A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

• -Bu4NOAc as electrolyte was developed Xie and coworkers [60]. The reaction showed excellent functional group compatibility and biocompatibility, the LSF of biomolecules such as ᴅ-fructose and isoborneol further proved the synthetic robustness (Scheme 44). 1.4 Anodic photoelectrochemical oxidation Combining

Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications

• Pablo Msellem,
• Maksym Dekthiarenko,
• Nihal Hadj Seyd and
• Guillaume Vives

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 504–539, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.45

Synthesis of 5-arylidenerhodanines in L-proline-based deep eutectic solvent

• Stéphanie Hesse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1537–1544, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.110

• due to its rich chemistry and readily availability from carbohydrates [25]. We synthesized HMF according to a modified procedure of Cao et al. [26]. Fructose and tetraethylammonium chloride were heated to 120 °C for 2 h and the reaction media was extracted by THF to recover crude HMF after

Synthesis of C6-modified mannose 1-phosphates and evaluation of derived sugar nucleotides against GDP-mannose dehydrogenase

• Sanaz Ahmadipour,
• Alice J. C. Wahart,
• Jonathan P. Dolan,
• Laura Beswick,
• Chris S. Hawes,
• Robert A. Field and
• Gavin J. Miller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1379–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.142

• , starting from fructose 6-phosphate and its synthesis ultimately arrives at the limiting step in alginate precursor biosynthesis, the action of GDP-mannose dehydrogenase (GMD), which oxidises GDP-mannose 1 to 5 (Figure 1a). GMD oxidation is suggested to have four discrete steps, first oxidising C6 to an

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• ). Following the similar synthetic route, Polchow and Voss synthesized 4,6-anhydro-4-thiofuranoside 110, 1,3:4,6-dianhydro-1,4-dithio-β-D-sorbofuranoside 112, and 1,3-anhydro-6-S-methyl-1,6-dithio-D-psicofuranoside 113 from 1,2:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene D-fructose (105) [52] (Scheme 23). In an alternative

Anomeric sugar boronic acid analogues as potential agents for boron neutron capture therapy

• Daniela Imperio,
• Erika Del Grosso,
• Silvia Fallarini,
• Grazia Lombardi and
• Luigi Panza

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1355–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.135

• . Galactose and fructose also allow tumor growth in the absence of glucose. Boronic acid derivatives have gained interest in the last years in different fields such as the development of enzyme inhibitors, drug delivery polymers, saccharide sensors and as boron carriers for BNCT, e.g., amino acid derivatives

First synthesis of cryptands with sucrose scaffold

• Patrycja Sokołowska,
• Michał Kowalski and
• Sławomir Jarosz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 210–217, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.20

• sucrose scaffold (e.g., 4) can be also prepared successfully [15][16]. All macrocyclic derivatives, shown in Figure 1, were prepared from hexa-O-benzylsucrose 3 by a connection of the terminal positions of glucose (C6) and fructose (C6’) units. Results and Discussion Diol 3 may be also used as a starting

D-Fructose-based spiro-fused PHOX ligands: synthesis and application in enantioselective allylic alkylation

• Michael R. Imrich,
• Jochen Kraft,
• Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2082–2089, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.182

• .14.182 Abstract Phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands are an important class of ligands in asymmetric catalysis. We synthesized ten novel D-fructose-derived spiro-fused PHOX ligands with different steric and electronic demand. The application of two of them was tested in asymmetric allylic alkylation. The

• starting from D-fructose. Two of these ligands were applied in enantioselective catalysis. Results and Discussion Starting from D-fructose, 1,2-isopropylidene-protected pyranosides with different protective groups (PG) at C-3, C-4 and C-5 can be prepared in two to four steps (Scheme 1). First, D-fructose

• -fructose derivatives with different protective groups at position 3, 4 and 5 the hydroxy group of 6a was first protected to afford 6b. After removing the isopropylidene group, positions 4 and 5 of the resulting diol 7c were protected to afford 7d. A convenient method for constructing anomeric 2-oxazolines

Anomeric modification of carbohydrates using the Mitsunobu reaction

• Julia Hain,
• Patrick Rollin,
• Werner Klaffke and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1619–1636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.138

• ) [119]. This approach was extended by Besset et al. to D-fructose and a range of unprotected mono- and disaccharides, again showing a preference of the reaction for the anomeric position instead of the primary [120]. Anomeric azidation was also investigated on diverse unprotected hexopyranoses by Larabi

Glycosylation reactions mediated by hypervalent iodine: application to the synthesis of nucleosides and carbohydrates

• Yuichi Yoshimura,
• Hideaki Wakamatsu,
• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Yukako Saito and
• Noriaki Minakawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1595–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.137

• yields for the one-pot process are comparable or superior to those obtained with the two-step procedure (Scheme 18). Synthesis of disaccharides Classically, carbohydrates have been considered primarily an energy source for life – as in the cases of glucose, fructose and their oligosaccharides, e.g

Cobalt–metalloid alloys for electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural as an alternative anode reaction in lieu of oxygen evolution during water splitting

• Jonas Weidner,
• Stefan Barwe,
• Kirill Sliozberg,
• Stefan Piontek,
• Justus Masa,
• Ulf-Peter Apfel and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1436–1445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.121

• ]. Alternative anode products replacing oxygen evolution could be produced in new generation electrolyzers (see Scheme 1) [5]. According to the report of the US Department of Energy from 2004, the fructose-derived hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its oxidation product 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) are bio

Curcuminoid–BF₂ complexes: Synthesis, fluorescence and optimization of BF₂ group cleavage

• Henning Weiss,
• Jeannine Reichel,
• Helmar Görls,
• Kilian Rolf Anton Schneider,
• Mathias Micheel,
• Michael Pröhl,
• Michael Gottschaldt,
• Benjamin Dietzek and
• Wolfgang Weigand

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2264–2272, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.223

• ongoing research to increase the selectivity of antitumor active metal complexes [17][18][19][20][21][22], our focus was on the synthesis of curcuminoids that could serve as building blocks to attach sugars like D-fructose or D-glucose [23]. Due to the easy accessibility to azido sugars [24][25] we

Switchable highly regioselective synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)ones from o-phenylenediamines and aroylpyruvates

• Juraj Dobiaš,
• Marek Ondruš,
• Gabriela Addová and
• Andrej Boháč

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.132

• . calcd for C17H11ClN2O4 (342.73): C, 59.57; H, 3.23; N, 8.17; found: C, 59.82; H, 3.10; N, 8.32. The structures including some of their physical and biological properties of 3,4-dihydroqunoxalin-2(1H)-ones 4–10. Abbreviations used: F-1,6-BP = fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase; Eya2 = eyes absent homolog 2; HNE

Glycoscience@Synchrotron: Synchrotron radiation applied to structural glycoscience

• Serge Pérez and
• Daniele de Sanctis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1145–1167, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.114

• transport proteins GLUTs are responsible for the diffusion of glucose, galactose, fructose, urate, myoinositol, and dehydroascorbic acid. SGLTs are sodium-glucose symporters that couple the transport of glucose to sodium ions. SWEETs have been characterized the most recently. Major carbohydrate transporters

Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications

• Stephen Hill and
• M. Carmen Galan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 675–693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.67

• of novel FCDs with improved properties. For example, simple monosaccharides such as glucose, glucosamine, mannose, fructose and their derivatives and common disaccharides, e.g., sucrose, lactose, and maltose have been employed to prepare fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) using different methodologies

• their remarkable photostability too, as long exposure times lead to no obvious photobleaching. Fructose and maltose combinations have also been used as an alternative to glucose as the carbon source. The Ostrikov team developed a room temperature preparation of weakly emissive CDs (QY 2%) by mixing a

• 500 mM aqueous solution of fructose and maltose (a glucose 1,4-linked disaccharide) with a 500 mM solution of NaOH and NaHCO3 also dissolved in water (Scheme 14) [45]. The resulting clear mixture was monitored until a colour change towards a yellow colouration was observed after approximately 60

Synthesis of 1-indanones with a broad range of biological activity

• Marika Turek,
• Dorota Szczęsna,
• Marek Koprowski and
• Piotr Bałczewski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 451–494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.48

• been proposed by Krawczyk et al. [93]. For example, optically active 1-indanone 230 was obtained from the cyclic enol phosphate 228 which next was reacted with a fructose-derived dioxirane 232 generated in situ from the ketone 231, to provide the epoxide 229 (Scheme 64). Then, the latter was hydrolyzed

Extrusion – back to the future: Using an established technique to reform automated chemical synthesis

• Deborah E. Crawford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 65–75, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.9

• chloride (1:2) and choline chloride:D-fructose (1.6:1) by TSE [44]. Typically they are prepared by batch heating, but this is not always very effective on large scale, especially as processing of these mixtures results in a dramatic increase in viscosity, this then results in an uneven distribution of each

• component in the mixture [45]. Furthermore, it was reported that batch heating also resulted in the thermal degradation of choline chloride:D-fructose DES due to the caramelisation of D-fructose [45]. TSE overcame the problems identified by batch heating. The residence time for the continuous extrusion of

• -fructose due to the short exposure times to heat (Figure 5). The authors made a direct comparison of the determined space time yields (STY) for the batch preparation versus continuous preparation, which were significantly different. The STY determined for the extrusion process was four orders of magnitude

Formose reaction controlled by boronic acid compounds

• Toru Imai,
• Tomohiro Michitaka and
• Akihito Hashidzume

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2668–2672, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.263

• polymer, respectively (Scheme 1). The copolymer was prepared by radical copolymerization at a molar ratio of 1:10 in monomer feed. The formose reaction was carried out using a solution containing 200 mM formaldehyde and 20 mM calcium hydroxide at 60 °C. Fructose or glyceraldehyde was employed as a

• formaldehyde, 20 mM calcium hydroxide, and 6.9 mM cocatalyst in the presence of SPB (a) and pVPB/NaSS (b); fructose and glyceraldehyde was used as a cocatalyst for SPB and pVPB/NaSS, respectively. The curves are drawn as a guide for the eye. HPLC charts for standard samples (a) and products of the formose

Superelectrophilic activation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-diformylfuran: organic synthesis based on biomass-derived products

• Dmitry S. Ryabukhin,
• Dmitry N. Zakusilo,
• Mikhail O. Kompanets,
• Anton A.Tarakanov,
• Irina A. Boyarskaya,
• Tatiana O. Artamonova,
• Mikhail A. Khohodorkovskiy,
• Iosyp O. Opeida and
• Aleksander V. Vasilyev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2125–2135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.202

• -glucose or D-fructose followed by oxidation to 2,5-DFF. X-ray crystal structure of compounds 5a (a), and 5c (b) (ORTEP diagrams, ellipsoid contour of probability levels is 50%, CCDC reference numbers 5a: 1483523, 5c: 1483524). Protonation of 5-HMF (1a) and 2,5-DFF (2) leading to cationic species A, B, C

Muraymycin nucleoside-peptide antibiotics: uridine-derived natural products as lead structures for the development of novel antibacterial agents

• Daniel Wiegmann,
• Stefan Koppermann,
• Marius Wirth,
• Giuliana Niro,
• Kristin Leyerer and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 769–795, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.77

• fructose-6-phosphate in four steps, is transformed into UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide in a number of enzyme-catalysed reactions (Figure 4, step A). The exact composition of the peptide chain varies in different organisms. Examples given in Figure 3 are frequently occurring ones and a more comprehensive list has

Self and directed assembly: people and molecules

• Tony D. James

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 391–405, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.42

• relative stability Krel of saccharide complexes. Obtained from the observed stability constants (Kobs) for D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose and D-mannose with pyrene diboronic acids (n = 3–8) divided by the observed stability constants (Kobs) with pyrene monoboronic acid, to yield relative values with

Spiro-fused carbohydrate oxazoline ligands: Synthesis and application as enantio-discrimination agents in asymmetric allylic alkylation

• Jochen Kraft,
• Martin Golkowski and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 166–171, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.18

• for metal-catalyzed asymmetric syntheses [16] we recently described the preparation of spiro-fused oxazoline ligands of type C from D-fructose [17]. We could demonstrate that our oxazoline ligands, in contrast to A, were able to form air and moisture-stable palladium complexes of type D upon reaction

• ligands in the D-fructo- and D-psico-series via a straightforward synthetic route. The key steps in our synthesis were a Ritter type condensation reaction of partially benzyl-protected D-fructose and D-psicose derivatives with thiocyanic acid to afford the corresponding 1,3-oxazolidine-2-thiones, and the

Synthesis of D-fructose-derived spirocyclic 2-substituted-2-oxazoline ribosides

• Madhuri Vangala and
• Ganesh P. Shinde

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2289–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.249

• spirooxazolines are stable and were obtained in good yield with high stereoselectivity due to the conformational rigidity imparted by the 3,4-isopropylidene group. Keywords: fructose; oxazoline; riboside; Ritter reaction; spiro; Introduction 2-Oxazolines represent a unique class of 5-membered heterocyclic

• were eventually found to be unstable. Later in 2004, García Fernández and co-workers elegantly showed the formation of fused and spiroglycooxazolines from D-fructose [37]. More recently, Mong and co-workers synthesized fused glucopyranose oxazolines in nitrile solvents from thioglycoside donors and

• to explore the scope of the synthesis and isolation of spirooxazolines. Thus, the required key intermediate D-psicofuranose 2a was synthesized in four steps from the readily available starting material D-fructose following the literature procedure [42][47]. The C6–OH group of D-psicofuranose was

Engineering Pichia pastoris for improved NADH regeneration: A novel chassis strain for whole-cell catalysis

• Martina Geier,
• Christoph Brandner,
• Gernot A. Strohmeier,
• Mélanie Hall,
• Franz S. Hartner and
• Anton Glieder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1741–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.190

• dehydrogenase; FGH: S-formylglutathione hydrolase; FDH: formate dehydrogenase; CAT: catalase; DAS: dihydroxyacetone synthase; DAK: dihydroxyacetone kinase; DHA: dihydroxyacetone; GAP: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; FBP: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; F6P: D-fructose 6-phosphate

Release of β-galactosidase from poloxamine/α-cyclodextrin hydrogels

• César A. Estévez,
• José Ramón Isasi,
• Eneko Larrañeta and
• Itziar Vélaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3127–3135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.330

• : controlled release; cyclodextrins; lactase; polypseudorotaxane; supramolecular gel; Introduction In the Western diet, carbohydrates contribute about 50% of calories, distributed in the following ratio: starch (50%), sucrose (30%), lactose (6%), maltose (1–2%), and others (12%: trehalose, glucose, fructose