Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• provides clearer insight into how precursor composition and synthesis pathway govern oxygen functionality, structural disorder, and graphitic domain organization in biomass-derived GO materials. To evaluate the functional performance of the Agro-GO samples, they were employed as platforms for the in situ

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• chemical potential with 2D materials determines the defect concentration. Ideally, in situ measurements of defects are employed, but given the challenging atmosphere this may require optical methods, which may not have the required sensitivity to small defect concentrations. Ex situ microscopy measurements

• sub-nanometer precision, while also probing vibronic structure and photon statistics in situ. Complementary approaches, such as tip-enhanced photoluminescence, extend this toolbox by enabling nanoscale hyperspectral mapping and photon correlation without charge injection. Together, these techniques

• atmospheric conditions further broadens its applicability, making it an invaluable tool for understanding and optimizing the properties of 2D materials. Continued advancements in XPS technology, including integration with in situ/operando capabilities, microscopy, and machine learning for data analysis

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• limitation. Addressing hypoxia is essential for advancing PDT toward more reliable and potent cancer therapies. The primary strategies for alleviating tumor hypoxia can be categorized into four main approaches: (i) direct oxygen delivery to the tumor [162][163][164][165], (ii) in situ oxygen generation [166

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• layers on stainless steel 316L via a novel in situ oxidation process and evaluated their physicochemical properties and cellular interactions at the nano/microscale. Surface characterization revealed that the polymeric coatings formed a homogenous layer with distinct topographical features and thickness

• ) are expected to influence the catechol/quinone balance, amine content, nanostructure and, consequently, the biological and hemocompatible properties of the resulting coatings. In this study, we applied a novel in situ oxidation process to obtain nanostructured PDA and PTYR coatings on SS 316L, using a

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• on SiO2 substrates. The base pressure was P = 2.2 × 10−8 mbar, and the Ar pressure during the deposition was = 6.6 μbar, = 12 μbar and = 6.3 μbar. During the deposition, the film thickness was monitored in situ by a thickness monitor, which provides a real-time measurement of the growth rate. The

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• -coated AuNPs adhere to rGO mainly through electrostatic forces rather than direct AuNP-rGO chemical bonding. As a result, these nanoparticles are more susceptible to detachment and aggregation over time, especially under catalytic conditions. In contrast, DP leads to in situ nucleation and growth of

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• ]. For this reason, examples of investigation of inorganic coatings are quite limited. However, Hafez et al. [61] explored nanostructured hydrophilic and self-healing hybrid coatings based on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystals and polyelectrolyte multilayers, formed in situ on Greek marble (Thassos and

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• -limited, preventing direct visualization of nanoscale features [6][8]. Confocal fluorescence microscopy addresses some of these limitations by allowing hydrogels to be imaged in situ, fully hydrated, and often in real time when a fluorophore is incorporated into the colloidal network [2][9]. Through

• material. The application of confocal microscopy, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, and conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to a supramolecular peptide material has been shown to allow for sub-diffraction resolution imaging of fibre morphology in situ without covalent

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• hybrid devices by enhancing normal quasiparticle scattering at the expense of Cooper pair transport [42]. Although interface transparency can be tuned by chemical surface treatments or in situ growth [43], an alternative and less explored approach is to control the proximity effect via the geometry of

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• activities. The collection of both suspended and floating particulates is facilitated by the increasing use of in situ filtration systems that utilize portable vacuum compressors for water samples. These tactics aid in capturing MPs of all sizes, from the macro- to the nanoscale, which is essential for

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• . Phosphoserine has been identified as one of the main modified amino acids in tubeworm cement and, using in situ hybridization, we propose that FAM20C kinases would be the enzymes responsible for the phosphorylation of serine residues in adhesive proteins. Comparison between the ultrastructure of the granules

• maturation by identifying and localizing the kinases phosphorylating adhesive proteins using in silico analyses and in situ hybridization techniques. The results may provide new insights into the composition and biosynthesis of the adhesive secretion, which is crucial to the honeycomb worm’s survival

• Primer 3 (bioinfo.ut.ee/primer3/) with an optimal amplicon length between 700 and 900 bp (Supporting Information File 1, Table S4). For the previously reported adhesive proteins, the primers were designed using the first clone of each cement precursor protein available on NCBI [17]. For in situ

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• refrigerator, which was not designed for preparation of pristine surfaces, nor was any attempt made to sharpen the tip in situ. Our analysis shows that the KIMEC principle of detecting cantilever deflection, as it is implemented in these sensors, is capable of operating at the thermal limit of force

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• performance for six cycles with only a 5% efficiency loss, and enabled in situ degradation of MPs through thermal treatment to prevent desorption risks [75]. A high capture efficiency of microplastics was also achieved using novel magnetic composite nanoparticles composed of silica, gelatin, and chitosan. At

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• keV [32]. For the in situ nano-holotomography, a climate chamber [33] was used to image the specimen in a moist (90% RH) and a dry (<3% RH) state. A binning factor of two was applied to the images. The phase retrieval was performed using the Holowizard framework [34][35]. The sample volumes were

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• restricted to ultrahigh vacuum. This review highlights the capabilities and scientific impact of APXPS at the MAX IV Laboratory, the world’s first fourth-generation synchrotron light source. With the APXPS beamlines SPECIES and HIPPIE, MAX IV offers state-of-the-art instrumentation for in situ and operando

• heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion, and thin film growth. Given that surfaces are heavily influenced by their surroundings, it is essential to study them in situ, while exposed to realistic reaction conditions, or operando, when producing reaction products under realistic conditions. X-ray photoelectron

• the use of XPS in reactive environments. Ambient pressure XPS (APXPS) with soft X-rays addresses this limitation by enabling surface chemical analysis at pressures up to the millibar range, bridging the gap that restricts conventional XPS to UHV. This allows for in situ and operando investigations of

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• complete physical degradation in situ, leaving no waste or residual materials [14]. In contrast to conventional electronics designed for permanent installation or single-use disposal, transient electronics represent a paradigm shift that redefines the relationship between a functionality and physical

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• specific applications will be crucial for realizing the full potential of laser-based techniques and addressing challenges in LAL such as low productivity, high energy consumption, and wide size distribution. Additionally, advancing in situ characterization methods, such as time-resolved shadowgraphy [26

• corresponding in situ resistance measurement as a function of temperature during heat treatment of the Ag layer is presented in Figure 11d. In conclusion, drop-casting, due to its simplicity, involves merely dropping a colloidal solution onto a substrate, offering limited control over the deposition process

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• lifespan of the membranes. The widely used antimicrobial nanoparticles can be categorized based on their composition and properties as follows: metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, oxide nanoparticles, and composite nanomaterials. Zheng’s group used an in situ synthesis method to embed AgNPs

• into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, the fabricated Ag/PAN-TFN FO membrane demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with improved water flux and salt rejection. The in situ synthesis method ensures a uniform distribution of AgNPs within the

• , indicating the potential for repeated use and long-term application [21]. Zhao and Park’s group incorporated in situ synthesized silver-loaded graphene oxide (GO-Ag) nanoparticles into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) electrospun nanofiber membranes to boost desalination performance. The PVA/CS/GO-Ag

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• also spectroscopic analysis of small organic molecules. However, preparation and characterisation of the probe apex in situ by a human operator is one of the major barriers to high-throughput experimentation and to reproducibility between experiments. Characterisation of the probe apex is usually

• move on to either an in situ tip preparation step, (j); if the number of shaping attempts without a “good” tip has exceeded a pre-determined threshold, (i), the tip is moved away macroscopically, (k), under the assumption that the area is not suitable for classification. Throughout the schematic, green

• measurements are taken as shown in (d–g). (d) and (e) correspond to measurements taken over SnUp molecules, while (f) and (g) correspond to SnDown. The script would then change the tip and repeat the steps, over different areas, varying the tip after each set of STS measurements (formed through in situ tip

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• ]. Mitochondria-targeted liposomes have also been studied to enhance mitochondrial-associated ferroptosis in bladder cancer in situ. The synthesized liposome was selectively aggregated in mitochondria and caused mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ROS by deactivated dihydroorotate dehydrogenase [148]. Targeting

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• Vladimir Pimonov Said Tahir Vincent Jourdain Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 10.3762/bjnano.16.96 Abstract This study addresses the challenge of analyzing the growth kinetics of carbon nanotubes using in situ homodyne polarization microscopy (HPM) by

• can be adapted for other types of in situ microscopy studies, emphasizing the importance of automation in high-throughput data acquisition for research on individual nano-objects. Keywords: carbon nanotubes growth kinetics; deep learning; in situ microscopy; object recognition and tracking

• selectivity, particularly kinetic selectivity. To address this, we developed a method based on in situ homodyne polarization microscopy (HPM), which is highly sensitive and can detect changes in optical absorption caused by a single carbon nanotube. The technique allows for imaging tens to hundreds of

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• exchanged in situ in the liquid chamber of the AFM and allowed to settle. This time was about 5 min; therefore, is quite above the reaction time of PA to complete the osmolyte release. In our study, measurements were performed once these tension-triggered channels had already dissipated the exceeding

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• loss spectroscopy, in situ heating, post-irradiation experiments, and differential scanning calorimetry we demonstrate that a pulse-duration-driven structural difference occurs during laser ablation in liquid is observable to the three utilized solvents. While picosecond-pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• occur coincidentally but are a reproducible observation (shown in Supporting Information File 1, Section S11). Thermal stability of the amorphous HEA nanoparticles Finally, we aimed to examine the temperature stability of the amorphous HEA NPs. Thereto, we conducted in situ heating experiments in TEM as

• well as differential scanning calorimetry. Figure 4B displays the TEM in situ heating experiment and SAED patterns of an amorphous sample made by ns-LAL in acetone with increasing temperature. The diffuse and broad intensity that results from an amorphous structure gets sharper, especially for the (111

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74