Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

Unraveling aromaticity: the dual worlds of pyrazole, pyrazoline, and 3D carborane

• Zahra Noori,
• Miquel Solà,
• Clara Viñas,
• Francesc Teixidor and
• Jordi Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 412–420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.29

• cage retains its aromatic character, the pyrazole’s aromaticity is lost. As a result, rather than forming o-carborane-fused pyrazoles, the synthesis yielded o-carborane-fused pyrazolines, which are non-aromatic. The limited overlap between the π molecular orbitals (MOs) of the planar heterocycle and

• specifically examined pyrazoles in this context, we hypothesize that although the 3D o-carborane maintains its aromaticity, the 2D pyrazole may lose its aromatic character. If our hypothesis holds, these compounds should be termed o-carborane-fused pyrazolines rather than pyrazoles. Alternatively, the presence

• of the N–N bond in pyrazole might help preserve its aromaticity. To explore this, we performed quantum chemical analyses on a range of o-carborane-fused pyrazoles and pyrazolines and compared them with their fully planar indazole and indazoline analogues. Aromaticity or non-aromaticity can be

Multicomponent syntheses of pyrazoles via (3 + 2)-cyclocondensation and (3 + 2)-cycloaddition key steps

• Ignaz Betcke,
• Alissa C. Götzinger,
• Maryna M. Kornet and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2024–2077, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.178

• carbonyl compounds represent a standard approach for synthesizing pyrazolines, which readily oxidize to aromatic pyrazoles in the presence of ambient atmosphere. On the other hand, if good leaving groups are bound to the hydrazine, such as in tosylhydrazine, elimination directly yields aromatic pyrazoles

• generated hydrazones were cyclized with simple ketones to pyrazolines. The oxidation to the corresponding 4-halo-substituted pyrazoles 69 can be achieved in a one-pot fashion by halogenation with iodine chloride or elemental bromine (Scheme 24) [102]. When cyclic ketones are used, fused products 70 are

Harnessing the versatility of hydrazones through electrosynthetic oxidative transformations

• Aurélie Claraz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1988–2004, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.175

• electrochemical approach constitutes an advantageous alternative to previous methods, which required the preparation of difficult-to-handle hydrazonoyl halides for the synthesis of 1-aryl-5-amino-1,2,4-triazoles from cyanamide [56][57]. Pyrazolines are highly important heterocyclic motifs in pharmaceutical and

• situ cathodic generation of the base was supported by a control experiment in a divided cell, where no conversion was achieved. Final formal (3 + 2)-cycloaddition with the dipolarophiles 73 delivered the pyrazolines 74. It is interesting to note that a complementary (3 + 2)-cycloaddition between

• aldehyde hydrazones and alkenes for the preparation of pyrazolines was proposed by Tong, Song, et al., achieving similar efficiency using oxone/KBr as an environmentally friendly oxidative system [59]. Most recently, Zhou and Ma et al. described the electrochemical access to 3‑aminopyrazoles 79 from

Trifluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones as potent nitrogen-containing fluorinated building blocks

• Zhang Dongxu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1741–1754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.127

• . Keywords: acylhydrazones; difluoromethylation; dihydropyridazine; fluorinated building blocks; hydrazones; imidazolidines; pyrazoles; pyrazolidines; pyrazolines; trifluoromethylation; Introduction The introduction of fluorine into pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials can significantly enhance

• other derivatives in good yields [37] (Scheme 1). Later, Wu et al. described a diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrazones with α,β-ethenyl ketones to obtain polysubstituted pyrazolidines and pyrazolines. These reactions were carried out under two different sets of

• ], trifluorinated α-methylene-γ-lactams [99][100], and β-trifluoromethyl-β-acylhydrazonyl carbonyl compounds [101] (Scheme 15). Among these fluorinated products, the trifluoromethylated homoallylic acylhydrazines were easily transformed to CF3-substituted pyrazolines and 1,6-dihydropyridazines via a cascade

Access to cyclopropanes with geminal trifluoromethyl and difluoromethylphosphonate groups

• Ita Hajdin,
• Romana Pajkert,
• Mira Keßler,
• Jianlin Han,
• Haibo Mei and
• Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 541–549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.39

• or by photolysis of pyrazolines bearing difluoromethylphosphonate moieties (Scheme 1C) [35][36][37][38]. Notably, among the various CF2-containing functionalities, difluoromethylphosphonates represent a distinct class of compounds whose potential as nonhydrolyzable phosphate mimics is unquestionable

Selective and reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones under microwave irradiation

• Alexander P. Molchanov,
• Mariia M. Efremova,
• Mariya A. Kryukova and
• Mikhail A. Kuznetsov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2679–2686, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.218

• for transformations of azomethine imines [37][38][39]. However, only the conversion to pyrazolines and the dimerization were investigated previously for diaziridines under microwave conditions [40][41]. The cycloaddition reactions of unstable azomethine imines generated from diaziridines were

• 3a–l are formed as single diastereomers mostly in good yields (up to 70%). In some cases, the pyrazolines 4a–d are obtained in small quantities (Scheme 2). Pyrazolines are typical byproducts observed in transformations of 6-aryldiazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes and are formed during the isomerization of

• pyrazolines 4a and 4b. At the same time, the reaction of DABCH 1b with chalcone 2a also gives adducts 3m and 3a and the same pyrazolines 4a and 4b. As it was marked in the literature, the reactions were expected to occur in ionic liquids more selectively than in organic solvents owing to the stabilization of

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• cooperative TEMPO and photoredox catalysis. The SET oxidation of the anion of the β,γ-unsaturated hydrazones 37.1 is mediated by TEMPO+, itself formed by an SET oxidation with the excited state of Mes-Acr-Me+ (OD2). The pyrazolines 37.2 are formed through an intramolecular addition to the alkene, followed by

One-pot activation–alkynylation–cyclization synthesis of 1,5-diacyl-5-hydroxypyrazolines in a consecutive three-component fashion

• Christina Görgen,
• Katharina Boden,
• Guido J. Reiss,
• Walter Frank and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1360–1370, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.136

• pyrazolines [3][4][5] are privileged 1,2-diazole derivatives in a broad range of application, both in life and materials sciences. While the former are fully conjugated and can be considered as heteroaromatic 6π-systems with interesting properties as crop-protecting agents [6][7], as pharmaceutically active

• ingredients [8][9][10][11], as ligands [12][13], and as chromophores [14][15][16], the partially unsaturated 2H-pyrazolines have particularly attracted attention for instance as antibacterial [17], anti-inflammatory [18], antidiabetic [19], and antidepressive [20] agents. Especially, 1-acylpyrazolines have

• -acyl-5-hydroxypyrazoline acts as a bidentate ligand [31]. Upon treatment with TMEDA mononuclear complexes with concomitant ring opening to give a seven-membered bidentate chelate are generated. Although numerous syntheses of pyrazolines [3][4][5] in general and 1-acyl-5-hydroxypyrazolines [24][25][26

Microwave-assisted synthesis of biologically relevant steroidal 17-exo-pyrazol-5'-ones from a norpregnene precursor by a side-chain elongation/heterocyclization sequence

• Gergő Mótyán,
• László Mérai,
• Márton Attila Kiss,
• Zsuzsanna Schelz,
• Izabella Sinka,
• István Zupkó and
• Éva Frank

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2589–2596, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.236

• with its β-ketoester moiety to give 17-exo-heterocycles, but also with its enone part to provide ring D-condensed pyrazolines [27]. Therefore, the ring-closure reactions of 4 with unsubstituted and monosubstituted hydrazines as binucleophilic reagents were investigated next. First, compound 4 was

Hypervalent iodine-mediated Ritter-type amidation of terminal alkenes: The synthesis of isoxazoline and pyrazoline cores

• Sang Won Park,
• Soong-Hyun Kim,
• Jaeyoung Song,
• Ga Young Park,
• Darong Kim,
• Tae-Gyu Nam and
• Ki Bum Hong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1028–1033, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.89

• of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Not surprisingly, the construction of diverse heterocyclic cores including isoxazolines and pyrazolines has garnered much attention from synthetic chemists [12][13][14][15]. Among precedent synthetic methods, the functionalization of

Oxidative dehydrogenation of C–C and C–N bonds: A convenient approach to access diverse (dihydro)heteroaromatic compounds

• Santanu Hati,
• Ulrike Holzgrabe and
• Subhabrata Sen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1670–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.162

• oxidation. One of the early examples of such reaction was demonstrated by Han et al. in 2006 [84]. Here in pyridines 71 and pyrazoles 72 were synthesized in excellent yield by the oxidation of 4-substituted Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines 69 and 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines 70 via molecular oxygen. The

• , phd = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione. Oxidative dehydrogenation with Flavin mimics. o-Quinone based bioinspired catalysts for the synthesis of dihydroisoquinolines. Cobalt-catalyzed aerobic dehydrogenation of Hantzch 1,4-DHPs and pyrazolines. Mechanism of cobalt-catalyzed aerobic dehydrogenation of

Synthesis of enones, pyrazolines and pyrrolines with gem-difluoroalkyl side chains

• Assaad Nasr El Dine,
• Ali Khalaf,
• Danielle Grée,
• Olivier Tasseau,
• Fares Fares,
• Nada Jaber,
• Philippe Lesot,
• Ali Hachem and
• René Grée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1943–1948, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.230

• -mediated isomerisation affords enones in fair yields with a gem-difluoroalkyl chain. These derivatives were used to prepare pyrazolines and pyrrolines with the desired gem-difluoroalkyl side chain by cyclocondensations in good yields and with excellent stereoselectivity. A one-pot process was also

• ; palladium catalysis; pyrazolines; pyrrolines; Introduction A widely used strategy in bioorganic, medicinal chemistry and in chemical biology is the selected introduction of fluorine in organic molecules since it strongly modifies their properties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. On the other hand, heterocyclic

• . Pyrazolines are well-recognized heterocyclic cores for pharmacologically active molecules [29]. Therefore, they were selected as first examples of 5-membered heterocyclic targets with the fluorinated side chain. Reaction of 3a–3e with methylhydrazine gave the desired pyrazolines 4a–4e in 79–86% yields (Scheme

Reactions of salicylaldehyde and enolates or their equivalents: versatile synthetic routes to chromane derivatives

• Ishmael B. Masesane and
• Zelalem Yibralign Desta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2166–2175, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.244

• [28], as catalytic reagents for silylation of alcohols, phenols, and thiols using hexamethyldisilazane [29], in conversion of urazoles to triazolinediones [30], and in oxidation of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines [31]. Molecular sieves have been used as solid-phase catalysts in the preparation of 2

Organocatalytic cascade aza-Michael/hemiacetal reaction between disubstituted hydrazines and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes: Highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of pyrazolidine derivatives

• Zhi-Cong Geng,
• Jian Chen,
• Ning Li,
• Xiao-Fei Huang,
• Yong Zhang,
• Ya-Wen Zhang and
• Xing-Wang Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1710–1720, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.195

• ], and moreover, pyrazolidines can also be oxidized to afford pyrazolines [8][9][10][11][12] and pyrazoles [13][14][15]. The pyrazolidine structural unit is commonly constructed by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions using hydrazones [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] or azomethine amines [24][25][26][27] as

• -pyrazolines starting from α,β-unsaturated ketones and phenylhydrazine or N-tert-butyloxycarbonylhydrazine in the presence of a chiral Brønsted acid or a phase-transfer catalyst [70][71]. Compared with monosubstituted hydrazines in organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis, disubstituted hydrazines were also

• of 2-pyrazolines using disubstituted hydrazines through an asymmetric conjugate addition followed by a deprotection–cyclization sequence [75]. Due to the importance of pyrazolidine derivatives in both organic and medicinal chemistry, we have become interested in developing an efficient

An improved synthesis of 1,3,5-triaryl- 2-pyrazolines in acetic acid aqueous solution under ultrasound irradiation

• Ji-Tai Li,
• Xiao-Hui Zhang and
• Zhi-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 13, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-13

• broad spectrum of biological activities. Among various pyrazoline derivatives, 2-pyrazolines seem to be the most frequently studied. A variety of methods have been reported for the preparation of this class of compound. However, in spite of their potential utility, some of the reported methods suffer

• used in organic synthesis in the last three decades. A large number of organic reactions can be carried out in higher yields, shorter reaction time or milder conditions under ultrasound irradiation. Results Preparation of a series of 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines through the reaction of chalcones and

• phenylhydrazine hydrochloride was carried out in 83–96% yield within 1.5–2 h in sodium acetate-acetic acid aqueous solution under ultrasound irradiation. Conclusion We have described a practical and convenient procedure for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines in sodium acetate-acetic acid aqueous