A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• and bottom-up and evolved based on real applications by the nanosafety research community. Instance maps for on-the-fly data FAIRification Much of the potential benefit provided by instance maps arises from removing the current separation of data production from data curation, harmonisation, reporting

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• electrical, optical, and magnetic properties for a wide range of applications [22][23]. They can be synthesized by different procedures based on “top-down” or “bottom-up” approaches [24] (Figure 1). Top-down synthesized silver nanoparticles can be obtained by lithography, attrition, milling, and other

• processes that involve reducing the size of bulk silver materials to the atomic size of the AgNPs [25]. Bottom-up AgNPs are synthesized via precursor salt reactions that lead to the formation of AgNPs [26] including condensation, precipitation, and pyrolysis [27]. AgNPs can be synthesized using physical

• to be elucidated to obtain a better understanding of their efficacy and safety. “Top-down” and “Bottom-up” approaches for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Created in BioRender. Rocha Formiga, F. (2024) https://BioRender.com/a60t035. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Green synthesis of

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• largely missing. The development of MAMBO followed an hybrid approach mixing top-down and bottom-up processes. To accurately capture the distinct characteristics of concepts integral to the formulation of the MAMBO ontology (both the more general concepts and the more specific ones), we initially

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• Focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID) and focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) are vacuum-based, charged-particle bottom-up nanofabrication techniques that directly fabricate metal containing nanostructures as a consequence of the reactions between ions or electrons and organometallic

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• synthesis methods to obtain CDs from natural products are generally divided into top-down and bottom-up approaches, depending on the carbon source and the process used. In top-down syntheses, materials of desired size and structure are obtained from a bulk material. In bottom-up syntheses, larger

• nanostructures are obtained by using small nanoscale blocks. The hydrothermal synthesis method, which is a bottom-up method, is generally used in the synthesis of CDs. A very wide range of source materials, simple reaction equipment, and easy control of reaction conditions are the features that make this method

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• top-down approaches such as arc discharge and laser ablation, and bottom-up methods such as hydrothermal and microwave synthesis [7][22] Biomass sources for CQD synthesis include eggshells, papaya peel, and lemon peel [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Applications

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• length scales. Keywords: adhesion; fibers; fluid–structure interactions; mastigonemes; mechanosensing; setae; wettability; Introduction Given the bottom-up approach that biology uses to create materials, fibrous structures formed by molecular chains are found everywhere. For example, internally in the

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• inherited from their parent crystals [6]. Their synthesis typically involves costly bottom-up processes. Some efforts have been successfully made to synthesize n-vdW 2D materials using liquid exfoliation techniques [7], albeit with relatively low yields. The first such material was obtained through

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• , ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vídenská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.15.20 Abstract DNA origami nanostructures are emerging as a bottom-up

• in the present context are works on the use of DNA origami nanostructures in top-down or bottom-up nanopatterning approaches [7][8][9][10]. So far, DNA origami has been proposed only as a resist or as a platform to precisely arrange nanostructure precursors in lithography [11][12][13]. Incorporating

• of various factors concerning material properties and the parameters of the impinging ion beam [22][23][24][25]. While crucial for modern nanotechnology, SHI cause severe damage to DNA [26][27][28]. This challenges the use of DNA-based nanomaterials for combined top-down and bottom-up nanoprocessing

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• , which may be top-down or bottom-up approaches, has facilitated the synthesis of nanoparticles of differing shapes, sizes and properties [11]. When considering zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in particular, their low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and low cost [12] have enabled them to be applied as

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• /Si; conductive atomic force microscopy; dodecanethiol; self-assembled monolayers; Introduction For decades, the need for miniaturization of electronics has pushed the research field into the direction of bottom-up, rather than top-down, approaches. In this research field, molecular electronics [1][2

• ][3] has always held a central role, as the flexibility and control over the structure of molecules is unmatched. One of the fundamental parts of devices employing a bottom-up approach combined with molecular electronics is comprised of metal electrodes and molecular layers deposited onto them. For

Nanoarchitectonics for advanced applications in energy, environment and biology: Method for everything in materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 738–740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.60

• nanotechnology, which pioneered the science at that length scale. Such methodologies were also touched upon in the bottom-up fabrication of materials using supramolecular chemistry and other methods [7][8]. Nanoarchitectonics encompasses these methods and integrates them into a broader field of research

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• ]. Copper oxide (CuO) nanowires are excellent candidates for applications in such devices owing to the inexpensive, simple and scalable bottom-up synthesis, and robust physical properties [7][8][9]. A high specific surface area of nanowires and a p-type semiconductor structure are suggested for highly

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C/ José Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.14.43 Abstract In the present work, the bottom-up fabrication of biohybrid materials using a nanoarchitectonics approach has been applied to entrap living cells. Unicellular

• biological functions that can be effectively manipulated through the inorganic components, with potential impact on leading applications within the fields of chemical synthesis and catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedicine. Examples of bionanohybrids include the bottom-up fabrication of

• with transparency, easy tuning, and low energy requirements of the bottom-up synthesis, opens the way for the development of novel biohybrid systems with a wide range of applications, from biological preservation of living cells to the development of novel whole-cell bioinorganic catalytic materials

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• ]. Bottom-up synthesis of materials using molecular and ionic units, which is widely used in supramolecular chemistry and coordination chemistry, is now being elucidated by nanotechnology under observation of actual materials. Thus, the contribution of nanotechnology to the creation of materials cannot be

• various low-dimensional nanostructures will be synthesized by this on-surface synthetic nanoarchitectonics. The bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons on surfaces has attracted much attention due to their high electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. Sakaguchi and co-workers have synthesized

• . Nanoarchitectonics of graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions has the potential to be a major technological breakthrough because of the rational design and by virtue of the extraordinary structural and electronic properties of such heterojunctions. However, graphene nanoribbon heterojunction structures made by bottom-up

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• ][121][122][123][124], so they are not covered in this review. In general, top-down approaches or bottom-up approaches can be used to synthesise Bi-based nanostructured materials using traditional solid-state methods as well as wet-chemical methods. Solid-state methods are typically high-energy methods

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• ; Introduction Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as a novel class of carbon nanomaterials can be prepared by using different methods and precursors [1][2]. Most of the common preparation procedures are bottom-up methods [3][4]. Depending on the used precursors and solvents, the structure of the CQDs can be modified

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• assembled in a bottom-up fashion [1][2][3][4][5]. Among all the existing synthetic routes permitting to imbue functionality into a colloidal suspension, those dedicated to the formation of patchy particles have received particular attention [6][7][8][9][10]. Indeed, several generic models including the

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• “bottom-up” (or “biology push”) approach, denotes the introduction of identified biological functional systems into applied sciences, by directly suggesting possible technical applications. The second one, the “top-down” (or “technology pull”) approach, is initiated by a defined technical problem for

• potential is identified and described, biological systems migrate from the bottom-up realm to the top-down portfolio, together with their originally recognised application potential. Tapping this top-down portfolio is an attractive modus operandi because it appears to guarantee a straightforward and swift

• the winding path of a project originally initiated by a technical problem that appeared to be solved straightforwardly by focusing on water-repellent biological surfaces (i.e., adopting a bottom-up strategy). As it turned out, however, the way to a finally successful prototype was not to follow the

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• synthetic pathways for the formation of CDs, that is, “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods. In the top-down method, large carbon structures (such as carbon nanotubes or graphite) are decomposed into CDs. The top-down methods include arc discharge, laser abrasion [24], chemical and electrochemical oxidation

• , and ultrasonic synthesis. In the bottom-up methods, CDs are formed from molecular precursors by various techniques such as hydrothermal treatment [25][26][27][28][29], microwave synthesis [30], and pyrolysis [31]. A tremendous amount of work has been done regarding the synthesis and different

• material is oxidized and broken down into CDs using oxidants such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid. As green methods are limited regarding the raw materials, the “top-down” method is not very common in green approaches [3][50]. The “bottom-up” method consist of carbonization of smaller organic molecules

Experimental and theoretical study of field-dependent spin splitting at ferromagnetic insulator–superconductor interfaces

• Peter Machon,
• Michael J. Wolf,
• Detlef Beckmann and
• Wolfgang Belzig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 682–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.60

• density of states of the superconducting film by tunnel spectroscopy. Results and Discussion Theory The setup of the underlying experiment is shown in Figure 1a. It consists (bottom-up) of an EuS substrate, a superconducting (Al) film, and a normal metal film that is separated from the superconductor by

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• ], particle size reduction [25], and encapsulation in nanoscale delivery systems [11]. Nanoscale BBR crystals can be formed using top-down technologies (ball mills, high-pressure homogenizers, microfluidic technology, and spray drying) or bottom-up technologies (evaporative precipitation of nanosuspension

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• the nanoarchitectonics concept of bottom-up creation of functional materials, we use methane rather than a polymer to form glassy carbon. Here we show that tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips form when methane undergoes pyrolysis on a curved alumina surface. X-ray diffraction

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• or bottom-up processes and, subsequently, their parameters are tested. In the latter, the pull-in effect of NWs is directly studied through atomic force microscopy or transmission electron microscopy using nanomanipulators. This allows one to explore different working states without having to

• et al. [8] made a CuO NWs switch, 3 µm long, 80 nm in diameter, and 120 nm in the gap, with a pull-in voltage of 12.5 V. Feng et al. [40] prepared SiC nanowire NEM switches using bottom-up techniques. The pull-in voltage ranges from one to several volts and the response time is below microseconds