Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• contaminated with MPs. Meanwhile, a higher cost of these adsorbents limit their use for the removal of MPs [82]. Research is actively exploring alternative adsorbents, with a particular focus on nanomaterial-based options. Among these, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoscale metals, nanocomposites, and metal oxides

• nanomaterials in membrane fabrication are zeolites, various metals and metal oxides, as well as carbon-based materials such as CNTs and graphene derivatives [86]. The nanomaterials that can be used membrane components for the removal of MPs are discussed in detail below. Metal-organic frameworks: Metal-organic

• nanomaterials present several benefits for removing MPs from water. Their exceptionally large surface area and distinct structural features contribute to effective microplastic capture. Materials like CNTs also offer excellent mechanical strength and can be engineered for durability under extreme conditions

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• bioresorbable materials, advanced materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [95] and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., MoS2) [96] are being re-examined from a new perspective, with growing interest in their potential biodegradability. The rediscovery and reassessment of such established

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• (CNTs) by growing dendrimers on their surface. First, CNTs were pre-functionalized with maleic acid (MA) via Diels–Alder reaction in presence of a deep eutectic solvent under ultrasonication. Subsequently, dendrimers of varying length were grown by the repeated reaction of ethylene diamine and MA. Raman

• spectroscopy was specifically used to confirm the Diels–Alder reaction on the surface of CNTs, and other characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, and FTIR) were applied to confirm the successive growth of the dendrimers. Highly dendrimerized CNTs were found to be more effective in removing heavy metal

• ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from aqueous solutions with enhanced recyclability than less dendrimerized CNTs. Kinetic studies have revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. This study has not only excluded the

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• portable and reliable devices [6]. Contemporary nanoscale biosensors are engineered for diverse applications, employing a variety of materials and design architectures to optimize performance and functionality. For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are categorized as either single-walled or multiwalled

• , with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 100 nm and lengths extending from a few micrometers to several centimeters [7]. The functionalization of CNTs is achieved by surface modification through various methods including covalent bonding, adsorption, and detection group attachment [7][8]. Palve et al

• . developed a glucose sensor using copper nanowires and CNTs, achieving a limit of detection as low as 0.3 nM, highlighting the remarkable sensitivity of CNT-based electrodes [9]. Nevertheless, several studies reported the toxicity of CNTs for tissues and cells including loss of cellular integrity, DNA damage

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• photocatalytic properties of TiO2, which generate ROS that degrade bacterial membranes [23]. Yang and Wang’s group introduced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a mixed cellulose esters (MCE) membrane to create a robust porous bi-layered photothermal membrane (CNT@PEI/MCE) for efficient solar-driven interfacial water

• evaporation. The CNTs were functionalized with polyethylene imine (PEI) to enhance their dispersibility and to impart antibacterial properties to the membrane. The CNT@PEI/MCE membrane exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli [24]. In summary, the in situ reduction method is

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• ; polarization microscopy; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), discovered over three decades ago, continue to present unresolved questions and challenges. Their exceptional properties, both theoretically [1][2] and experimentally demonstrated [3], make them desirable for electronic and optical devices

• . However, the widespread application of CNTs is hindered by the lack of control over their structure during growth. Therefore, developing highly selective synthesis methods is crucial for advancing CNT-based devices. This requires a deep understanding of the relationship between nanotube structure and

• , horizontally aligned carbon nanotubes (HA-CNTs) were synthesized inside a miniature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) cell with an optical window (Linkam TS1500). ST-cut quartz and iron nanoparticles served as substrate and catalyst, respectively. Ethanol and argon were, respectively, used as carbon precursor

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• in microbial environments is primarily attributed to its high degree of crystallinity [6][7][8]. A well-established approach to improving polymer properties involves the incorporation of nanofillers, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Even at low concentrations, CNTs can significantly affect the

• morphology and properties of the polymer matrix by altering its structure, crystallinity, thermal stability, and mechanical behavior [9][10][11]. CNTs can be classified into two basic types, namely, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). SWCNTs exhibit slightly

• , making the latter a more economically viable option for most commercial applications. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the effect of MWCNTs on the properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) (BioPBS). The effect of CNTs on various characteristics of biopolymers has been widely studied by

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• synthesis; liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); nanomaterial synthesis; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have gained significant interest because of their distinctive properties and their wide range of applications in nanotechnology [1][2][3]. CNTs are a modified version of CNFs

• , with the primary distinction between CNTs and CNFs being the arrangement of graphene layers. CNFs have a cylindrical or conical structure, with their diameter varying from a few to several hundred nanometers [4]. In CNFs, carbon atoms form covalent bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional hexagonal

• three stainless steel inlet tubes for LPG, oxygen, and nitrogen was used to synthesize CNTs. TEM images revealed a 0.35 nm interplanar spacing, showing high crystallinity and a thin amorphous layer [11]. In a separate study, CNFs were synthesized using acetylene and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• therapeutic applications. CNMs can be categorized into three primary forms, namely, zero-dimensional fullerenes (e.g., C60), one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and two-dimensional graphene. Each of these NMs possesses distinct attributes that facilitate their engagement with proteins and peptides

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• this study, we present a detailed analysis of the characteristics of deposits obtained using the new precursor bis(tert-butylacetoacetate)palladium(II), [Pd(tbaoac)2], a member of the β-ketoesterate complex group. Given the growing interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene for semiconductor

• applications [32][33][34], palladium is an important metal as it is the optimal material to make metallic contacts with CNTs [35]. Palladium nanoparticles are also being explored for biomedical applications and sensors [36]. Therefore, Pd nanoprinting via FEBID could emerge as a key technique for creating

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• nanostructures; cytotoxicity; glioblastoma multiforme; radiosensitizing properties; temozolomide; Introduction Carbon-based nanostructures (CNs) such as graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, carbon quantum dots, carbon nanohorns and nanodiamonds (NDs), and their hybrids are becoming

• photodynamic therapy can be obtained [1][2][3][4][5]. It has been shown that CNs have an anti-amyloid aggregation activity, and some of them (i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) are able to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits and play an important role in the modulation of neurobiological

• group was the first one that incorporated TMZ in multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), and their hybrid with graphene (MWCNT-G), non-covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and pointed to their suitability for targeted and controlled brain delivery, based on their physicochemical and

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and carbon black, embedded within a polymer matrix [1]. The distinctive properties of carbon nanocomposites have positioned them as promising candidates for various applications, particularly in the development of advanced sensors. The small amounts of

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• applications [4] as active species or as drug delivery platforms using tailored carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [5][6], fullerenes [7][8], carbon dots (CDs) [9][10], and graphene-related materials (i.e., graphene oxide (GO) [11], reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [12], and nanographite (nG) [13]). Furthermore, the

• carbon materials has several members with peculiar properties, namely, (i) graphene-related materials, (ii) CNTs, and (iii) nanodiamonds (NDs) as shown in Figure 2. All nanosized carbon materials show remarkable properties regarding both thermal and electronic conduction, but they should be treated

• they still remain far below those of graphene. Last, GO and rGO show good interactions with polymeric matrices thanks to specific surface functionalizations [51]. Carbon nanotubes CNTs are an allotropic state of carbon discovered in the middle of the 20th century [52][53][54][55], which became famous

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• -density, mainly double-walled CNTs with simple lateral external contacts to the surroundings. Standard optical lithography techniques were used to locally tailor the width of the vertical block structure. The complete sensor system, based on a broadband blackbody absorber region and a high-resistance

• thermistor region, can be fabricated in a single chemical vapor deposition process step. The thermistor resistance is mainly determined by the high junction resistances of the adjacent aligned CNTs. This configuration also provides low lateral thermal conductivity and a high temperature coefficient of

• for non-cryogenic IR microbolometer technology, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as highly promising candidates [2] with broadband blackbody absorption [3], high resistance perpendicular to the CNT orientation [4], low lateral thermal conductivity [5], a high temperature coefficient of resistance

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• -dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene nanostacks [23]. The sensor exhibited a high GF of 772.6 when subjected to a strain range of 40–70%, owing to the presence of cracks induced in the MXene layer and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) acting as bridges. In a separate study, Xin et al. reported the fabrication of highly sensitive

• that operated by separating overlapping CNTs embedded within a silicone elastomer [25]. The resulting sliding and disconnection of these CNTs contribute to the exceptional performance of the strain sensor, which demonstrates ultrahigh sensitivity with a GF of 42300 at a strain range of 125–145

• structure consisting of a sensing layer composed of CNTs and MXene on a flexible thermoplastic polyurethane substrate [34]. The strain sensor exhibits exceptional sensing range (390%) and sensitivity (GF = 2159.5). These findings highlight the importance of rational design of geometric structures and

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• nanotubes (CNTs) at different mass fractions in a refrigeration compressor was experimentally investigated. The required electrical power of the compressor was measured to determine the effect of the use of nanolubricants. Nanoparticles used in the preparation of nanolubricants were gradually added to the

• lubricant to determine the optimum nanoparticle mass fraction for each nanoparticle type. Thus, it was found that the compressor operated safely and efficiently with nanolubricants. Furthermore, the optimum mass fractions were determined to be 0.750% for Al2O3, 0.250% for graphene, and 0.250% for CNTs for

• nanoparticles of CNTs to the refrigeration compressor lubricant. The study reported that the compressor performance was increased with the addition of both metal oxide and carbon-based nanoparticles to the lubricant compared to that of the base case. In particular, the use of carbon-based nanoparticles is

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia 10.3762/bjnano.14.61 Abstract The growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a flame requires conditions that are

• difficult to achieve in a highly heterogeneous environment. Therefore, the analysis of the properties of the reaction zone within the flame is critical for the optimal growth of CNTs. In the present study, a comprehensive comparison between the CNT synthesis using a methane diffusion flame and a premixed

• locations. The identified growth regions at different HAB values showed similar temperature distributions that yield CNTs of similar characteristics. Interestingly, the growth of CNTs in the premixed flame is dictated by only the HAB because the temperature distribution is relatively uniform along the

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• of lightweight materials comprising a conductive ingredient (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, graphene oxide, and metal particles) embedded in a polymer matrix, have been extensively studied as liquid sensors [14][15][16][17][21][22]. The main idea is to combine the responsive electrical

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• graphite and CNTs [101][102][103]. Excellent reviews on properties relevant to PT heating such as the relaxation dynamics, field distributions during SPR, shape and volume effects, and the optimal configuration of Au and Au-based nanomaterials in PT heating systems further support this view [87][104

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• been developed to increase the absorption of visible solar light [6][7]. Notably, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for visible-light absorption [8]. A combination of TiO2 with CNTs can effectively enhance the separation of e−/h+ pairs based on the high electric conductivity of CNTs

• . This approach improves solar water splitting performance [7][9]. However, an excess amount of CNTs can deteriorate the photoactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles because CNTs block and cover the surface of TiO2 [9]. There are three categories of water splitting techniques applying photocatalysts, namely

• , in which the TiO2 particles are uniformly attached to CNTs by layer-by-layer coating or sol–gel methods [15][16][17]. Notably, the defects on the wall surface of MWCNTs, which enable π–π interactions, could be the active sites to generate the TiO2 agglomerations via hydroxy groups and, thus, enhance

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• can also be used as a nanolight source or nanoscalpel to manipulate and operate on cells directly. Carbon nanotube probe Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered an ideal AFM tip material due to their small diameter, high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, large Young's modulus, and well-defined

• generates a high-density network of CNTs on the sidewalls of the cone tip to help anchor the carbon nanotubes protruding from the tip. With the aim of simplicity in design and method of operation, the growth method does not use plasma or electric field as an enhancing factor to obtain effective tips, nor

• to generate CNT probes with a high aspect ratio. The method focuses on adjusting the trigger threshold and thus the amount of growth solution attached to the tip accordingly to fabricate individual CNTs. The success rate is well over 93%, and the generated CNT probes do not require further cutting

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• metallic catalysts can also be obtained by adjusting metal ions for outstanding electrochemical reactions. In this study, various bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-derived carbons were designed by varying the ratio of Zn to Co ions. Moreover, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are added to improve the

• [38]. Herein, we demonstrate bimetallic ZIF-derived carbon materials to combine the advantages of both ZIF-8- and ZIF-67-derived carbon materials. For practical use, bimetallic ZIFs with different ratios of Zn/Co were directly grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to secure electrical conductivity and

• bimetallic ZIF–carbon/CNT composites has been thoroughly investigated for their practical use as potential cathode materials for high-performance LOBs. Results and Discussion In pursuit of improving the reversibility of LOBs, a bimetallic ZIF (ZnxCoy) was designed and grown on CNTs via hydrothermal synthesis

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• structure of the flexible devices. Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [2][3][4], graphene (GR) [5][6][7], nanowires (NWs) [8][9][10], and other flexible materials are the most basic devices for a variety of component and system level applications, such as low-loss switches

• electrode materials include CNTs, GR, and silicon/germanium nanowires. CNT-NEM switches CNTs are an ideal flexible material for NEM electrodes because of the high aspect ratio, current density, and excellent tensile strength. In 2000, Rueckes et al. [13] observed the electromechanical conversion in CNTs for

• increases the device density and can be used in nonvolatile high-density memory devices. The properties such as diameter, length, morphology, and structure of CNTs directly affect the pull-in voltage and repeatability. Bridge model: The typical structure of the bridge model is shown in Figure 2a. In 2006

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• carbon, silicon, boron, and halloysite clay sheets and possess unique physicochemical properties. Among nanotube structures, much attention has been paid to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) because of their excellent mechanical and tensile strength properties, thermal and electrical conductivity, and high surface

• ratio. CNTs were discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima [120] and have been widely used in different biomedical areas including cellular imaging [121], biosensor development [122], bioactive molecular delivery [123], and, in particular, TE. To provide scaffolds with improved mechanical strength and

• innovative properties, a small fraction of CNTs can be dispersed as fillers in composites. However, application and integration of CNTs with polymers have encountered technical limitations because of the low dispersity of CNTs within a wide range of solvents. CNTs are chemically highly inert molecules and

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10