Superconducting artificial neural networks and quantum circuits

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 744–747, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.51

• the most important challenges are: (i) processing of ultra-weak signals registered by highly sensitive cryogenic detectors, which is particularly relevant for deep-space communication and astronomical observations in the millimetre-wave and infrared frequency ranges [7][8][9]; (ii) cognitive radio and

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• °, respectively [54]. Using the Scherrer equation, these 2θ values yield the nanoparticle’s crystallite size [54]. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides evidence of successful surface capping or functionalization of the desired molecules on nanoparticles [49]. Surface-enhanced Raman

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• (energy ℏω of a single infrared photon, waist W0 of the infrared excitation laser in the focal plane, repetition period T of the laser), and the characteristics of the dye assemblies (the 2P absorption cross section of individual dye molecules and, importantly, a coefficient α taking into account a local

• be fitted by a symmetric 2D Gaussian function with a standard deviation of about 250 nm, equivalent to a waist W0 ≈ 360 nm for the infrared beam. Fluorescence was collected by the same objective, separated from the excitation using a dichroic filter (FF749, Semrock) before being sent to a photon

• excitation laser at the nanoparticle position W0: where the factor 1/2 is related to the absorption of two infrared photons for each excitation event, PexcT/δt is the incident peak power, and α is a coefficient taking into account a local-field correction, that is the electric field Eloc experienced by a

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , with an acquisition time of 30 s and two accumulations, yielding a spectral resolution of 0.8 cm−1 per pixel. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was performed using a Nicolet Nexus 470 FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet, Madison, WI, USA). Spectra were collected at

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• -infrared (NIR) range to enable deep tissue penetration, addressing a key PDT limitation. However, the use of longer wavelengths (>800 nm) is not practical due to their inefficiency in exciting an oxygen molecule from the triplet ground state to the excited singlet state [21]. A high quantum yield for ROS

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• ) and other elements (Si) important for agricultural crops. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus species on this complex multiphase zeolitic carrier, applying Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron

• Bučko et al. [19] studied the infrared spectra of some zeolites modified with ammonium and concluded that the IR spectrum of NH4+-zeolite is very complex since the vibrational characteristics of the incorporated species are influenced by their interaction with the oxygen atoms of the zeolitic lattice

• , the samples were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and adsorption measurements based on N2 adsorption isotherms. FTIR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Tensor 27 IR

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• wavelengths in the near infrared; this produces heat that can cause vaporisation of the liquid layer once the fluence threshold of vaporisation is reached [59]. At high irradiances, in the gigawatt per square centimetre range, nonlinear optical effects such as self-focusing, supercontinuum generation

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• be discussed in more details in the Section “Density functional theory modeling”. Analysis of spectrofluorimetric, infrared, and S and P polarization spectra Two PAZO samples were used for the spectrofluorimetric analysis: the first sample was not thermally treated (red curves in Figure 3A) and the

• other molecules (the interactions between polymer chains can be considered as major factors in the case of a polymer thin film). Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding the effects of thermal treatment on polymers that can cause significant changes in their IR spectra, revealing

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• materials such as graphene, azobenzene, and gold nanorods [54]. Upon exposure to UV–vis or near-infrared (NIR) light, these materials undergo structural changes or generate ROS, triggering controlled release of their therapeutic cargo. This precise spatiotemporal control over drug release and therapeutic

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• from [e.g., n = 507] HSPC-50-R-PE control liposomes and [e.g., n = 788] HSPC-IM-R-PE immunoliposomes, which were obtained from six and eight independent AFM images, respectively. 2.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Drug–nanoparticle interactions were studied by subjecting the previously

• lyophilized samples to Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in an FTIR spectrophotometer (IRTracer-100, Shimazdzu, Japan), with a horizontal attenuated total reflectance accessory. The scan was performed in the range of 500 to 4000 cm−1 [27]. 2.5 Stability study After physicochemical

• protein corona formation under physiological conditions [63]. These findings highlight the importance of surface characterization by AFM in the development and optimization of nanoparticles. 3.4 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy assays The FTIR spectra obtained for the formulations showed the

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• electrode material in lithium-ion cells. Mildly reduced graphene oxide paper underwent further thermal reduction steps. The structural and chemical properties of the obtained materials were determined using Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies and elemental combustion analysis. The morphology

• functionalities within the rGO paper, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied in attenuated total reflectance mode. The equipment involved a Perkin Elmer Frontier FTIR spectrometer. The spectra were obtained in the 520–4000 cm−1 wavenumber range with baseline calibration and normalized (0 to

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• 62209, México Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-360, México City 04510, México 10.3762/bjnano.16.159 Abstract Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are well-known for their high efficiency, photostability, near-infrared excitation, and ability to

• phototoxicity [38]. The ladder-like energy level structure of Ln3+ ions enable efficient photon UC of near-infrared (NIR) light, even with moderate excitation intensities (1–103 W·cm−2) attainable with gas-based lamps or continuous wave lasers [39]. Temperature measurements using Ln3+-doped nanomaterials have

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• least tenfold). The designed core NPs are composed of a Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 core and a MnFe2O4 shell. Their size and morphology were determined by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate their chemical composition. The iron oxide phase was confirmed by

• while expecting good biocompatibility. The use of size-controlled synthesis enables the exploration of size-dependent magnetic properties, while the direct characterization of the core–shell structure using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron

• plate at 50 °C for 2 h to remove all solvent traces. The chemical compositions of both core and core–shell NPs were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both spectra were recorded using a commercial Agilent FTIR 680 spectrometer in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode. The

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• space and localizing photochemical reactions. At the diffraction limit, light cannot be focused into a spot smaller than half its wavelength. However, waves of electrons on a metal surface can be compressed into space a tiny fraction of the wavelength of light. This allows visible and infrared light to

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• remarkably excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and storage stability for the SPR sensor recorded, but a strong association between the SPR sensor and LC-MS/MS findings was found [95]. Recently, Bareza et al. have reported that graphene nanostructures, which can confine mid-infrared plasmons at the

• (NaYF4) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) on gold nanotriangle arrays acted as the indicator system, and the enhanced near-infrared (NIR)-excited UV luminescence was the sensing signal. This approach relied on the synergistic effects of Tm3+-doped NaYF4 UCNPs on gold nanotriangle arrays created via

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. We probed particles adsorbed on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, both operated under variable air humidity. For AFM, we additionally tested hydrophilic and

• inorganic surfaces, usually modified with organic layers, and probed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For VSFG and AFM, we systematically varied the relative air humidity (RH). DLS and ZP yield particle size

• and stability in solution, in terms of hydrodynamic diameter and NP surface charge, respectively. Spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the chemical composition of the organic ligands locally. We used FTIR for the molecular fingerprint infrared region to find the characteristic peaks of the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• understanding the full contamination profile in remote ecosystems [33]. An overview of MP sampling and analysis methods is given in Figure 3. 4.2 Analytical techniques for microplastic characterization 4.2.1 Spectroscopy. One of the key methods of analyzing MPs is spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• of NMs have been extensive; including niche applications such as enabling nightvision; particular Yb(III) and Er(III) doped nanoparticles have been found to upconvert NIR light into visible light, thus enabling mice to visually perceive infrared light [12]. Carbon nanomaterials as nanocarriers Carbon

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• -sectional imaging, and attenuated total reflectance with Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provided compelling evidence for the successful formation of the intended core–shell structure. The resulting nanofibers exhibited surface hydrophobicity, suggesting potential for anti-adhesive

• following equation: where ΔHm0 is the melting enthalpy of fully crystalline PLA (93.1 J/g), and XPLA is the mass fraction of PLA in the fiber (Vidal et al., 2022) [68]. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR analysis was conducted to examine the surface composition of the nanofibers and confirm core

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• development of such fields as energy generation and storage, sensing, and catalysis. Another application area of nonspherical NPs stems from the shape dependencies of their optical properties. The shift of plasmonic bands to the near-infrared spectral range observed for high-aspect-ratio nanostructures, such

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• promising precursor materials and could accelerate the development of metal-organic precursors specifically tailored for FIB, offering a cost-effective route to novel nanofabrication applications. (a) SEM secondary electron images showing thickness and morphology of the precursor layers of 1–4. (b) Infrared

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• concentration environment exhibited the highest fluorescence, though more detailed investigation using methods such as attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy or circular dichroism (CD) will be necessary to confirm an elevated β-sheet content in these fibrils. A similar

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• investigation of antimicrobial activity against these microorganisms indicates the potential dental applications of green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles. To characterize the green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles, the selected studies used mainly Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, 36.73%; n

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• . also confirmed that the reaction mechanisms of MPs and graphene oxide–chitosan sponges were electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements [69]. Integrating different types of

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• of GO and PI. Elemental and structural changes induced by implantation were analyzed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface morphology was assessed via

• detection analysis (ERDA). The other analytical methods used were Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrical properties were investigated by the two-point method. The photocatalytic properties were tested in a dark chamber by

• analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) [30] (Figure 8). The FTIR spectra were normalized to the signal at 715 cm−1. The spectra consist of several regions of interest, namely, the 715 cm−1 wavenumber region corresponding to C=O bonding and the 1083 cm−1 peak attributed to C–O–C