Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• via mitochondrial pathway and scavenger receptors, and necrosis [68][69][70]. For example, it has been shown that when single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs) enter into cells, they interact with the actin filaments, rearranging the actin, disrupt the mitochondrial function, and cause abnormalities in cell division

• necrosis was observed, with the involvement of toll-like receptor-, transforming growth factor β-, tumor necrosis factor α-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathways in the signaling pathway network and oxidative stress playing a crucial role in these pathways [75][76]. However, all

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• strong pro-inflammatory response. These cells release cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, essential for pathogen clearance and initiating immune defense mechanisms [19]. However, if an inflammation remains active for extended periods, it can contribute to

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• cells. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β production in the same cells. The RVT-PLHNPs exhibited stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities than the free RVT solution. Apigenin Apigenin (APN

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• neutralizing the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand on the surfaces of polymeric NPs and NLCs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The in vivo studies in a mouse model showed that polymeric NPs and NLCs reached the brain via N2B delivery. They also showed that the adsorption of the

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• coir without displaying chlorosis, necrosis, or strong growth inhibition, indicating its tolerance to elevated Zn levels [47]. Its resilience may have implications not only for the plant but also for the surrounding soil environment, microflora, and potentially human health. Metal-based engineered

• noteworthy internalization of Zn by R. sativus at 10,000 mg/L exceeded the healthy level of Zn by 340%. Despite this, R. sativus demonstrated survival at 1000 mg/L without signs of chlorosis, necrosis, or growth inhibition, suggesting its Zn-tolerant nature. This study emphasized the need for proactive

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• mechanisms involved in cancer, such as apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2 survival protein, tumour protein p53, tumour necrosis factor, and nuclear factor kappa-B) [23][24], cancer surface markers (CD44, CD133, and ALDH1) [25] signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, Hippo pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• leukocyte diapedesis and produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Figure 1). The factors secreted by the endothelium also include angiokines, which affect the parenchymal cells, thus conditioning the functioning of entire organs. Endothelial cells play

• . observed that direct exposure of HUVECs to SiO2 NPs resulted in oxidative damage induced by ROS, generated by the action of NPs. After 24 h of NP exposure, an increase in cell necrosis and apoptosis was observed. Significant DNA damage and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M point also occurred after NP exposure

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• . This result is consistent with Park et al. [45], who reported that the size of AgNPs is an important factor in cytotoxicity, inflammation, and genotoxicity. In this sense, AgNPs have been shown to induce cytotoxicity through apoptosis and necrosis in different cell lines [46]. Microscopic analysis

• concentrations, however, necrosis (black box) predominates, where the formation of cellular debris and damage to the cell membrane are detected. Depending on the level of stress exerted on the cell, this behavior will trigger cell death [47]. Çìftçì et al. [48] suggested that AgNPs induce apoptosis and necrosis

• in MCF-7 cells at lower concentrations, but induce necrosis only at higher concentrations. Despite the strong cytotoxic activity of nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells, it was necessary to examine whether there is any effect on healthy cells. The systems with lower IC50 (Ag/AgCl-T60 and Ag/AgCl-T80) were

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• during NIR irradiation NPCs caused overt apoptosis and necrosis in a dosage-dependent manner (Figure 3a). The strongest effect was observed for the sample with 0.25 mg/mL NPCs. NPCs alone, on the contrary, did not affect cell viability at low concentrations and only caused signs of mild cellular toxicity

• at high concentrations. Similarly, cells in the saline + NIR sample seemed as healthy as those in the saline control group. Consistent with these microscopy observations, flow cytometry analysis, which utilized Annexin V and propidium iodide to quantitate apoptosis and necrosis, showed that the

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• the number of myocytes due to myocyte necrosis and apoptosis [1]. In the therapies of chronic heart failure (CHF) adrenergic and angiotensin signaling pathways are interrupted, while the therapies do not replace the dying myocytes during CHF progression [2]. Stem cells and some progenitor cells have

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• NPs increased production levels of ROS, which resulted in cell apoptosis, necrosis, and DNA damage [132]. This mortality rate was higher when compared to silkworm groups fed with 1 and 10 ppm of Ag NPs. These results are in accordance with studies carried out by Meng et al., who stated that although

• autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in the hemocytes. Xing et al. [154] studied the outcome of introducing Si NPs in the hemolymph of the silkworm. It was reported that 3.9 µg of Si NPs was toxic to the hemocytes when compared to the groups exposed to 0.39 and 0.039 µg of Si NPs. A high dose of Si NPs (3.9

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• weight [127]. In an extensive toxicology experiment on iron nanoparticles, Volkovova et al. [171] found that the lethal dose for 50% of rats is 36 mg Fe/kg body weight. Their study was focused on the SPION effects on the liver, where they found only mild necrosis and lipidosis, but the paper did not

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• . Several release mechanisms have been identified. 1) Secretion after cell death through apoptosis and necrosis, 2) secretion from tumor cells in the form of free or encapsulated DNA fragments, and 3) secretion from phagocytized tumor cells [35][36][37][38]. It has been observed that with the increase of

• necrosis [40][41][42][43][44]. Moreover, in solid malignancies, circulating tumor DNA differs from cell-free DNA by somatic mutations [18][46][47]. In leukemia, for example, the increased amount of cfDNA originates from cancer cells. Nonetheless, four main types of gene alterations occurring in cfDNA are

• in the further development of personalized medicine. Alterations in cell-free DNA. Cell-free DNA can be released from both cancerous and normal cells located in the tumor environment through apoptosis, necrosis or secretion. Once in the bloodstream, cfDNA may exist either free or associated with

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney from mice of different groups 48 h post PNP injection. No obvious necrosis could be observed in the three groups. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81201071, 81472757, 81773283, 81971598), Shanghai

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Most likely, a mechanism of their toxicity is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that trigger necrosis or apoptosis [33]. So far, a general consensus regarding NP toxicity is that their toxic effects cannot be conclusively

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• tested by several methods. Standard MTS assay (Figure 7, Table S2, Supporting Information File 1) was conducted to investigate the NP cytotoxicity. These results are supplemented with apoptosis/necrosis activation (Figures S4 and S6, Supporting Information File 1) and production of reactive oxygen

• cells incubated with NPs indicate the initial level of induced cell death (22 ± 1%, MTS assay) in comparison with cells, incubated at 37 °C with NPs in the absence of AMF and control samples without NPs in zero field or exposed to AMF. This is well in line with the detection of apoptosis/necrosis as a

• to kill 79 ± 8% of cells according to the MTS assay. Consistent with this finding, more pronounced apoptosis/necrosis activation is detected (Figure S5D, Supporting Information File 1). Next, 4T1 cells are precultivated with NPs for 6 h before AMF exposure to increase NP–cell interactions. In this

Nanocomposites comprised of homogeneously dispersed magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate)

• Sašo Gyergyek,
• David Pahovnik,
• Ema Žagar,
• Alenka Mertelj,
• Rok Kostanjšek,
• Miloš Beković,
• Marko Jagodič,
• Heinrich Hofmann and
• Darko Makovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1613–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.153

• field amplitudes, the NC3 sample can produce a substantial amount of heat. At a frequency of 620 kHz and a relatively small AC amplitude of 5.0 kA/m (6 mT), the NC3 sample was rapidly heated to temperatures above 43 °C. This temperature is well beyond the temperature causing necrosis of cancer cells

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• on the assumption that certain illnesses, such as necrosis are triggered by silver ions, but only for concentrations beyond a certain threshold value. These values are explicitly denoted as “estimated” and are given with an uncertainty of approximately one order of magnitude (averaged for all human

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• cell death. However, mechanism of Cis cytotoxic action involves multiple signaling pathways inducing not only apoptosis but also necrotic cell death [52][53][54][55]. Nephrotoxicity is considered to be the most important side effect of Cis and is mainly caused by tubular epithelial cell necrosis

• apoptotic (An+PI+) to 1.7% on average, as well as necrotic cells (An−PI+) to 0.3%. Apoptosis to necrosis ratio in these samples was 6:1 (on average). In cell samples treated with Cis we noticed significantly more necrotic cells (9.2%), wherein apoptosis to necrosis ratio was 2:1. C60+Cis nanocomplex induced

• mainly apoptosis in resting lymphocytes, and apoptosis to necrosis ratio was 7:1. Conclusion 1. The computer simulation, DLS and AFM data confirmed the ability of C60 fullerene to form non-covalent nanocomplex with Cis in aqueous solution. 2. C60 fullerene nanoparticles do not induce DNA strand breaks in

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• dextrose solution, leading to severe necrosis and pain at injection site as well as reported incompatibility with intravenous (iv) infusion sets [7]. In order to overcome these side effects of PCX in clinical applications, alternative approaches are developed and evaluated to increase safety and efficacy

Carbon nanomaterials sensitize prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and mitomycin C via induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation

• Kati Erdmann,
• Jessica Ringel,
• Silke Hampel,
• Manfred P. Wirth and
• Susanne Fuessel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1307–1317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.132

• synergistic nature (Table 1). Effect on cell death rate Both chemotherapeutics mediate cell death via the initiation of apoptosis. Consequently, the effect of the single and combinatory treatments on apoptosis- and necrosis-mediated cell death was determined. A treatment with carbon nanomaterials or

• chemotherapeutics alone elevated the cell death rates only marginally to moderately (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Co-exposure of DU-145 cells with CNFs and DTX or MMC led to significantly increased cell death rates by additional 80% and 130%, respectively (Figure 3). Notably, apoptosis and not necrosis mainly

• were performed. For cellular viability, cellular proliferation and cell colony formation the averaged results were expressed as percentage of control ± relative mean deviation; the control values were set 100%. For cell death rate averaged fractions of dead cells (%) due to apoptosis and necrosis

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• caused necrosis of liver tissues and severe renal damage) [10]. Given the above concerns, decision-makers and relevant stakeholders are confronted with the need to identify and utilize reliable methods to ascertain environmental impacts related to the production, use and disposal of ENMs. The default