Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• liquid hydrocarbons such as pyrolysis products [15][16][17][18], polyynes [19][20][21], and dimers [13][22][23]. Furthermore, depending on the solvent and ablated material pairing, carbon may be “harvested” from the solvent forming crystalline carbides [24][25][26][27], amorphous carbon dopant [28][29

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• removed after an ion dose of ≈300 µC/cm2. Figure 2 shows that there is no evidence of amorphous carbon (a:C) being produced during ion irradiation of Pt(CO)2Cl2 by either Ar+ or He+. The Cl 2p doublet is initially centered at 199 eV, corresponding to Cl in metal chlorides, and remains in the same position

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• [16]. One of the most widely used FEBID gaseous precursors is trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtMe3), which, under standard deposition conditions, leads to the deposition of a material that consists of around 15 atom % Pt, with the rest of the material consisting of an amorphous

• carbon matrix [15][17][18]. Variation of deposition conditions [15] and post-deposition purifications [18][19][20][21] have all led to an increased Pt content in the deposits, but a straightforward method of obtaining pure material is still a challenge. However, Shawrav et al. [22] managed to deposit

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• beam workstation Helios Nanolab 650. Both types of test structures were fabricated using 30 kV accelerating voltage and an ion beam current of I = 900 pA. The chamber pressure was not higher then 10−6 mbar. A layer of platinum and amorphous carbon (Pt + a-C) was deposited onto the manufactured

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• the surfactants (or inorganic anions) used, the carbon stemming from the organic solvent molecules acts as a surface modification of the nanoparticles and is often obtained as carbon shells. The carbon shell can be amorphous carbon [100][101], graphitic carbon [104][149][150][151][152], or carbide [99

• . Irradiation of organic solvents in the absence of inorganic targets has been observed to form solid carbon nanoparticles, as reviewed recently by Frias Batista and coworkers [43]. For instance, fluorescent carbon dots, which are amorphous carbon-based particles with a diameter below 10 nm, are obtained upon

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• observed the plateau-like region as reported here, where the gauge factor is similar to the gauge factor at very low strain [24][33]. A plateau-like region has neither been observed in nanocrystalline graphite [33], amorphous carbon films [34], nor in metallic films [35]. The mechanism that leads to an

• increase of resistance in amorphous carbon and gold films at large strain is crack formation. Also, in NCG, which is full of GBs and defects, crack formation and propagation have to be considered [36]. Assuming nanocrack formation at the GBs, we could understand the entire piezoresistance curve in the

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• on the direct delivery of water molecules into the scanning electron microscope chamber. This process is called focused electron-beam-induced etching (FEBIE) and was already demonstrated for thin amorphous carbon membranes a decade ago [15]. Oxygen or water vapor can be used for etching graphene [16

• as an unwanted co-deposition of amorphous carbon. Those deposition and etching processes may co-exist and can be controlled to a certain level by the electron flux [23]. The influence of surface kinetics phenomena on the etch profiles has not been considered in the previous works describing the proof

• single-layered graphene, and both peaks keep the Lorenzian shape. There are no features of amorphous carbon in the Raman spectra. Some defects can be elucidated from the noticeable presence of the D peak. It can be observed that the level of defects depends on whether graphene was or was not exposed to

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• that crystalline ZnO particles adhere to the surface of amorphous carbon, and the ZnO content increases as a function of a dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O. The as-prepared SiC@C-ZnO hybrids exhibit effective electromagnetic absorption, which is related to a synergy effect of different dielectric loss processes

• gradually gets weaker with increasing added amounts of ZnNO3·6H2O. Also, a small peak at 26.5°, which corresponds to the (002) reflection of amorphous carbon, can be found in the SCZ samples, especially when the dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O is low. A carbon phase on the SiC surface was obtained through the removal

• hybrids can be adjusted by changing the dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O. The amorphous carbon shell has a significant effect on the nucleation of crystalline ZnO particles, possibly due to oxygen-containing functional groups (such as carboxyl and hydroxy groups) and defects on the SiC@C surface, which both provide

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• as polymer-like nanoparticles of amorphous carbon with embedded partially sp2-hybridized atomic domains [8]. In this structure, electrons are partially delocalized over the domain area, but a strong coupling of the amorphous host matrix is maintained continuously. CQDs are well known as chemically

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• . This direction has also developed concerning nanomaterials. Carbon nanotubes are compounded with related materials to produce probes, and the analytical performance of this type of probe is better than that of carbon nanotube probes alone. Nakabayashi et al. [44] proposed using amorphous carbon matrix

• (shell) covered nanotubes to produce reinforced carbon–carbon composite nanotools; combining amorphous carbon with the extreme mechanical properties of CNTs can facilitate the production of nanotools with high aspect ratios. Inappropriate properties such as vibration and flexibility can be controlled

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• the recombination of trapped excitons causes the redshifted emission. Liu et al. reported the synthesis of highly photoluminescent CDs, which were then further separated into yellow emitting crystalline graphene quantum dots and green emitting amorphous carbon nanodots using a silica gel column. Even

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• crystallinity of ZnxCoy–C particles can be enhanced by decreasing the Zn/Co ratio during synthesis [35]. Unlike Zn4Co1–C particles (Figure 3a), which have a typical amorphous carbon structure, both Zn1Co1–C (Figure 3b) and Zn1Co4–C (Figure 3c) particles contain some short-range graphitic carbon structures with

• decomposition of amorphous carbon in the ZnxCoy–C particles. In this respect, the Zn1Co4–C/CNT composite was the most thermally stable because of its relatively higher fraction of robust graphitic carbon structure. Figure 6a–c shows the galvanostatic discharge profiles of the LOBs assembled with ZnxCoy–C/CNT

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• . Dark spots appeared in the initial stage of cross-linking. The cross-linked regions speedily grow and form an amorphous carbon matrix with reduced structural order. The fully cross-linked monolayer is characterized by the formation of subnanometer-sized voids preferably in regions of lower structural

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• graphitic rather than amorphous carbon [19]. XRD of glassy carbon tubules, including the calculation of the interlayer spacing. Interlayer spacing data characteristic for selected carbon materials. Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank Arthur Bötcher for running the flow reactor experiments and for

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• between amorphous and graphitic carbon. It is more ordered than amorphous carbon, especially in the short range [33]. However, it lacks long-range order, more specifically a 3D stacking order [35]. The graphitisation effects induced by cobalt and elevated temperatures become more distinct with increasing

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• , and amorphous carbon. A choice of the substrate affects the adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of precursor molecules on the surface as well as the yields of secondary and backscattered electrons. These quantities affect the fragmentation rate of the adsorbed precursor molecules and, hence, the

• amorphous substrates, for example, amorphous silica or amorphous carbon, which are commonly used in FEBID and surface science experiments. The structure of precursor molecules, their interaction with a substrate, and the dynamics of nanostructure formation and growth are influenced by interatomic

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• min. A drop of the resulting suspension was applied to a standard copper mesh with a diameter of 3.05 mm, covered with a 5–6 nm thick layer of amorphous carbon. Next, the sample was dried in air at room temperature for 60 min. The histograms of platinum nanoparticle size distribution in the catalysts

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• bands become more pronounced, similar to a film of high-temperature annealed nanographite [33]. It was previously demonstrated in TEM that, at an energy of 80 keV, a graphitization of free-standing amorphous carbon can be induced [34]. It is also known that CNMs can turn from the amorphous state into

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• amorphous carbon or magnesium oxide substrates by the laser evaporation of a bulk alloy with various stoichiometric compositions (Cu–Au, Cu3Au, and Au3Cu). An analysis of individual clusters carried out by using electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that Cu

• –Au clusters are formed with chemical compositions corresponding to the composition of the evaporated material [14]. In the case of cluster deposition onto amorphous carbon, various cluster morphologies were observed, such as cuboctahedral and decahedral. For clusters supported on a MgO substrate

• copper (aCu = 3.610 Å) is an evidence that the nanoparticles deposited onto the amorphous carbon substrate were a Cu–Au nanoalloy [3]. Next, we analyzed the structure of the Cu3Au nanoparticles [3] in order to determine the possible temperature of the nanoparticles at the moment of their collision with

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• area (SSA) of the anode materials as well as the deposition of amorphous carbon films were shown to reduce irreversible capacity losses [22][23]. Ji et al. found that lower total pore volumes (determined by N2 sorption) gave rise to increased reversible sodium storage capacities for sucrose-derived HCs

• confirm that the samples had an amorphous carbon structure, using an X-ray diffractometer (X'Pert Pro, PANalytical, Netherlands, using Cu Kα radiation with a generator voltage of 45 kV and a tube current of 40 mA) and a Raman spectrometer (Jubin-Yvon iHR550, HORIBA, Japan, equipped with a Laser Quantum

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• nanoparticles of Cu and Ni and one-dimensional nanorods of CuS, ZnF2, and NiF2 protected with fluorinated amorphous carbon. We have also synthesized reduced graphene oxide and partially rolled graphene by this method. Keywords: electric discharges; microwave synthesis; nanomaterials; transmission electron

• generated after 1 min of microwave treatment of activated Cu and Ni powders in the presence of g-C3N4. The patterns show pure phases of Ni and Cu. The formed nanoparticles are covered with fluorinated amorphous carbon. Figure 3b shows the SEM image of Cu nanoparticles covered with amorphous fluorinated

• amorphous carbon is shown in Figure S7d (Supporting Information File 1). The HRTEM image (Figure S7e, Supporting Information File 1) clearly shows the single-crystalline nature of the NiF2 nanorod. Interestingly, microwave treatment of copper in the presence of sulfur in Teflon yielded CuS nanorods instead

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• carbon. The annealing at the temperature of 850 °C did not cause the conversion of amorphous carbon nanoparticles to nanocrystals, and the LAL processing of the annealed-HTC carbon particles also produced amorphous carbon nanoparticles. The size distribution of the soybean-derived nanoparticles is

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• amorphous carbon. The five well-defined diffraction peaks appearing at 2θ values of 14.3, 25.3, 28.9, 33.7 and 53.9° are indexed to the (110), (112), (220), (222) and (422) crystal planes of NiMoO4, respectively, which well correspond to the standard pattern (JCPDS No. 45-0142). In addition to the

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• temperatures. The overall nitrogen content of the graphitized N-doped carbon spheres is lower than that of the amorphous carbon spheres, however, also the microporosity decreases strongly with graphitization. Comparison with the electrocatalytic behavior in the ORR shows that in addition to the N-doping, the

• microporosity of the materials is critical for an efficient ORR. Keywords: amorphous carbon; graphitized carbon; hydrothermal carbonization; nitridation; nitrogen doping; oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); porosity; Introduction Fuel cells and metal–air batteries are important renewable energy technologies

• %). TEM images (Figure 3a–d) reveal no highly ordered domains (e.g., graphene layers) of the said N-doped carbon spheres, which is in good agreement with the results of the X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD, Figure 4), confirming an amorphous carbon structure for all particles mentioned so far. Upon