Hot shape transformation: the role of PSar dehydration in stomatocyte morphogenesis

• Remi Peters,
• Levy A. Charleston,
• Karinan van Eck,
• Teun van Berlo and
• Daniela A. Wilson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 47–54, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.5

• broadening their potential applications in drug delivery and nanotechnology. Our findings shed light on the unique capabilities of polysarcosine-based polymers, paving the way for further exploration and harnessing of their distinctive properties in biomedical research. Keywords: biodegradable; poly(benzyl

• promises to unlock new avenues in pharmaceuticals and biomedical engineering. The problem here is that PEG-PS is a non-biodegradable material and this poses significant challenges for its use in drug delivery applications, particularly concerning potential accumulation in the body [5]. Recent advancements

• have sought to address this issue by replacing the hydrophobic block with biodegradable alternatives, like polylactic acid, resulting in PEG-PDLLA block copolymers capable of forming vesicles that are able to undergo shape transformation towards stomatocytes [6]. Despite this progress, the persistence

Computational toolbox for the analysis of protein–glycan interactions

• Ferran Nieto-Fabregat,
• Maria Pia Lenza,
• Angela Marseglia,
• Cristina Di Carluccio,
• Antonio Molinaro,
• Alba Silipo and
• Roberta Marchetti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2084–2107, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.180

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

Cyclodextrins permeabilize DPPC liposome membranes: a focus on cholesterol content, cyclodextrin type, and concentration

• Ghenwa Nasr,
• Hélène Greige-Gerges,
• Sophie Fourmentin,
• Abdelhamid Elaissari and
• Nathalie Khreich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1570–1579, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.115

• improves the chemical stability and aqueous solubility of the guest molecule and results in most of the cases in the formation of a water-soluble CD–guest complex [3]. Being recognized as non-toxic, biodegradable, and sustainable carriers, CDs have attracted wide interest as potential carriers in different

CO₂ complexation with cyclodextrins

• Cecilie Høgfeldt Jessen,
• Jesper Bendix,
• Theis Brock Nannestad,
• Heloisa Bordallo,
• Martin Jæger Pedersen,
• Christian Marcus Pedersen and
• Mikael Bols

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1021–1027, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.78

• such as 2 and 3 and did not. Recently the solid complex of CO2 and 1 have been studied as a food product additive [9][10][11]. Anions of 1 in DMSO have been found to have a high capacity for capturing of CO2 [12]. Being cheap, biodegradable and eco-friendly these carbohydrates might form the basis in

Clauson–Kaas pyrrole synthesis using diverse catalysts: a transition from conventional to greener approach

• Dileep Kumar Singh and
• Rajesh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 928–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.71

• process has many advantages because it is a metal-free, easy to use, and environmentally friendly method that also gives good product yields with a wide range of substrates. The deep eutectic solvent used in this protocol is cheap, reusable, non-toxic, and biodegradable. In this study, it was found that

Cyclodextrins as building blocks for new materials

• Miriana Kfoury and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 889–891, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.66

• use of CDs and further stimulate their market. The exploration of the potential of inclusion complexation is not limited to the biomedical field. CDs are renewable and biodegradable materials that enable green and environmental biotechnologies for all applications [11]. The ability of CDs to act as

• fact that CDs are nontoxic to humans and to the environment and used to develop greener synthetic routes and strategies, CD-based materials are considered safe and environmentally friendly [18]. This includes, among other characteristics, that they are edible, biodegradable, ecological, and

Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective three-component synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives from glyoxylic acid, sulfonamides and aryltrifluoroborates

• Bastian Jakob,
• Nico Schneider,
• Luca Gengenbach and
• Georg Manolikakes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 719–726, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.52

• production of drugs, fertilizers, (biodegradable) polymers or nutritional supplements [2]. More importantly, α-amino acids form the backbone of all proteins and enzymes are therefore essential for almost all biological processes. In the last twenty years non-proteinogenic and chemically synthesized unnatural

pH-Responsive fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles based on tetraphenylethylene-labelled chitosan and a six-fold carboxylated tribenzotriquinacene

• Nan Yang,
• Yi-Yan Zhu,
• Wei-Xiu Lin,
• Yi-Long Lu and
• Wen-Rong Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 635–645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.45

• -induced emission (AIE) character [20][21]. Chitosan (CS) is a natural cationic polysaccharide, which is considered an ideal material for the construction of drug delivery systems due to its nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily functionalized properties [22]. Herein, we designed and

Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry

• Eric Gayon,
• Guillaume Lefèvre,
• Olivier Guerret,
• Adrien Tintar and
• Pablo Chourreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15

• their reproduction and then limit their proliferation, finally lowering the damages caused by pests to the crops. Moreover, those molecules are totally biodegradable, harmless to Humans and don’t interact with non-targeted insects [6]. However, at this time, few pathways for the synthesis of insect

A study of the DIBAL-promoted selective debenzylation of α-cyclodextrin protected with two different benzyl groups

• Naser-Abdul Yousefi,
• Morten L. Zimmermann and
• Mikael Bols

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1553–1559, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.165

• substances such as pharmaceuticals or fragrances is exploited since it is cheap, harmless and biodegradable [4]. It is also a useful building block for sensors and/or capture devices, advanced materials, and even artificial enzymes. Most such uses require that compound 1 can be chemically modified so that

Automated grindstone chemistry: a simple and facile way for PEG-assisted stoichiometry-controlled halogenation of phenols and anilines using N-halosuccinimides

• Dharmendra Das,
• Akhil A. Bhosle,
• Amrita Chatterjee and
• Mainak Banerjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 999–1008, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.100

• desirable. From our past experience, we realized a liquid-assisted grinding expedites a reaction to several folds [54][55][56]. In this regard, PEG-400 is widely preferred due to its biodegradable and benign nature and often offers excellent outcomes where other grinding auxiliaries failed to deliver [56

Cholyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid compounds: design, synthesis and antimicrobial assessment

• Anas J. Rasras,
• Mohamed El-Naggar,
• Nesreen A. Safwat and
• Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 631–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.63

• drugs, cholic acid with its unique shape has attracted scientists’ attention by virtue of its non-toxic, natural human product, biodegradable, and amphiphilic properties. Cholic acid derivatives have been reported to have a wide range of activities such as antibacterial [21][24][25][26] and anticancer

Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

• . Previous reviews discuss the biomedical applications of cryogels, specifically composite cryogels [7] and biodegradable cryogels [8], while injectable cryogels have also been reviewed by Eggermont et al. [9] and Çimen et al. [10]. Here, we provide an update on the most recent literature relating to drug

• current literature, despite the importance of it for applications such as scaffold materials [29]. A recent review article by Savina et al. highlights biodegradable cryogels and their applications, including a variety of biocompatible polysaccharide-based cryogels [8]. 3. Stimuli-responsive cryogels

• properties induced is used when transferring from room temperature to another environment (i.e., body temperature). This leads to potential applications such as injectable biodegradable scaffolds in tissue engineering, or utilising the changing surface properties for in vitro cell culture applications [36

An initiator- and catalyst-free hydrogel coating process for 3D printed medical-grade poly(ε-caprolactone)

• Jochen Löblein,
• Thomas Lorson,
• Miriam Komma,
• Tobias Kielholz,
• Maike Windbergs,
• Paul D. Dalton and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2095–2101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.136

• non-conductive polymers like water-soluble poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) [35], polypropylene (PP) [36][37] photo-cross-linkable and biodegradable poly(ʟ-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone-co-acryloyl carbonate) [38], or thermoplastic elastomers [39] have successfully been processed via MEW [40

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV

• Santiago Ramos-Carreño,
• Ivone Giffard-Mena,
• Jose N. Zamudio-Ocadiz,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Ricardo Valencia-Yañez,
• Jaime Ruiz-Garcia,
• Maria Teresa Viana and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95

• attractive, since any zoonotic possibility is eliminated, being biocompatible and biodegradable [34][36][37]. Its structure presents advantages over other synthetic nanomaterials, as it is simple and easy to purify for large scale production [34][37][38]. The plant virus cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV

• general, are particularly advantageous in aquaculture and medicine because they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and do not infect mammals [32][62] or marine organisms. To date, CCMV has shown the ability to be distributed widely in mouse organs and tissues using different administration routes [61

Nitroalkene reduction in deep eutectic solvents promoted by BH₃NH₃

• Chiara Faverio,
• Monica Fiorenza Boselli,
• Patricia Camarero Gonzalez,
• Alessandra Puglisi and
• Maurizio Benaglia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1041–1047, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.83

• physicochemical properties can be easily tuned and designed to meet specific requirements; they also offer the possibility to develop convenient methodologies to isolate the product by extraction or precipitation, and thus making the reuse of the DES mixture feasible. The large number of biodegradable raw

• materials that can be used to form eutectic mixtures offers an incredibly high variety of combinations to generate new, safe and biodegradable DESs [5]. Another fundamental principle of green chemistry is the atom economy concept. In this context, ammonia borane (AB) is receiving increasing attention as

• mixture [14]. Results and Discussion Based on our previous experiences with organocatalytic reactions in alternative, biodegradable solvents [15][16], and following some preliminary investigations on the physicochemical properties of several DES combinations, for this application, we decided to focus our

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• oxidation, cross-linkage, bond cleavage). The term “biodegradation” indicates a “degradation caused by enzymatic processes resulting from the action of cells”. Although commonly used, also for artificial polymers, the term “biodegradable” specifically refers to biorelated polymers (i.e., proteins, nucleic

• are not necessarily biodegradable, particularly if similar to those obtained from petroleum sources [76][77]. For depolymerisation to be effective at reasonable operating temperature and selective, the plastic substrate should in principle originate from low-exergonic polymerisation reactions [78

• Polyolefins Due to the intrinsic chemical resistance of the hydrocarbon skeleton devoid of functional groups, polyolefins are neither prone to chemical recycling nor biodegradable [131][132]. Hence, they are more commonly repurposed via mechanical recycling, burned or just discarded [133][134

Dirhamnolipid ester – formation of reverse wormlike micelles in a binary (primerless) system

• David Liese,
• Hans Henning Wenk,
• Xin Lu,
• Jochen Kleinen and
• Gebhard Haberhauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2820–2830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.232

• environmentally friendly biosurfactants because they are 100% biodegradable and are more compatible with water organisms than traditional surfactants. In solution, surfactants self-assemble into micelles with different shapes (spherical, cylindrical, double layer, etc.). In aqueous solution, the surfactant

The B & B approach: Ball-milling conjugation of dextran with phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized BODIPY

• Patrizia Andreozzi,
• Lorenza Tamberi,
• Elisamaria Tasca,
• Gina Elena Giacomazzo,
• Marta Martinez,
• Mirko Severi,
• Marco Marradi,
• Stefano Cicchi,
• Sergio Moya,
• Giacomo Biagiotti and
• Barbara Richichi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2272–2281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.188

• characteristics generally associated to dextran polysaccharides: they are highly soluble in water, biodegradable, biocompatible, commercially available, and cheap. Furthermore, the presence of hydroxy groups allows for an easy chemical functionalization with complementary functional groups. Indeed, dextrans and

Three new O-isocrotonyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid congeners produced by a sea anemone-derived marine bacterium of the genus Vibrio

• Dandan Li,
• Enjuro Harunari,
• Tao Zhou,
• Naoya Oku and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1869–1874, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.154

• nature biodegradable, can be produced from renewable bioresources, and have material properties close to the conventional petroleum-derived plastics, the commercial production and market development are actively pursued by several companies amid the growing plastic waste crisis [14][15]. Vibrio are

Mechanochemical green synthesis of hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers

• Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo,
• Fabrizio Caldera,
• Marco Zanetti,
• Silvia Lucia Appleton,
• Nilesh Kumar Dhakar and
• Francesco Trotta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1554–1563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.127

• . Polysaccharides and, among them, starch derivatives such as cyclodextrins (CD), have recently emerged as they are safe, of low cost and biodegradable. Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers characterized by a nanosized three-dimensional network. The reactive hydroxy groups of CDs

• derivatives and are biodegradable, so they are a very promising material from this point of view. In this article a new, green synthesis of nanosponges through a mechanochemical approach is proposed. Mechanochemistry relies on the application of mechanical forces (such as compression, shear, or friction) to

• present a new green synthesis of biodegradable polymers through a solvent-free procedure, displaying high potential of applications in various fields. After the synthesis, a significant amount of still reactive imidazoyl carbonyl groups within the NS structure were detected. These could be easily removed

Ugi reaction-derived prolyl peptide catalysts grafted on the renewable polymer polyfurfuryl alcohol for applications in heterogeneous enamine catalysis

• Alexander F. de la Torre,
• Gabriel S. Scatena,
• Oscar Valdés,
• Daniel G. Rivera and
• Márcio W. Paixão

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1210–1216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.118

• high reaction yields and reduction of waste – aspects recognized as compatible with the principles of green chemistry [1][2][3][4][5].. However, almost all polymers used in the development of supported organocatalysts are made from non-renewable sources and composed of non-biodegradable materials (e.g

Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes

• Changzhong Chen,
• Fengbo Liu,
• Xiongzhi Zhang,
• Zhiyong Zhao and
• Simin Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97

• investigated in this work (Scheme 1). Results and Discussion As a common biodegradable polymer, PCL has been frequently reported as the fiber template material for the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers. Various common solvents such as acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, DMF or their