesis: pushpakenediol

• Sambasivarao Kotha and
• Mirtunjay Kumar Dipak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2664–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.280

• the pentacyclic diallyldione 20, we ventured into the synthesis of PCUD based novel heptacyclic systems. The dione 20 was subjected to an allyl Grignard addition reaction, which resulted in the formation of tetra-allyldiol 21. The structure of diol 21 was established on the basis of high field 1H NMR