Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• et al. [20] achieved size-controllable Au NPs in stable solutions via femtosecond laser fragmentation, tuning sizes by adjusting fluence. This technique is employed to create various categories of alloy NPs [21]. Alloying by LASiS can mitigate undesired features associated with plasmonic materials

• ], pesticides on vegetables, dals [42], fruit surfaces [43], and explosives on rough surfaces [44][45]. In the last few years, our group has been continuously working on developing a flexible SERS substrate for the detection of various types of hazardous molecules: aggregated Ag and Au NPs on filter paper [46

• ], Au NPs on electrospun polymer nanofibers [33], and alloy Ag/Au NPs on filter paper [44]. However, the size-dependent SERS performance of NPs over time needed to be investigated, and the optimization of substrates, depending on their stability over time, was aimed to be studied. This study

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• carried out by Wen et al. [41]. Wang et al. employed ab initio MD to describe the melting of icosahedral Au nanoclusters [42]. The structural and thermal stability of high-index-faceted Pt NPs was addressed by Zeng et al. [43]. Similarly, the thermal stability of unsupported Au NPs was investigated by

• molecular dynamics [44]. The strong decrease of the melting point of small Au NPs compared to bulk Au was quantified by Qiao et al. [45]. Nayebi and Zaminpayma [46] as well as Shim et al. [47] studied the crystallization of liquid Au NPs. The dependence of the surface energy of gold NPs on their size and

• NP are presented in Table 1. The potential energy of the NPs is described by the EAM/alloy force field; the parameters proposed by Grochola et al. [57] for the Au NPs and by O'Brien et al. [58] for the Pt NPs are adopted. For both force fields, files containing all required parameters in suitable

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• with Au nanoparticles (NPs, 100 nm of diameter, water suspension, Alfa Aesar) were positioned in a lower-temperature region 10 cm away from the furnace centre. Au NPs served as catalysts for the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) growth mechanism. The reactor was heated to 1010 °C (high-temperature zone) under

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• nanoparticles (Au NPs) were the first to be fabricated in DESs [28][29]. SERS platforms based on Au NPs-DES whose sensitivity and durability are competitive to the other materials were successfully constructed [29][30]. However, no attention has been paid to the potential of DESs in the fabrication of Ag NPs

• . The similarities between Ag NPs and Au NPs, with the higher LSPR and SERS performance of Ag NPs [18][31], led to the innovative idea of Ag NPs synthesis in DESs. In this work, we present a novel strategy to fabricate Ag NPs and demonstrate our hypothesis about the application of DESs in stabilizing Ag

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• ], Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, vol. 30, by J. Depciuch; M. Stec; M. Kandler; J. Baran; M. Parlinska-Wojtan, “From spherical to bone-shaped gold nanoparticles - Time factor in the formation of Au NPs, their optical and photothermal properties“, article no. 101670, Copyright (2020), with permission from

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• transcellular transport. They supported their observations using PEGylated Au NPs of various sizes (15, 50, and 100 nm) in various tumor models. In addition, they characterized the morphology of blood vessels and demonstrated that the vessels with NP-transporting cells were longer and had a greater volume and

• mechanism based on the transcellular pathway as the dominant mechanism of NP transport through the endothelium. They supported their observations by quantitatively measuring the uptake of 15, 50, and 100 nm PEGylated Au NPs in various mouse tumor models using ICP-MS. Similarly, in a Zombie mouse model, they

• of tumors may also contribute to faster intravasation and extravasation of cancer cells, which has been confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Peng et al. demonstrated that the exposure of breast cancer cells to TiO2, SiO2, and Au NPs significantly accelerates the intravasation and

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• ability of the β-cyclodextrin polymer (PolyCD) to act as a symbiont of both MNPs and BMNPs [14]. Specifically, functional groups of PolyCD (i.e., amines, primary and secondary alcohols, and hemiacetals) are involved in the direct reduction of gold ions to Au NPs (Figure 1). PolyCD-capped Au NPs showed an

• metallic Au NPs, the new diagnostic resonance at 8.30 ppm was detected in 1H NMR spectra of nanoG (Figure 3A, green trace). According to the literature, this signal suggests the formation of formic acid as a decomposition product during the gold reduction process in the carbohydrate/Au(III) system [25]. To

• at rt ≈ 25 °C. The chemical shifts are expressed in ppm using acetone as an internal standard. NMR analyses and Raman analysis (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) were carried out according to previously reported protocols [14][30]. Preparation of PolyCD Au NPs and PolyCD Au@Ag BMNPs NanoG and

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• combined with metal nanoparticles, resulting in enhanced photoactivity of Au-decorated ZnO nanocrystals for photoelectrochemical water splitting [9], improved photodetection performance of ZnO nanofibers decorated with Au NPs [10], or enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO doped with Au NPs [11]. Moreover

• ) [12] was carried out as well. Chou et al. employed a simple and rapid method, namely pulsed laser-induced photolysis to develop Au NPs on the surface of ZnO nanorods fabricated by the sol–gel method (Figure 2c,d) [38]. Various irradiation times were tested, indicating that a short irradiation time was

• HAuCl4 to controllably grow Au NPs on the ZnO nanorods and obtained effective substrates for the ultrasensitive detection of organic pollutants in water, which could be recycled multiple times [45]. Powdered ZnO–Au nanocomposites were synthesized via hydrothermal reactions, a simple, facile, and

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• [11]. Afterward, Torimoto et al. used a sputter coater for the synthesis of small gold (Au) NPs by sputtering an Au target onto a thin layer of an ionic liquid (IL) [12]. This paper [12] published in 2006 initiated a series of similar works in several labs which, were focused on the deposition of

• diluted solutions [77] as shown for the first time by Turkevich in 1951 [92]. Turkevich and co-workers studied the reduction of HAuCl4 by citrate anions (which also plays the role of a stabilizer for the Au NPs) at different temperatures and different reagent concentrations [92]. By means of transmission

• underlying, kinetically dominant, elementary steps. So, their “organizer” theory looked very complicated as compared to the simpler La Mer mechanism. As a result, the work [92] had been cited scarcely until the production of Au NPs became a hot research topic. The reduction of Au ions by sodium citrate was

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• culture medium outside the cells [11]. According to a previous study by Fröhlich et al., the access of Ag-NPs into other organelles depends on the particle size [32]. In the same way, Berry et al. demonstrated that the uptake of NPs is limited by the dimensions of the nuclear pores. Gold nanoparticles (Au

• -NPs) with a size of 5 nm appeared in the nuclei of cells, whereas particles larger than 30 nm were maintained in the cytoplasm [33]. In the present study, we used Ag-NPs with a size of 80 nm, thus, no Ag agglomerates were found in the nucleus. In addition, aggregated NPs as well as single NPs are

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• . Asharani et al. [49] also reported the toxic effects of Ag NPs on zebrafish embryo mortality, delay in hatching, heart rate reduction in the embryo and also non-lethal effects of Au NPs on embryo development. Muller et al. [50] stated that 1.88 μM of dissolved Cu2+ inhibited the proteolytic activity of the

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• can affect the expression of the ribosomal subunit that interacts with sulfur- and phosphorus-containing groups of proteins, even in the cell wall and plasma membrane bacteria [165][166]. Cui et al. (2012) showed that Au NPs prevented the combination of a ribosomal subunit with tRNA and collapsed the

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• suspension of Au NPs in water (inset on the right) obtained from compound 4. (a–e) TEM images of the gold nanoparticles obtained from the dendrimer compound 4 at different magnifications. (f) Analysis of the size distribution of the gold NPs from the TEM image (a). Scale bars: 100 nm (a), 20 nm (b), 2 nm (c

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• antireflection abilities [13][14][15]. These composite microstructures have also shown to maximize the path of the Raman excitation laser beam within the substrate, leading to signals with higher intensity. Samransuksamer et al. [16] used TiO2 nanorods decorated with Au NPs, deposited via precipitation by

• template for the growth of Au NPs (in the following the samples will be referred as TiO2/Au). Both TiO2 film and Au NPs were synthetized by vapor phase deposition techniques (involving pulsed laser deposition and thermal evaporation) avoiding the use of solvents, while accurately tuning the morphology and

• the plasmonic properties. Specifically, TiO2 films with different porosities have been deposited, with different Au NP sizes and coverages. Then, the growth parameters of TiO2 and of the AuNPs were selected in order to obtain the maximum SERS enhancement. In a second step, the Au NPs were

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• substrates covered with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were prepared. For the latter method, the substrates were cleaned with deionized (DI) water and dried with nitrogen before coating them with 10 µL of a 1:2 v/v% solution of Au NPs (80 nm gold nanospheres, citrate NanoXact 0.05 mg/mL, nanoComposix) and

• down passively. This half step is also intuitively included in the standard procedure without pulsed gas inflow (Figure 8a). All NW lengths are compared for NWs grown out of Au NPs (Ø 80 nm) (Figure 8 and Figure 9). This allows the comparison of the NW lengths, which is otherwise additionally

• film edges as well as using Au NPs (Ø 80 nm) were performed. In contrast to SnO2 NWs using Au NPs, a laterally aligned NW growth was observed at these edges even at a process pressure of 200 mbar. This can be explained by the locally changed process conditions in the surroundings of the dense competing

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

The effect of heat treatment on the morphology and mobility of Au nanoparticles

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Simon Vigonski,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Vahur Zadin,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 61–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.6

• , Latvia 10.3762/bjnano.11.6 Abstract In the present paper, we investigate the effect of heat treatment on the geometry and mobility of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on a Si substrate. Chemically synthesized Au NPs of diameter ranging from 5 to 27 nm were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C for 1 h. A change in

• ]. Due to their inert state, geometrical diversity and convenient synthesis, Au NPs are an attractive model system for nanotribological manipulation experiments [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and simulations [13]. Additional flexibility is provided by the ability to tune the properties of the NPs by varying

• melting can be achieved at a significantly lower temperature than the melting temperature of bulk Au [17]. In this study, chemically synthesized faceted Au NPs were annealed at different temperatures between 200 and 800 °C, which resulted in rounding of the NPs. The particles were then displaced with an

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• preparation (Figure 1A and Figure 1D). The stability of the histograms over 3 days led us to believe that during this time interval there is only negligible diffusion of the Au NPs into the Bi2Se3 substrate. The material of the particles was mechanically different as observed on the phase shift image (Figure

• and the contrast of the surface contact potential of Au particles (Figure 2A, B) were measured within the same line profile. Au NPs of greater height showed lower values of the surface contact potential according to the non-linear curve limited to a Δ surface contact potential between −50 and −60 mV

• sample and after 72 h. (A, B) Determination of the surface contact potential decrease and the height of the Au NPs; (C) surface contact potential as a function of the Au NP height. Single-point I–V curves performed during the mechanical contact with the Pt-coated conductive tip on a) bulk Au; b) 107 nm

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• composites with 2.5 wt % Au NPs was 4.76 times as high as that of bare CBO microrods. Additionally, the 0D/1D Au/CBO composite also exhibited ideal stability. The significant improvement of the photocatalytic performance could be attributed to the improved light harvesting and increased specific surface area

• materials promotes the dispersion and stability of 0D nanomaterials. Among the noble metal NPs, Au is considered to be one of the most promising materials because of its high photocatalytic activity, low toxicity and good biocompatibility [23][24][25]. In addition, size, shape and environment of the Au NPs

• affect the SPR of Au NPs. The Au NPs promote the rapid separation of charge carriers of semiconductor [10][26][27]. Thus, we attempt to use 0D Au NPs to decorate 1D CuBi2O4 (CBO) microrods to obtain a new type of efficient 0D/1D composite photocatalyst. Herein, 0D/1D Au NP/CBO microrod composites were

Correlation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the surface density of gold nanoparticles: evaluation of the critical number of SERS tags for a detectable signal

• Vincenzo Amendola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1016–1023, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.102

• dyes without AuNTs under the same experimental conditions. Moreover, it is well known from literature that the utilization of Au NPs of the same size is associated with higher SERS enhancement factors [18], therefore suggesting that the performance of the AuNTs can be further improved by employing size

• -selected nanospheres. Conclusion In this study, the performance of SERS labels based on Au NPs and organic dyes resonant at 633 nm was investigated by a combination of Raman and TEM analysis. The AuNTs were designed in order to support multiple electromagnetic hot spots for any polarization direction of

• ) Representative TEM images of MGITC, MG and HITC AuNTs. (C) Size histograms of HITC (green), MG (black) and MGITC (red) AuNTs, each one composed by several Au NPs. (D) GSERS bidimensional map for a AuNT embedded in PVA under excitation at 633 nm with light polarized along the y-axis. (E) GSERS bidimensional map

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• encapsulation in nanoparticles (NPs), increases precision and success of the procedure. Alternatively, gold NPs (Au-NPs) allow for localized and precise application of LTS [7][8]. Nanomaterials are foreign materials and, hence, might elicit adverse effects when they come in contact with bodily tissue, vessels

• -lactide) (PLLA), and Au-NPs used in LTS on cells of the brain, namely microglial and neuron-like cells. Si-NPs were further characterized regarding their interactions with cells by using organotypic hippocampal tissue slices and primary cultures. All types of NPs were found in microglial cells and neuron

• by both cell types. However, uptake was found to be more prominent in RBE4 cells compared to MDCK II cells [18]. After exposure of rat primary cultured brain microvessel ECs (rBMECs) to Au-NPs, smaller NPs were demonstrated to be taken up to a higher extent compared to larger NPs. Overall, only the

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

• Juan Casanova-Cháfer,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 565–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.58

• nucleation centers for the anchoring the Au NPs) was conducted using XPS. The chemical modification caused by the plasma treatment results in the presence of hydroxy, carbonyl and carboxyl groups [36]. Furthermore, Au nucleation centers occur mainly in the proximity of oxygenated defects created during the

• plasma treatment [37]. These results are summarized in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4 and Table S1. The presence of thiols attached to Au NPs was further confirmed by XPS analysis. Figure 4a shows the comparison of the XPS survey spectra recorded on the samples and a reference (gold on CNTs

• oxygenated defects are homogeneously distributed in the CNTs used, we expect Au NPs to be homogeneously distributed on the whole surface, that is, not in direct contact to the substrate. A suspension of these functionalized MWCNTs was prepared using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) purchased from Alfa Aesar (99.8

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• be adjusted by heterogeneous nucleation of NPs on noble metal seeds [21][22]. Additionally, such bifunctional Fe3O4–Au NPs are potentially applicable for targeted drug delivery, enhanced hyperthermia, multimodal imaging and theranostics [8][23][24][25][26][27]. In this work, we present the first size

• -dependent study of hybrid Fe3O4–Au NPs with Janus structure for application in theranostics where improvements in MRI and MPH were demonstrated. Increasing the magnetic NP diameter from 6 to 44 nm, we show the gradual transition of their lattice parameters from an intermediate value between maghemite γ

• theranostic application of NPs in MRI and MPH. We conclude with a proof-of-principle in vitro study showing efficient induction of cell death. Size and morphology All Fe3O4–Au hybrid NPs were synthesized by the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl on the surface of Au NPs in a high-boiling solvent

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• to 64.9 due to an increase in oxygen vacancies. The response and the recovery time are about 7 s and 30 s, respectively [179]. WO3 NFs/NTs functionalized by Pt [168][187], Pd [107][188], Cu [101], Ru [189], Rh2O3 [106], Au NPs [109], RuO2 NPs [189], La2O3 [104] as well as Pd-loaded ZnO nanocubes [1

• ] have been extensively applied for sensing of acetone, ethanol, toluene, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). WO3 NFs functionalized by Au NPs exhibit improved VOC sensing properties. Noble metals onto metal oxide NFs reduce the activation energy, thus increasing their efficiency [109

• ]. The average diameter of as-spun fibers is 412 nm which, after annealing, reduces to 315 nm. The fiber diameter increases with increasing Au content. The average diameters of the WO3–Au-0.01M, and WO3–Au-0.1M composite NFs are 350 nm, and 370 nm, respectively. Au NPs act as nucleation sites (seed) on

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• metals or rare-earth metal containing alloys or intermetallic phases. Solution synthesis of any oxide-free RE-NP was first reported by Wagner and co-workers using alkalide reduction of GdCl3 in THF solution [6]. Scalable air- and water-stable core–shell Gd@Au-NPs were obtained by using the same strategy