Applications of microscopy and small angle scattering techniques for the characterisation of supramolecular gels

• Connor R. M. MacDonald and
• Emily R. Draper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2608–2634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.220

• highly sensitive cantilever to measure the nanometre to sub-millimetre surface morphology. Attractive or repulsive interactions between the surface and the cantilever induce a bending force in the cantilever providing a mechanical means of probing the surface nanostructure [11]. There are various modes

Cage-like microstructures via sequential Ugi reactions in aqueous emulsions

• Rita S. Alqubelat,
• Yaroslava A. Menzorova and
• Maxim A. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2078–2083, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.179

• ]. However, the relationship between the structure of the initial particles and the surface morphology of colloidosomes is not yet understood clearly enough. Quite often, there are cases where the number of colloidal particles is clearly insufficient to cover the surface of the droplets observed in stable

Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor

• Pengcheng Li,
• Daniel Kowalczyk,
• Johannes Liessem,
• Mohamed M. Elnagar,
• Dariusz Mitoraj,
• Radim Beranek and
• Dirk Ziegenbalg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 74–91, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.9

• activity of the hydrogen evolution. The efficiency of the loop photoreactor is also compared with results from literature obtained in a Schlenk tube system [30]. Results and Discussion Photocatalyst characterization The surface morphology of the Pt-PCN photocatalyst has been analyzed by scanning electron

• photocatalyst is referred to as Pt-PCN. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and elemental distribution of the Pt-PCN were analyzed using a ZEISS LEO 1550 VP scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) from Ametek, USA. The SEM was operated at an acceleration

Recent developments and trends in the iron- and cobalt-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions

• Surendran Amrutha,
• Sankaran Radhika and
• Gopinathan Anilkumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 262–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.31

• polymer) (Co@imine-POP) has been synthesized by immobilizing cobalt onto a nitrogen-rich porous organic polymer (Scheme 20) [35]. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface morphology of the catalyst was evaluated. Nowadays, covalent organic frameworks (COF) were found to be a suitable support in

Recent advances in the application of isoindigo derivatives in materials chemistry

• Andrei V. Bogdanov and
• Vladimir F. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1533–1564, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.111

• % N-methylpyrrolidone (Scheme 7). As the authors believe [21], the addition of this viscous solvent made it possible to provide a better surface morphology of a thin-film layer since without it, the efficiency was almost two times lower (2.8%). Therein, the key role of the structure of the acceptor

• thermal cleavage of Boc groups [42]. Without studying the main characteristics of the OSCs, they showed that after annealing the mixtures of these polymers with PC61BM at 200 °C, the surface morphology becomes highly inhomogeneous, with the presence of a large number of crystalline domains. In contrast to

• polymers was investigated. The 2-hexyldecyl derivative exhibited the best compatibility with PC71BM, which resulted in a high PCE value (6.83%) of the corresponding OSC [47]. This efficiency may be due to the good surface morphology of the composite thin film and, as a consequence, the high short-circuit

Water-soluble host–guest complexes between fullerenes and a sugar-functionalized tribenzotriquinacene assembling to microspheres

• Si-Yuan Liu,
• Xin-Rui Wang,
• Man-Ping Li,
• Wen-Rong Xu and
• Dietmar Kuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2551–2561, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.207

• 100 W ultrasonic cleaner. The surface morphology was investigated on a Phenom ProX scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Phenom World, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Samples were prepared from the freeze-dried aqueous solution/suspension of TBTQ-(OG)6, C60, and TBTQ-(OG)6 C60, and then gold-sputtered prior to

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• properties with the preparation and modification methods. In the following, typical characterization techniques are introduced and the information obtained from the analytical methods is discussed on selected examples. Surface characterization Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Surface morphology of

Synthesis of 3-alkenylindoles through regioselective C–H alkenylation of indoles by a ruthenium nanocatalyst

• Abhijit Paul,
• Debnath Chatterjee,
• Srirupa Banerjee and
• Somnath Yadav

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 140–148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.16

• . Mechanistic studies have unambiguously proven the heterogeneous nature of the catalysis. The ability of the nanocatalyst to activate the C–H bond is due to the presence of minimal stabilising groups on its surface. Studies of the surface morphology of the catalyst have revealed the presence of surface oxides

Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes

• Changzhong Chen,
• Fengbo Liu,
• Xiongzhi Zhang,
• Zhiyong Zhao and
• Simin Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97

• relatively poor compared with that of CB[7]. The loading percentage range of CB[n] in the PCL/CB[n] composite nanofibers was between 0–25% (w/w, with respect to PCL, similarly hereinafter) for CB[5], and CB[6] and between 0–5% for CB[8] (due to a very poor solubility of CB[8] in formic acid). The surface

• morphology of the PCL/CB[5], PCL/CB[6], and PCL/CB[8] composite nanofibers as observed by SEM are supplied in Supporting Information File 1 (Figures S2–S4). In contrast, CB[7] was quite soluble in formic acid and the maximum CB[7] mass percentage in the composite nanofibers could be up to 66.67% (the mass

Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials

• Patrycja Żak and
• Cezary Pietraszuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 310–332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.28

• the range of 1.3–1.9. The surface morphology and thermal properties of hybrids were found to be affected by the POSS macromer. TEM analysis of copolymer films revealed the presence of POSS agglomerates. An analogous macromer bearing POSS-bound via phenylene linker was used in the synthesis of a series

Effect of the π-conjugation length on the properties and photovoltaic performance of A–π–D–π–A type oligothiophenes with a 4,8-bis(thienyl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene core

• Ni Yin,
• Lilei Wang,
• Yi Lin,
• Jinduo Yi,
• Lingpeng Yan,
• Junyan Dou,
• Hai-Bo Yang,
• Xin Zhao and
• Chang-Qi Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1788–1797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.169

• best performance for cells based on COOP-capped BDT derivatives [21][22][23][35][36][37]. Surface morphology of the blended films The surface morphology of the COOP-nHT-TBDT:PC61BM films was scrutinized with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 4 depicts the topological images of the blended films

Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene and benzotriazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications

• Desta Gedefaw,
• Marta Tessarolo,
• Margherita Bolognesi,
• Mario Prosa,
• Renee Kroon,
• Wenliu Zhuang,
• Patrik Henriksson,
• Kim Bini,
• Ergang Wang,
• Michele Muccini,
• Mirko Seri and
• Mats R. Andersson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1629–1637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.160

• corresponding optimized blends by tapping-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) (Figure 5). The surface morphology of the films is quite different, reflecting the trend of the photovoltaic responses. In particular, the topographic image of the 1:2 (wt/wt) PTzBDT-1:PC61BM film (Figure 5A) is characterized by an

Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of polyfluorene polyrotaxanes

• Aurica Farcas,
• Giulia Tregnago,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Pierre-Henri Aubert and
• Franco Cacialli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2677–2688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.288

• into TM-βCD or TM-γCD cavities (1·TM-βCD and 1·TM-γCD) with 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid bis(1,3-propanediol) ester (2), as bulky stopper units [43]. The thermal, surface morphology, optical as well electrochemical characteristics of both polyrotaxanes were compared to those of the non

Polythiophene and oligothiophene systems modified by TTF electroactive units for organic electronics

• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Neil J. Findlay and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1749–1766, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.191

• organic semiconductor film spin-coated from this solvent revealed that, after annealing, the surface morphology consisted of large crystalline domains with a smooth grain boundary (Figure 6, centre). Such a striking difference in morphology of the films cast from chlorobenzene and CHCl3 is explained by

• CHCl3 solution, the surface morphology remained essentially the same (Figure 6, right), with a further increase in mobility (µ = 8.61 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) observed due to the beneficial effects of large crystalline domains on the field effect mobility. Compound 54 (n = 1) was tested as a donor material

• more affected by the solvent than the open circuit voltage (0.78 V). AFM revealed a smoother surface morphology of the donor–acceptor blend film cast from o-DCB than that when chloroform was used as solvent. Conclusion The series of poly- and oligothiophene based compounds bearing TTF units reported so

Detonation nanodiamonds biofunctionalization and immobilization to titanium alloy surfaces as first steps towards medical application

• Juliana P. L. Gonçalves,
• Afnan Q. Shaikh,
• Manuela Reitzig,
• Daria A. Kovalenko,
• Jan Michael,
• René Beutner,
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti,
• Dieter Scharnweber and
• Jörg Opitz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2765–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.293

• -PEA. Immobilization of DND Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology of titanium samples coated with previously functionalized nanodiamonds. DND before and after functionalization were used to evaluate the improvement on the interaction of DND with the titanium

Molecular ordering at electrified interfaces: Template and potential effects

• Thanh Hai Phan and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2243–2254, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.233

• the potential regime above the first reduction peak P1 in Figure 1, results in the instantaneous formation of a highly ordered DBV2+ film. Figure 4 shows representative STM images describing the surface morphology and molecular structure of the DBV2+adlayer. First, the straight step-edges in Figure 4a

• running by each other at a typical angle of 120° still remain, providing a first indication of the persistence of the c(p × √3)Cl layer underneath the organic molecules (see also Figure 6). This indicates that the DBV2+ adlayer has no significant impact on the substrate-surface morphology, which is

• structure: 14.4 nm × 14.4 nm, 5.58 nm × 5.58 nm, It = 2.0 nA, Ub = 75 mV, E = 0.0 mV; c) Hard-sphere model of the chloride-modified Cu(111) surface. Typical STM images of the surface morphology and high-resolution images of the DBV2+ related herring-bone phase on Cl/Cu(111): a) Surface morphology of the

The effect of permodified cyclodextrins encapsulation on the photophysical properties of a polyfluorene with randomly distributed electron-donor and rotaxane electron-acceptor units

• Aurica Farcas,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Pierre-Henri Aubert,
• Flavian Farcas,
• Iuliana Stoica and
• Anton Airinei

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2145–2156, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.222

• granular morphology with a lower dispersity supported by a smaller roughness exponent compared with the non-rotaxane counterpart. Keywords: cyclodextrins; energy band gaps; fluorescence lifetimes; persilylated cyclodextrins; supramolecular encapsulation; surface morphology; Introduction Semiconducting π

Molecular recognition of surface-immobilized carbohydrates by a synthetic lectin

• Melanie Rauschenberg,
• Eva-Corrina Fritz,
• Christian Schulz,
• Tobias Kaufmann and
• Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1354–1364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.138

• silicon oxide surfaces can be obtained in only one step from an epoxy-terminated trimethoxysilane. The most common approaches to fabricate epoxide SAMs is by dip-coating or vapor condensation. However, this leads to the formation of thick films of aggregated molecular layers with undefined surface

• morphology [47][48][49][50]. Therefore, the epoxide SAMs were prepared by the method of Julthongpiput et al. because well-defined monolayers of epoxides on glass and silicon substrates can be obtained by using (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in toluene [42]. The successful surface modification was

Novel indolin-2-one-substituted methanofullerenes bearing long n-alkyl chains: synthesis and application in bulk-heterojunction solar cells

• Irina P. Romanova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Inessa A. Izdelieva,
• Vasily A. Trukhanov,
• Gulnara R. Shaikhutdinova,
• Dmitry G. Yakhvarov,
• Shamil K. Latypov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Vladimir A. Dyakov,
• Ilya V. Golovnin,
• Dmitry Yu. Paraschuk and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1121–1128, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.111

• suggested that the coarser surface morphology in the P3HT/HBIM blends is a result of the fullerene-rich domains, which are too large for the optimal polymer–fullerene phase separation. Possibly, the coarser surface morphology is due to the lower solubility of HBIM as compared to PCBM. Usually, alkyl

Simple and rapid hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with aqueous formic acid in catalytic flow reactors

• Rahat Javaid,
• Shin-ichiro Kawasaki,
• Akira Suzuki and
• Toshishige M. Suzuki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1156–1163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.129

• measurement. (a) Graphical presentation of Pd–Ag co-plating and sequential removal of Ag to give a porous Pd surface. (b) SEM image of Pd–Ag co-plated surface along with EDX presentation of Pd and Ag deposition. (c) Surface morphology of porous Pd. Schematic diagram of experimental setup used for the

Synthesis and characterization of low-molecular-weight π-conjugated polymers covered by persilylated β-cyclodextrin

• Aurica Farcas,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Andreea Stefanache,
• Mihaela Balan and
• Valeria Harabagiu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1505–1514, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.170

• chemical structure and the thermal and morphological properties of the resulting polyrotaxane were investigated by using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and AFM analysis. The encapsulation of BT inside the PS-βCD cavity results in improvements in the solubility, as well as in different surface

• morphology and thermal properties of the PDOF-BTc rotaxane copolymer compared to its noncomplexed PDOF-BT homologue. In contrast, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of PDOF-BTc rotaxane copolymer indicated lower values suggesting that the condensation reaction is subjected to steric effects of the

Towards racemizable chiral organogelators

• Jian Bin Lin,
• Debarshi Dasgupta,
• Seda Cantekin and
• Albertus P. H. J. Schenning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 960–965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.107

• ; d) the surface morphology of the dried gel obtained from R-3 in octane (15 mM) observed by FESEM. a) Concentration-dependent 1H NMR spectra of R-3 in cyclohexane-d12 and b) the shift of N–H signal of amide group versus concentration. The evolution of ln(ee × 100) for the racemization of R-3 (1 mM

C-Arylation reactions catalyzed by CuO-nanoparticles under ligand free conditions

• Mazaahir Kidwai,
• Saurav Bhardwaj and
• Roona Poddar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 35, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.35

• differences which have been shown in the TEM image. The number of reactive sites on the surface is small in the case of larger crystallites and considerably greater in the case of smaller crystallites (Figure 1). To investigate further the surface morphology of CuO-nanoparticles, powder XRD and TEM images