Advances in radical peroxidation with hydroperoxides

• Oleg V. Bityukov,
• Pavel Yu. Serdyuchenko,
• Andrey S. Kirillov,
• Gennady I. Nikishin,
• Vera A. Vil’ and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2959–3006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.249

• copper catalysis the complex Cu(II)OO-t-Bu was proposed [122]. The difunctionalization of styrenes 175 with trifluoromethyl and peroxy groups was carried out using Togni reagent II (176) as a CF3-group precursor and the metal organic framework Cu3(BTC)2 as a heterogeneous catalyst (Scheme 54) [123]. The

• reaction mechanism was proposed as an anchored ionic type pathway, rather than the free radical one. First, the Togni reagent forms complex A with the dinuclear paddle-wheel copper nodes of Cu3(BTC)2. Complex A then adds to styrene 175 to form iodonium cation B, which is converted to intermediate D by

Harnessing the versatility of hydrazones through electrosynthetic oxidative transformations

• Aurélie Claraz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1988–2004, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.175

• two carbone graphite electrodes. The Togni reagent 127 was chosen as a source of trifluoromethyl radical with redox neutral and electron-rich hydrazones through a paired electrolysis. In contrast, the Langlois reagent 128 was preferred for electron-poor substrates through an electrooxidative process

Recent advances in the tandem annulation of 1,3-enynes to functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives

• Yi Liu,
• Puying Luo,
• Yang Fu,
• Tianxin Hao,
• Xuan Liu,
• Qiuping Ding and
• Yiyuan Peng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2462–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.163

• trifluoromethylated coumarins [59], we recently developed a Rh-catalyzed approach to trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrroles using the Togni reagent II as trifluoromethyl source. It involves a three-component cascade reaction of 1,3-enynes, anilines, and Togni reagent II to afford fully substituted pyrrole derivatives

• halogenation of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-enynes to pyrroles. Copper-catalyzed cascade cyclization of 2-nitro-1,3-enynes with amines. Tandem cyclization of 2-nitro-1,3-enynes, Togni reagent II, and amines. Tandem cyclization of 2-nitro-1,3-enynes, TMSN3, and amines. Cascade cyclization of 6-hydroxyhex-2-en-4-ynals

Synthetic reactions driven by electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) complexes

• Zhonglie Yang,
• Yutong Liu,
• Kun Cao,
• Xiaobin Zhang,
• Hezhong Jiang and
• Jiahong Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 771–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.67

• unactivated olefins and alkynes. This approach employed 68 and Togni reagent 69 (electron acceptor) as substrates, NMM as electron donor, and pyrrolidin-2-one as solvent to give hydrotrifluoromethylated product 70 at room temperature (Scheme 24). CF3 was added to a variety of terminal alkenes, leading to

• corresponding hydrotrifluoromethylation products with moderate to good yield. In 2017, Yu and colleagues [30] proposed an EDA-complex-induced alkyne trifluoromethylation reaction. The EDA complex formed by a catalytic quantity of Togni reagent 69 and NMM initiated the chain propagation, causing the final alkyne

• trifluoromethyl alkynylation product 84 with alkynyl sulfone 83, alkene 81, and Togni reagent 82 as substrates catalyzed by 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP). The EDA complex formed by electron donor TMP and electron acceptor Togni reagent 82 facilitated electron transfer, yielding trifluoromethyl radical to initiate

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

• ) as an additive (Scheme 78). Mechanistic studies revealed that this reaction probably proceeds through a radical pathway. Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes: In 2013, Xi et al. [142] reported a CuCl-catalyzed direct trifluoromethylation of sp2 C–H bonds with Togni reagent

Oxidative radical ring-opening/cyclization of cyclopropane derivatives

• Yu Liu,
• Qiao-Lin Wang,
• Zan Chen,
• Cong-Shan Zhou,
• Bi-Quan Xiong,
• Pan-Liang Zhang,
• Chang-An Yang and
• Quan Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 256–278, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.23

• -arylselanylnaphthaldehyde 25. In 2015, Shi and co-workers reported a novel and efficient method to construct CF3-substituted dihydronaphthalene derivatives 31 in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions through the Cu(I)-catalyzed trifluoromethylation/ring-opening/cyclization of MCPs 1 with Togni reagent II (30

• or BHT under the standard conditions, and the reactions were suppressed by radical scavengers, which suggested that the reaction underwent a radical process. The proposed mechanism is depicted in Scheme 9. Initially, the CF3 radical 35 is generated from the Togni reagent II (30) under the action of

• reaction pathway is outlined in Scheme 13. Initially, the Togni reagent II (30) goes through a single-electron transfer (SET) under the action of Fe2+ to generate the CF3 radical 35. The CF3 radical 35 is trapped by the C–C double bond of substrate 54 to produce the alkyl radical intermediate 57. Then, the

Determining the predominant tautomeric structure of iodine-based group-transfer reagents by ¹⁷O NMR spectroscopy

• Nico Santschi,
• Cody Ross Pitts,
• Benson J. Jelier and
• René Verel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2289–2294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.203

• is predicted to be thermodynamically favored over the cyclic form 5a by more than 10 kcal/mol by DFT calculations [5]. However, this type of computational analysis is in general still not decisive. For example, while Togni reagent 4a is thermodynamically less favorable than its acyclic isomer 4b by

• estimate of ±10 ppm. While 5a/b indeed has been shown to exist as the thioperoxide 5b (vide infra), a crystallographic study on 6a/b is required to corroborate our prediction as 6a. To further gauge the utility of this approach, the activation of Togni reagent 4a was studied, in particular its protonation

Synthesis of trifluoromethylated 2H-azirines through Togni reagent-mediated trifluoromethylation followed by PhIO-mediated azirination

• Jiyun Sun,
• Xiaohua Zhen,
• Huaibin Ge,
• Guangtao Zhang,
• Xuechan An and
• Yunfei Du

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1452–1458, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.123

• (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China 10.3762/bjoc.14.123 Abstract The reaction of enamine compounds with the Togni reagent in the presence of CuI afforded β-trifluoromethylated enamine intermediates, which were converted directly to biologically interesting trifluoromethylated 2H-azirines by an iodosobenzene

• (PhIO)-mediated intramolecular azirination in a one-pot process. Keywords: azirination; 2H-azirine; iodosobenzene; Togni reagent; β-trifluoromethylation; Introduction The trifluoromethyl group is a striking structural motif, which can be widely found in the fields of pharmaceutical and agrochemical

• skeleton bearing versatile substituents, we herein report that the biologically interesting CF3 group can be incorporated into the privileged 2H-azirine framework through the Togni reagent 1-mediated trifluoromethylation followed by PhIO-mediated azirination in a one-pot process. Results and Discussion It

One-pot preparation of 4-aryl-3-bromocoumarins from 4-aryl-2-propynoic acids with diaryliodonium salts, TBAB, and Na₂S₂O₈

• Teppei Sasaki,
• Katsuhiko Moriyama and
• Hideo Togo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 345–353, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.22

• addition–cyclization reactions of aryl 2-alkynoates with RC(=O)CO2H/AgNO3(cat.)/K2S2O8 at 60 °C [24], with Cu(OAc)2/1-trifluoromethyl-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-benziodoxole (Togni reagent) at 60 °C [25], with R2P(=O)H/Ag2CO3(cat.)/Mg(NO3)2 at 100 °C [26], with BrCF2CO2Et/fac-Ir(ppy)3(cat.) under irradiation at rt

Come-back of phenanthridine and phenanthridinium derivatives in the 21st century

• Lidija-Marija Tumir,
• Marijana Radić Stojković and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2930–2954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.312

• ), in which the transition metal is omitted, relied on the trifluoromethylation of isonitriles to yield trifluoromethylphenanthridines (Scheme 7) [21]. This approach employed the Togni reagent, and Bu4NI was applied as radical initiator; whereby phenanthridines were prepared in good to excellent yields

Shelf-stable electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents: A brief historical perspective

• Norio Shibata,
• Andrej Matsnev and
• Dominique Cahard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 65, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.65

• stability and reactivity of these reagents, a series of Umemoto reagents, Togni reagent and Shibata reagent are now commercially available. In this review, we wish to briefly provide a historical perspective of the development of so-called “shelf-stable electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents”, although