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Search for "molecular clips" in Full Text gives 5 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Coordination-driven self-assembly vs dynamic covalent chemistry: versatile methods for the synthesis of molecular metallarectangles
- Li-Li Ma,
- Jia-Qin Han,
- Wei-Guo Jia and
- Ying-Feng Han
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2027–2034, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.178
- elaborately designed building blocks, such as dinuclear half-sandwich molecular clips and appropriate pyridyl ligands. The sizes and structures of the obtained molecular rectangles, cages or rings can be easily tuned by adjusting the length and shape of the bridging ligands and molecular clips. We and others
- have reported a suite of [2 + 2] tetranuclear metallarectangles, each formed using dinuclear molecular clips and pyridyl-based donor ligands [6][7][8][9][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The introduction of dynamic covalent bonds (such as imine C=N bonds), could allow the multicomponent assembly of such
- and metallacages [6][7][8][9]. Following this approach, two self-assembled metallarectangles with different bridging linkers 3a,b were synthesized by utilizing the [Cp*2Rh2(μ-η2-η2-C2O4)Cl2] unit as molecular clips (Scheme 1, method A). Precursor complex 1, which bears two labile triflato ligands was
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of half-sandwich rhodium metallarectangles via three different methods. Method A: coordin...
Figure 1: Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) of (a) L1; (b) the sample of metallarectagle 3a obta...
Figure 2: Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) of (a) L2; (b) a sample of metallarectangle 3b obtai...
Figure 3: Calculated (bottom) and experimental (top) ESI-MS spectra of the tetracationic half-sandwich rhodiu...
Figure 4: Optimized structures of the charged metallarectangles 3a (top) and 3b (bottom), optimized with the ...
Complexation of molecular clips containing fragments of diphenylglycoluril and benzocrown ethers with paraquat and its derivatives
- Leonid S. Kikot',
- Catherine Yu. Kulygina,
- Alexander Yu. Lyapunov,
- Svetlana V. Shishkina,
- Roman I. Zubatyuk,
- Tatiana Yu. Bogaschenko and
- Tatiana I. Kirichenko
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2056–2067, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.203
- , Kharkiv, Ukraine 10.3762/bjoc.13.203 Abstract The complexation of molecular clips containing fragments of diphenylglycoluril and benzocrown ethers with paraquat and its derivatives has been studied both in solution and in the solid state. In this paper we studied the influence of the crown ether ring
- size and the nature of the substituents at the nitrogen atoms of the paraquat derivatives on the composition and stability of these complexes. Keywords: complexation; crown ethers; "host–guest chemistry"; molecular clips; paraquat; Introduction After the first report on the synthesis of crown ethers
- reorganized receptors with rigid cleft and convergent binding sites. These compounds are disposed to selective complexation with a wide range of guests. The formation of complexes in this case occurs due to fixation of the substrate molecule between the sidewalls of the molecular clips containing donor
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structures of hosts 1–6 and guests 7–10.
Figure 2: HF/6-311+G** calculated 3D molecular electrostatic potential of the guests 7–10. The color code spa...
Figure 3: Partial 1H NMR spectra (300 MHz, CD3CN/CDCl3 4:3, v/v) of (a) free host 3, (b) 3 and 1.0 equiv of 7...
Figure 4: The changes observed in the UV–vis spectra during the titration of clip 2 with paraquat (7) in acet...
Figure 5: Stability constant dependence for the complexes (lgK) of molecular clips 1–5 with guests 7–10 on th...
Figure 6: Molecular structures of complexes of clips 3, 2 and 5 with paraquat (7). Anions and solvate molecul...
Figure 7: Crystal packing of molecules in complexes of clips 2, 3 and 5 with paraquat (7). Anions and solvate...
Figure 8: Molecular structures of complexes 2@8 and 3@8. The hydrogen bonds are shown by blue lines. Anions a...
Figure 9: Molecular structures of complexes 2@9 and 3@9. The hydrogen bonds are represented by blue lines. An...
Figure 10: Molecular structures of complexes 2@10 and 3@10. Anions and solvate molecules are omitted for clari...
Star-shaped tetrathiafulvalene oligomers towards the construction of conducting supramolecular assembly
- Masahiko Iyoda and
- Masashi Hasegawa
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1596–1613, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.175
- functional dyes [22][23]. Furthermore, various multifunctional TTF-based supramolecular architectures have been designed and synthesized to realize molecular sensors, redox switches, multi-input systems for logic gates, electrochemically-driven conformational controls, molecular clips and tweezers, and redox
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Radially expanded TTF oligomers 1 and 2a,b.
Figure 2: TTF-calix[4]pyrrole 3 and its TNT and C60 complexes 4 and 5.
Figure 3: C3-symmetric TTF derivatives 6a,b and 7a–c.
Figure 4: Radially expanded TTF derivatives 8, 9, and 10a,b.
Figure 5: Amphiphilic TTFs 11–14 and 15a,b.
Figure 6: TTF dimers linked by σ-bond (16) and conjugated π-systems (17–19).
Scheme 1: Synthesis of star-shaped TTF trimers 22 and 23.
Figure 7: Projections of the molecular array of 22 in crystal structure (a) along with the c axis and (b) fro...
Figure 8: UV–vis/NIR spectra of 23, 23•+, 233+, and 236+.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of tris(TTF)[12]annulenes 28 and 29 and tris(TTF)[18]annulenes 30 and 31, together with h...
Figure 9: TTF-fused annulene 33 and radiannulenes 34 and 35.
Figure 10: Colors of 30 solutions a–d in toluene (0.025 mM) at various temperatures. (a) λmax: 511 nm, (b) λmax...
Figure 11: Solutions of 33. (a) In CS2, λmax: 608 nm. (b) In CH2Cl2, λmax: 577 nm. Reprinted with permission f...
Figure 12: Optical micrographs (1000× magnified) of fibers, prepared from 30 in THF–H2O 1:1, on a glass plate ...
Scheme 3: Star-shaped TTF oligomers 38–43.
Figure 13: Star-shaped TTF 10-mer 44.
Figure 14: Cyclic voltammograms of 38, 40, and 42 (0.1 mM) in benzonitrile with 0.1 M n-Bu4PF6 as a supporting...
Figure 15: Stepwise oxidation of (a) 38 (0.02 mM), (b) 40 (0.05 mM), and (c) 42 (0.03 mM) with incremental add...
Scheme 4: Pyridazine-3,6-diol-TTF 45 and its trimer 46.
Figure 16: CT-complex of 47 with TCNQF4.
Figure 17: (a) Star-shaped TTF hexamer 48. (b) Optical image of 48 fiber with a hexagonal structure. (c) Optic...
Glycoluril–tetrathiafulvalene molecular clips: on the influence of electronic and spatial properties for binding neutral accepting guests
- Yoann Cotelle,
- Marie Hardouin-Lerouge,
- Stéphanie Legoupy,
- Olivier Alévêque,
- Eric Levillain and
- Piétrick Hudhomme
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1023–1036, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.115
- Yoann Cotelle Marie Hardouin-Lerouge Stephanie Legoupy Olivier Aleveque Eric Levillain Pietrick Hudhomme Université d'Angers, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS UMR 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France 10.3762/bjoc.11.115 Abstract Glycoluril-based molecular clips incorporating
- control binding interaction towards a strong electron acceptor such as tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) or a weaker electron acceptor such as 1,3-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB). Keywords: donor–acceptor interactions; glycoluril; molecular clips; supramolecular chemistry; tetrathiafulvalene
- as a π-donating element in molecular clips or tweezers for recognition of neutral electron acceptor guests is still relatively unexplored [13]. Molecular clips and tweezers can be defined as receptors presenting an open cavity composed of two interaction sites which are separated by a spacer [13][14
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of molecular clips 1–4.
Scheme 1: Different routes developed for the synthesis of molecular clips 1–4.
Scheme 2: Reaction between diphenylglycoluril with 4,5-bis(bromomethyl)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole.
Figure 2: Intramolecular distances between TTF moieties from X-ray analysis for clips 2 and 3 and theoretical...
Figure 3: Cyclic voltammograms of molecular clips 1, 2, 3, 4 and F4-TCNQ at 10−3 M in 0.1 M TBAPF6/CH2Cl2/CH3...
Figure 4: Cyclic voltammograms of molecular clip 2 at different concentrations (left: 10−5 M; middle: 10−4 M;...
Scheme 3: Graphical representation of the stepwise oxidation of molecular clips 1, 2 and 3.
Scheme 4: Electrochemical mechanism used to simulate the CVs of molecular clips 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 5: Chemical oxidation of molecular clip 1 (10−4 M, CH2Cl2) using aliquots of NOSbF6 oxidizing reagent ...
Figure 6: Spectroelectrochemical experiment of molecular clip 1 during the first oxidation step at different ...
Figure 7: Molecular structure of molecular clip 15 and representation of its stepwise oxidation processes pro...
Figure 8: Molecular packing diagram of clips 2 (left) and 3 (right) obtained from X-ray analysis. A molecule ...
Figure 9: Left: Job plot analysis for DNB vs molecular clip 3 ([3 + DNB] = 10−3 M in o-C6H4Cl2 at 800 nm) at ...
Figure 10: UV–visible absorption spectra of F4-TCNQ (CH2Cl2, 10−5 M) upon titration with molecular clip 3 (CH2...
Figure 11: Redox interaction (left) and complexation (right) of F4-TCNQ with molecular clips 3 and 4.
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
