Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• place for better handling and positioning on the machine, as shown in Figure 9. Tensile properties measured by UTM include ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break [134]. Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress the specimen can withstand before rupturing. Young's

• ratio on tensile properties of the material. Koosha et al. [59] observed a reduction in ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break, and toughness with the incorporation of chitosan as opposed to pure PVA membranes. As the chitosan content increases, the tensile strength decreases

• chitosan-to-PVA ratios in cross-linked chitosan/PVA nanofibers investigated by Zhou et al. [135] shows improvement in tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus with increasing PVA content from 10% (w/w) to 50% (w/w). Choo et al. [136] measured the tensile strength and elongation at break

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• these castes, the mandibles play a critical role, with different sizes and functions correlating to specific tasks within the colony [60]. Studies found that larger leafcutter ants (Atta laevigata, Attini) have higher Zn content in their mandible cutting edges, leading to greater hardness and Young’s

• modulus [61]. Understanding the mechanical properties and composition of leafcutter ant mandibles could offer valuable insights into biomimetic design principles, potentially inspiring the development of innovative tools and instruments with enhanced performance and adaptability for various applications

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• materials In 2008, Lee and co-workers [32] stated that neat graphene was the strongest material ever tested with a tensile strength of 131 GPa and a Young’s modulus close to 1 TPa. The reason for these properties of graphene is the stability of the π-bond network around the hexagonal structures of carbon

• Young’s modulus of 100% and 156%, reaching 60 MPa and 0.52 GPa, respectively, after coating. CNTs are generally used to reinforce the bulk of composite-based implants [136] or added to polymeric films [135]. Interestingly, they can be mixed with hydroxyapatite in order to magnify the compatibility with

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• the load and extension values by using the following equations: The cross-sectional area of the scaffolds was calculated from the product of the thickness and the width. The thickness of the scaffolds was measured by a digital micrometer (IP65, Mitutoyo, Japan). The Young’s modulus was calculated from

• the linear part of the stress–strain curve [45]. The slope of the linear function gives the Young’s modulus. Antibacterial activity The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was applied to test the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds containing different salts [46][47]. The experiment was performed

• , including strength and elasticity of the fibrous scaffold, are crucial parameters. Medical gauze has a storage modulus of 1 MPa to 1 GPa [58], while the Young’s modulus of the skin is between 0.1 and 10 kPa, depending on the body parts, layer, and skin age [59]. In our research, we aimed to investigate the

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• , studies by Luan et al. [23] have revealed the elastic anisotropy in β-Ga2O3, highlighting the strong directional dependence of Young’s modulus. Available studies hint that various factors could strongly influence the mechanical properties of Ga2O3 one-dimensional nanostructures, which merits to be

• the average bond length and thus result in a reduction in the elastic modulus [31][32][33]. For example, Wang et al. [34] showed that ZnO NWs with a higher density of oxygen vacancies, inferred from photoluminescence measurements, exhibited significantly (up to 20%) lower Young’s modulus. Wang et al

• are showing that stacking faults can either decrease or increase Young’s modulus [31][37]. The decrease of Young’s modulus of NWs in comparison to that of bulk has been reported to be even as high as three times in WO3 NWs [25], four to five times in boron NBs [38], and up to 10 times in ZnO NBs [22

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• of the probe from its dimensions and the mechanical properties of its constitutive material. When the load is applied at the free end of the probe, its static stiffness is given by: where E, w, t, and l are Young’s modulus, width, thickness, and length of the probe, respectively. Cleveland et al

• geometric quantities, the estimated static stiffness of the probe (cf. Equation 2) is ks = (3322 ± 1270) N/m. To get this value, we have considered Young’s modulus and density of quartz, E = (78.7 ± 1.6) GPa and ρ = (2.65 ± 0.06) × 103 kg·m−3, respectively. It is also reminded that Equation 2 does not

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• etching conditions across the wafer. To some extent, one could change the mask design and adjust the dimensions of the cantilever to compensate for this effect. Using the mean value of 641 ± 42 kHz and adjusting the Young’s modulus of our Si-N plate to 208 GPa, we find good agreement between mechanical

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• AFM tip and the sample, which depends on the tip radius, defines how accurately the AFM tip determines those properties and the shape of fabricated micro- and nanostructures. The contact radius of the tip is a key variable for calculating the stiffness and Young’s modulus of the material by fitting

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• determined by the Young’s modulus, bulk modulus or shear modulus, viscoelastic properties or deformability) as well as the measurement method to quantify these properties. Anselmo et al. as well as Nie et al. gave comprehensive overviews and definitions of different measurements of mechanical properties [16

• -loaded gelatin nanoparticles imaged in the quantitative imaging mode with a JPK NanoWizard III in Milli-Q® water at 37 °C, as well as the extracted Young’s modulus map as previously described [22] (Figure 1). Takechi-Haraya et al. showed that for liposomes both methods deliver the same results [21]. The

• most popular method is the evaluation of nanoindentation data resulting in Young’s moduli. The determination of the Young’s modulus is based on different theories. The adapted Hertz’ model, according to Sneddon [23], is most often used requiring a maximum indentation of 10% of the particle height

Transferability of interatomic potentials for silicene

• Marcin Maździarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 574–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.48

• quantify the potentials under examination. For 2D materials, directional 2D Young’s moduli, 2D Poisson’s ratios, and the 2D shear modulus, are often used instead of elastic constants Cij. Because of the symmetry of hexagonal lattices, these reduce to one 2D Young’s modulus E and one 2D Poisson’s ratio ν

• , average cohesive energy, average bond length, average height, 2D elastic constants, 2D Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and 2D Kelvin moduli, of the five silicene polymorphs analyzed are gathered in Table 1. Since we are analyzing free-standing silicene here, which has not yet been observed in

• for the LBS phase and are limited to 2D Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio only. These quantities are also in reasonable agreement with the present results. It is worth noting that all calculated 2D Kelvin moduli for all silicene phases are positive, which results in mechanical stability [25]. The

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• parameters, D, H, W, and the elastomer’s Young’s modulus [40][46]. In current experimental setups, D and H are used to tune the formation of self-collapse-induced structural gaps, but it is reasonable to assume that both W and the elastomer stamp’s physical properties would have impacted the result as well

• . Increasing W or utilizing stamps with greater Young’s modulus (stiffer) while fixing other parameters would decrease the tendency for roof to collapse, thus increasing line width and decreasing gap size. In addition to acting as the matrix for biorecognition arrays, the molecular pattern created on a post

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• from those of the material below it. Second, the results are not always transferrable, since they are often not expressed in rigorous physical units. Specifically, for mechanobiological AFM measurements, it is quite common to only estimate the Young’s modulus of the material. However, this quantity is

• cells as well as healthy human melanocytes and fibroblasts, showing that clear cell differentiation is possible when a wide frequency range is considered instead of a single number such as a pseudo-Young’s modulus. Furthermore, such representations would be extremely useful to evaluate the gradual

• others. Small changes in the shape of the curve could signal or confirm the onset of disease, perhaps even before clinically detectable symptoms emerge. This type of evaluation is difficult (or nearly impossible) to perform when a pseudo-Young’s modulus is used, since the latter is a single quantity that

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• quite significantly from spider silk fibers regarding diameter and material properties (e.g., Young’s modulus). In this work, we present a theoretical model of the interaction of nanofibers with a sinusoidal surface based on an energy approach. This model allows for a prediction of the adhesive

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• -linker either with acetic acid or lactic acid. The physicochemical characterisation of the composites was evaluated to prove that the composites were suitable for bone tissue engineering applications. The mechanical strength of the composites was proven through increased Young’s modulus. The surface

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• of propolis adhesion under different conditions and on different substrates was performed with a one-way ANOVA and a pairwise multiple comparison procedure (Tukey test). An unpaired two-sample t-test was performed to compare the mean Young’s modulus of propolis at 24 and 26 °C. Correlation analysis

• of Young’s modulus and work of adhesion obtained from adhesion experiments was performed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Honeybee mandible When bees handle propolis, the mandibles are the first surfaces that will come into contact with plant resin or propolis. They were

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• nanomechanical characteristics were tested using a nanoindenter (TriboIndenter, Hysitron Inc., USA). The reduced Young’s modulus, Er, is calculated as where β is a constant related to the shape of the head (for a Berkovich indenter, the value is 1.034). Ac is contact the area and a polynomial function of

• [42]. Nanomechanical analysis of the hind wings Nanomechanical test results are shown in Figure 4. The nanomechanical properties of the hind wings of the three beetles change according to the same trend. The maximum values of the reduced Young’s modulus, Er, were all measured at test point II (the end

• and the nanomechanical properties of the hind wings of the three beetles and the cross-sectional morphology of different wing veins were observed and tested with super depth-of-field microscopy, nanoindentation, and scanning electron microscopy. Thus, the folding ratios, reduced Young’s modulus, and

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• . Keywords: atomic force microscopy; drug delivery; elasticity; gelatin nanoparticles; Young’s modulus; Introduction Developing nanoparticulate drug carriers for various diseases and application routes requires establishing controllable systems, matching the needs of the respective application to achieve

• tumor [8]. This behavior might be exploited for targeting or evading specific cell types. In this context, the cell type also plays a crucial role [7]. Overall, looking at the differences exhibited by the use of different materials for nanoparticle preparation, the favorable Young’s modulus should be

• determination of the Young’s modulus of single particles. The resulting mechanical properties could be correlated with the crosslinking time and extent. Additionally, loading of the macromolecule FITC-dextran 70 kDa into the particle matrix showed no statistically significant effect on particle sizes but

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• functionality of nanostructures to process external stimuli applied to the device controlling the electrical current [12]. The lower pull-in voltage and the improved durability of the NEM switches require electrode materials with high Young’s modulus, conductivity, and Poisson's ratio. The flexible suspension

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• tissue engineering. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of CNTs into PCL scaffolds improved the mechanical properties, such as failure stress, yield stress, and Young’s modulus, and had no adverse effects on MSC survival [136]. Due to the specific orientation of chondrocytes, tissue

• engineering faces a limitation to mimic the architecture of cartilage. Therefore, Janssen et al. used VA–MWCNT micropillars to induce an unidirectional orientation of chondrocytes [137]. The Young’s modulus of the VA–MWCNT micropillars was in the range of the natural ECM of articular cartilage. The

Theoretical understanding of electronic and mechanical properties of 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenide crystals

• Seyedeh Alieh Kazemi,
• Sadegh Imani Yengejeh,
• Vei Wang,
• William Wen and
• Yun Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 160–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.11

• ′ polytype; anisotropy; density functional theory; layered transition metal dichalcogenide crystals; shear modulus; Young’s modulus; Introduction Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received increasing attention as important and versatile materials for new applications in different sectors

• relate to interlayer interactions [30][31]. The research by Liu et al. also demonstrated a correlation between interlayer sliding and Young’s modulus [32]. Therefore, it is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of the electronic and mechanical characteristics of 1T′ TMD materials in relation

• ability to predict the mechanical characteristics of 1T′ TMD materials [33]. In this comparative study, the electronic and mechanical properties including shear modulus (G), bulk modulus (B), Young’s modulus (Y), Poisson’s ratio (ν), and microhardness (H), of MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 crystals with the

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• cells of each type were measured for statistical analysis. The Hertz model is used in the calculation of cell mechanical properties. The force (F) exerted by the probe on the cell can be expressed by the following equation, where E is the Young’s modulus, ν is the poisson ratio, α is the half-opening

• angle of the probe, and δ is the indentation depth. Thus the E can be calculated by transforming the above equation: Hence the Young’s modulus can be calculated by fitting the linear part of the force–distance curves, that is, the slope of the force–distance curve. Energy dissipation is the loss of

• the cancer cells from the normal ones, the mechanical properties underneath the topography of different cells were evaluated. Figure 3 shows the nanomechanical mapping, typical force–distance curve and the corresponding Young’s modulus distributions of single cells of different types. For the

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• crystal silicon and provide a degree of biodegradability, but their fabrication methods are relatively complex and involve the use of toxic and corrosive chemicals like HF. In addition, the mechanical properties of materials, including Young’s modulus, significantly degrade with increasing porosity. (Note

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• . Table 1 summarizes the parameters used, including Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, mass density, and damping coefficients for all materials considered. The values for Torr seal epoxy were chosen as in the papers by Dennis van Vörden et al. [25] and Omur E. Dagdeviren and co-workers [26]. The parameters

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• b, density ρ, and Young’s modulus Et. The tip mass, being typically much smaller than the cantilever mass, is neglected. The tip is located at a distance L1 < L from the clamped end of the cantilever. The flexural spring constant of the cantilever is [2]. The tip–sample interaction can be modeled

• analysis, scanning CR-AFM modes such as DART are affected by problems such as sudden jumps in the recorded CR frequency, which are probably caused by the collection of dirt particles by the tip during scanning [13]. This means that not only quantities calculated from the CR frequency, for example, Young’s

• modulus, but also the measured CR frequency itself are affected by large uncertainties and are often not reproducible. Therefore, several CR-AFM studies on polymers are limited to the mere detection of contrasts in CR frequency, without further calculations and, hence, without a quantitative determination

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• irradiation dose, the PDMS material first shrinks, then swells, and then shrinks again. The concave shapes of the surface inside of the irradiated PDMS regions can, to a large extent, be attributed to the elasticity of this material. A very low Young’s modulus for the Sylgard-184 PDMS material, ranging from