Microfluidic radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]FEMPT, a high affinity PET radiotracer for imaging serotonin receptors

• Thomas Lee Collier,
• Steven H. Liang,
• J. John Mann,
• Neil Vasdev and
• J. S. Dileep Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2922–2927, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.285

• nM. Microfluidic chemistry Reaction optimization of radiofluorination methods vary depending on the microfluidic systems being used but we can typically optimize 18F-labeling reaction conditions in one or two days from a single batch of [18F]fluoride. This is significantly more efficient than

• classical vial-based radiofluorination methods which, generally involves several experimental days and analysis as each reaction, including azeotropic drying of [18F]fluoride, must be carried out individually. The microfluidic radiosynthesis of [18F]FEMPT was optimized by treating the reactions as 2

• individual steps, using the Discovery mode of the Advion NanoTek® microfluidic synthesizer [16]. The first step is the preparation of the labeling reagent [18F]fluoroethyltosylate (10) via tetraethylammonium fluoride ([18F]TEAF). The second step is the reaction of the [18F]fluoroethyltosylate (10), with the

The synthesis of the 2,3-difluorobutan-1,4-diol diastereomers

• Robert Szpera,
• Nadia Kovalenko,
• Kalaiselvi Natarajan,
• Nina Paillard and
• Bruno Linclau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2883–2887, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.280

• -difluorobutane-1,4-diol (anti-5) starting from commercially available cis-but-2-ene-1,4-diol (Scheme 1) [17]. The vicinal-difluoride group was introduced by a two-step sequence, with initial nucleophilic epoxide [18] opening by a fluoride source [19], followed by nucleophilic deoxyfluorination [9][10][11]. In

•  1 was high-yielding [17], two disadvantages were apparent. First, the epoxide opening takes 2.5 days at 115 °C and uses an expensive fluoride source (Landini’s reagent [18]: Bu4NH2F3). It was found that Bu4NH2F3 made in-house gave significantly reduced yields. Second, the use of the benzyl ether

• to afford fluorohydrin (±)-9, containing the thermodynamically favoured five-membered ring [24]. This is clearly indicated by the appearance of a doublet of doublets for the primary alcohol OH proton. DAST-mediated deoxofluorination then led to (±)-10, in which an alkyl fluoride signal at −232 ppm

Recent progress in the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres

• Myriam Drouin and
• Jean-François Paquin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2637–2658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.262

• -carboxybenzyl moiety to afford 4. Finally, removal of the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group using tert-n-butylammonium fluoride, followed by oxidation with the Jones reagent, provided the C-terminal carboxylic acid 5. In 2011, Lequeux and co-workers used rather the Julia–Kocienski olefination to access Phth-Gly-ψ

Asymmetric synthesis of propargylamines as amino acid surrogates in peptidomimetics

• Matthias Wünsch,
• David Schröder,
• Tanja Fröhr,
• Lisa Teichmann,
• Sebastian Hedwig,
• Nils Janson,
• Clara Belu,
• Jasmin Simon,
• Shari Heidemeyer,
• Philipp Holtkamp,
• Jens Rudlof,
• Lennard Klemme,
• Alessa Hinzmann,
• Beate Neumann,
• Hans-Georg Stammler and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2428–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.240

• fluoride leads to deprotonation in the Cα-position of 6i, 6k and 6j, inducing an alkyne rearrangement to form an allene, which rearranges further to provide an α,β-unsaturated imine (Figure 8) [97]. One target application of propargylamines 7 is the Sonogashira cross-coupling with halogenated benzoates

Structure–property relationships and third-order nonlinearities in diketopyrrolopyrrole based D–π–A–π–D molecules

• Jan Podlesný,
• Lenka Dokládalová,
• Oldřich Pytela,
• Adam Urbanec,
• Milan Klikar,
• Numan Almonasy,
• Tomáš Mikysek,
• Jaroslav Jedryka,
• Iwan V. Kityk and
• Filip Bureš

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2374–2384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.235

• ]. Moreover, some DPP derivatives also showed aggregation induced emission (AIE) [13][14] and the ability to selectively sense fluoride ions [26][27][28]. The modern era of DPP chromophores has been opened by Gryko et al. [3][11][12][18][20][21][29] who have demonstrated their large and tunable two-photon

Fluorination of some highly functionalized cycloalkanes: chemoselectivity and substrate dependence

• Attila Márió Remete,
• Melinda Nonn,
• Santos Fustero,
• Matti Haukka,
• Ferenc Fülöp and
• Loránd Kiss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2364–2371, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.233

• 2D NMR and X-ray data fluorohydrine derivative (±)-5 through chemodifferentiation in a moderate yield (Scheme 2, Figure 1). This result indicated that in the case of compound (±)-4, the C-4 hydroxy group is transformed into a leaving group on interaction with Deoxofluor, followed by a fluoride attack

• of the alcoholic group at C-4 in (±)-8 into a leaving group, an intramolecular cyclization takes place to afford oxazine (±)-9. Subsequently, this oxazine, in the presence of an excess Deoxofluor gives fluorinated derivative (±)-10. Finally, in the presence of fluoride as base, deprotonation (T9

• contrast, when using the fluorinating reagent in excess, both hydroxy groups are converted to leaving groups to afford intermediate T15. The latter affords aziridinium ion T16 through intramolecular reaction with the amide nitrogen. The subsequent aziridine-ring opening by reaction with fluoride results in

Homologated amino acids with three vicinal fluorines positioned along the backbone: development of a stereoselective synthesis

• Raju Cheerlavancha,
• Ahmed Ahmed,
• Yun Cheuk Leung,
• Aggie Lawer,
• Qing-Quan Liu,
• Marina Cagnes,
• Hee-Chan Jang,
• Xiang-Guo Hu and
• Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.228

• ]. Therefore we turned our attention to converting the fluorinated aldehyde 8b (Scheme 1) into the allylic fluoride 16. The crude fluorinated aldehyde 8b was treated with a variety of olefination reagents (e.g., Tebbe; Wittig; reagent 15 [27]). Unfortunately, however, the desired allylic fluoride 16 was either

• have previously reported a concise method for synthesising compounds that contain three vicinal C–F bonds [34]; their method commences with an epoxy alcohol, which undergoes three successive nucleophilic substitutions with fluoride (i.e., deoxyfluorination of the alcohol, epoxide ring opening with

• fluoride, then deoxyfluorination). We therefore sought to apply O’Hagan’s method to the target 6b (Scheme 3, boxed). Accordingly, the enantiopure allylic alcohol 27 [35] was extended through a cross-metathesis reaction to deliver the disubstituted alkene 30 (Scheme 3). Compound 30 became the substrate for

Curcuminoid–BF₂ complexes: Synthesis, fluorescence and optimization of BF₂ group cleavage

• Henning Weiss,
• Jeannine Reichel,
• Helmar Görls,
• Kilian Rolf Anton Schneider,
• Mathias Micheel,
• Michael Pröhl,
• Michael Gottschaldt,
• Benjamin Dietzek and
• Wolfgang Weigand

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2264–2272, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.223

• –h in yields ranging from 56 to 96% (Table 1). The amount of base required have to be increased from 0.1 to ca. 0.6 equiv due to the formation of HF, which forms n-butylammonium fluoride as a main impurity. Therefore, all complexes were purified by recrystallization from a mixture of acetone and

• hydrolysis to boric acid, hydrogen fluoride and the corresponding curcuminoid in the anionic form (V). The latter finally becomes protonated by one equivalent of HF (VI). If no additional base is present, the hydroxide concentration decreases with ongoing hydrolysis so far, that the reaction effectively

Conjugated nitrosoalkenes as Michael acceptors in carbon–carbon bond forming reactions: a review and perspective

• Yaroslav D. Boyko,
• Valentin S. Dorokhov,
• Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov and
• Sema L. Ioffe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2214–2234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.220

• the action of fluoride anion at −78 °C. It is worth paying attention that the malonate anion is generated prior the addition of TBAF, because of a high instability of the intermediate nitroso compound NSA2. Using this procedure, bicyclic oxime 13 was prepared in quantitative yield from precursor 12

An efficient synthesis of a C₁₂-higher sugar aminoalditol

• Łukasz Szyszka,
• Anna Osuch-Kwiatkowska,
• Mykhaylo A. Potopnyk and
• Sławomir Jarosz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2146–2152, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.213

• ) and traces of secondary amine 13. To a solution of the above crude mixture (43.6 mg) in THF (4 mL) tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate (35 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at 20 °C. Then it was concentrated and the residue was purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography

Synthesis of substituted Z-styrenes by Hiyama-type coupling of oxasilacycloalkenes: application to the synthesis of a 1-benzoxocane

• James R. Vyvyan,
• Courtney A. Engles,
• Scott L. Bray,
• Erik D. Wold,
• Christopher L. Porter and
• Mikhail O. Konev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2122–2127, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.209

• . The siloxanes 8 participated efficiently in Hiyama-type cross-couplings with aryl iodides in the presence of Pd2(dba)3 catalyst and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF, Table 1). Both electron-rich (Table 1, entries 1, 2, and 7) and electron-poor (Table 1, entries 5 and 6) iodides give coupled products

Intramolecular glycosylation

• Xiao G. Jia and
• Alexei V. Demchenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2028–2048, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.201

• was accomplished in 97% yield and the resulting conjugate was converted into glycosyl fluoride by the treatment with DAST and NBS in 89% yield. Finally, selective cleavage of p-methylbenzyl ethers was accomplished with H2 over Pd(OH)2/C to provide donor–accepter conjugate 18 in 93% yield. Subsequent

Chiral phase-transfer catalysis in the asymmetric α-heterofunctionalization of prochiral nucleophiles

• Johannes Schörgenhumer,
• Maximilian Tiffner and
• Mario Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1753–1769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.170

• nucleophiles dates back to 2002, when Kim and Park described the first use of cinchona alkaloid-based quaternary ammonium salts A (i.e., derivative A1) for the enantioselective α-fluorination of β-ketoesters 1 by using N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI, 2) as the fluoride-transfer reagent [73] (Scheme 2). By

The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

Phenylsilane as an effective desulfinylation reagent

• Wanda H. Midura,
• Aneta Rzewnicka and
• Jerzy A. Krysiak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1513–1517, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.150

• . The desulfinylation process of compounds of this type by phenylsilane is the first observation. It is unknown until now in literature. One could assume that the active species, usually postulated in the fluoride- and base-catalyzed hydrosilylation [27][28][29][30], in the presented case is

Synthesis of oligonucleotides on a soluble support

• Harri Lönnberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1368–1387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.134

• oligonucleotide. Since the phosphate protecting groups are normally base-labile and the repeatedly removable 5´-O protecting group is acid-labile, the 2´-O-protection should preferably be removable under orthogonal conditions. For this purpose, numerous protecting groups have been proposed [18][19], the fluoride

Detection of therapeutic radiation in three-dimensions

• John A. Adamovics

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1325–1331, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.129

• of the eight DTMs which varied from 4.5 times greater than LMG for the most sterically hindered bromide derivative 2 to the least for the ortho-fluoride 4 with 0.6 less dose sensitivity than LMG (Table 1). This is also consistent for the ortho-methyl derivative 5 being more dose sensitive than it’s

Total synthesis of elansolids B1 and B2

• Liang-Liang Wang and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1280–1287, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.124

• , 2.79 µmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in THF (0.5 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. A solution of hydrogen fluoride pyridine complex (0.5 mL) prepared by mixing hydrogen fluoride pyridine (2 mL; hydrogen fluoride ≈70 %) with pyridine (5.6 mL) in THF (9.8 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at

Strategies toward protecting group-free glycosylation through selective activation of the anomeric center

• A. Michael Downey and
• Michal Hocek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1239–1279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.123

• fashion [58][59]. Therefore, they postulated that by using the correct divalent cation and suitable Lewis acid/Lewis base pairing, the necessary transition-state organization to favor glycosylation of a glycosyl fluoride would outcompete hydrolysis in the aqueous medium. This would lead to a simple non

Synthesis and enzymatic ketonization of the 5-(halo)-2-hydroxymuconates and 5-(halo)-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoates

• Tyler M. M. Stack,
• William H. Johnson Jr. and
• Christian P. Whitman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1022–1031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.101

• . The implications of these findings are discussed. The availability of these compounds will facilitate future studies of the haloaromatic catabolic pathways. Keywords: dienol; enzyme kinetics; fluoride; halogen; Introduction Aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated derivatives are well known

• in Supporting Information File 1. The approximate percentages of the components were determined by integration and are summarized in Table 3 [15]. The highly electronegative fluoride substituent in 5d prevents the detectable formation of the corresponding α,β-unsaturated ketone, 9d. Ketonization of

Aggregation behaviour of a single-chain, phenylene-modified bolalipid and its miscibility with classical phospholipids

• Simon Drescher,
• Vasil M. Garamus,
• Christopher J. Garvey,
• Annette Meister and
• Alfred Blume

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 995–1007, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.99

• -butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as solvent as well as 1,4-dibromobenzene and octadec-17-yn-1-ol (Ac-C16-OH) [32][39] as starting material. Following, both triple bonds were converted into single bonds by hydrogenation. The bolalipid was finally purified by middle pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) using CHCl3

• : tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, TEA: triethylamine, rt: room temperature. SANS data obtained from IFT analysis for aqueous suspensions of PC-C18pPhC18-PC in D2O at different temperatures.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 102: Experimental procedures, characterization data for

Interactions between shape-persistent macromolecules as probed by AFM

• Johanna Blass,
• Jessica Brunke,
• Franziska Emmerich,
• Cédric Przybylski,
• Vasil M. Garamus,
• Artem Feoktystov,
• Roland Bennewitz,
• Gerhard Wenz and
• Marcel Albrecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.95

• 4 was prepared by Sonogashira reaction of 3 with trimethylsilylacetylene. Subsequent deprotection of the TMS groups using tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride and saponification of the tert-butyl ester with trifluoroacetic acid resulted in the corresponding benzoic acid 6. The latter was coupled to 6

Synthesis of ribavirin 2’-Me-C-nucleoside analogues

• Fanny Cosson,
• Aline Faroux,
• Jean-Pierre Baltaze,
• Jonathan Farjon,
• Régis Guillot,
• Jacques Uziel and
• Nadège Lubin-Germain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 755–761, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.74

• with tetrabutylammonium fluoride leading to the mixture of diols 17 and 18 in quantitative yield which were easily separated (Scheme 3). Finally, the aminolysis of compound 17 followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis in the presence of palladium chloride led to the desired compound 3 [22] (Scheme 4

Fluorinated cyclohexanes: Synthesis of amine building blocks of the all-cis 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocyclohexylamine motif

• Tetiana Bykova,
• Nawaf Al-Maharik,
• Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and
• David O'Hagan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 728–733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.72

• reduction on benzoic acid, quenching with methyl iodide, and then subsequent conversion of the cyclohexadiene product to a tetrafluorocycloheane motif [11]. The methyl group was a design feature to block hydrogen fluoride elimination from the position alpha to the aldehyde. The diastereoisomers of all cis

• -tetrafluorocyclohexane aldehydes 4 were used successfully in Ugi multicomponent reactions [11][12]. In this paper we report the preparation of amines of this series starting from a Birch reduction on benzonitrile, and with a similar methyl iodide quench, to generate amines 5, which are stable to hydrogen fluoride

Substitution of fluorine in M[C₆F₅BF₃] with organolithium compounds: distinctions between O- and N-nucleophiles

• Anton Yu. Shabalin,
• Nicolay Yu. Adonin and
• Vadim V. Bardin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 703–713, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.69

• MeOH [31] (Scheme 11). In our opinion, the reason of the negligible content of isomer [2-NuC6F4BF3]− is the lesser affinity to fluoride of Na+ and K+ compared with Li+ (considerations on the relative fluoride affinities are grounded on the crystal lattice energy of LiF (1027 kJ·mol−1), NaF (914 kJ·mol

• , the salt Li[C6F5BF3] prepared from 1-K and an excess of LiI at 22 °C in quantitative yield converted to C6F5H in high yield when being heated in DME at 55–70 °C (Scheme 12). A similar reaction of 1-K occurs in MeOH in the presence of LiCl [33]. Presumably, one role of lithium halides is the fluoride

• elimination of LiF. In contrary, the cation–anion bonds in O-nucleophiles and in N-nucleophiles are ionic (M = K, Na) and the fluoride affinities of K+ and Na+ are smaller than that of Li+. These factors determine the reaction route with K[C6F5BF3] by a simple SN2 mechanism. Preparation of