Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• % purity) was deposited on the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface from an EFM3T e-beam sublimator (Focus GmbH, Huenstetten, Germany) at substrates temperatures of 550 °C. Under these conditions, a CaF interface layer is formed, which removes the Si (7 × 7) reconstruction and allows for growing multilayers of well

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• process occurring at the interface between diamond and Ni nanoparticles was revealed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) [19][24]. During annealing, Ni nanoparticles etch the diamond surface, resulting in the formation of a narrow interdiffusion zone. The carbon atoms released

• requires a detailed study. HRTEM has proven very useful for investigating the graphite–diamond interface [19][24]. However, it provides information about local morphology and ordering of diamond surface and graphite layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine

• through the saturation of bonds on the etched diamond surface by free carbon atoms diffusing from the Ni-diamond interface. This implies that the multilayer graphitic layers formed on the surface of micro-sized crystallites in the annealed Ni-coated PCD are also oriented perpendicular to the crystallite

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• hybridization occurring at the interface between cerium oxide and metals, either as substrates [23], as supported nanoparticles (NPs) [26][27] or as dopants [28]. The insight provided by such studies is highly relevant, since cerium oxide is often combined with metals in various applications. For example, it

• [53]. The NPs exhibited an Ag–Ag interatomic distance contracted by 3–4% compared to the bulk value [53]. The contraction was mainly ascribed to dimensionality effects, with epitaxial effects having a minor role. Additionally, the Ag–O interatomic distance at the interface between the NPs and the

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• retained in the carbon layers. The horizontally oriented graphitic layers act as a barrier and prevent sodium from penetrating into the underlaying MoS2 film. In the PyC-MoS2 hybrid, sodium accumulation occurs more on the MoS2 surface or at the interface between MoS2 and PyC, than in the bulk of MoS2

• the PyC top layer and the hybrid interface accumulate sodium. Sodium deeply penetrated into the bare MoS2 film, causing a transition from the 2H structure to the 1T´ structure due to the transfer of electron density to MoS2. Annealing of sodiated samples at 773 K in ultrahigh vacuum resulted in almost

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• interface of biomolecules has considerably slower dynamics than water molecules in the bulk. Besides, the first water layer on the interface is responsible for hydration forces between biomolecular structures [5]. The rearrangement of water molecules through hydrogen bonding on hydrated surfaces generates

• nanosheets. Large GO nanosheets are important to provide effective surface area for coating adhesion to the flat substrate and cross-linking in the coating network. Interactions at the interface between the coating and substrate include electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• phase, where the accumulation of minority carriers near the interface leads to recombination and electron flow into the surface. Over time, a steady state is reached when the rate of hole influx at the interface balances charge transfer and recombination, resulting in a stable photocurrent. When the

• instantaneous negative spike and the reduction in photocurrent until the point of light switch off measure the recombination current, they should be of similar magnitude. The steady-state photocurrent (as in other films Figure 11a,c,d), in contrast, is the flux of holes that successfully enter the interface

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• application-relevant at the interface between nutritional science and the pharmaceutical industry [46][47]. This study aims to elucidate how an organic MP suspension needs to be designed to enable energy- and process-efficient fragmentation with just one nominal laser pulse-per-particle (and practically only

• incidence fluence of (284 ± 45) mJ·cm−2. The estimated fluence values are defined as the incident fluence at the CJ interface. Of course, in the excited volume there are geometry-related fluence gradients due to refraction at the curved interface between ambient air and the liquid jet, as well as

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• promising, their performance is often limited by surface properties of the III–V semiconductor material, which furthermore can vary for individual nanowires. This includes native oxides on semiconductor surfaces and their possible removal, surface passivation, and interface defects [27]. Therefore, in-depth

• used to obtain detailed information about nanowire surface, interface composition, and chemical reactions averaging over thousands or millions of nanowires in ensemble measurements [28], SPEM allows to investigate individual semiconductor nanostructures [29]. We investigated the surface chemical

• the local binding energy position of the core level directly follows the energy of the valence and conduction band and thus the band-bending at the interface between the p- and n-doped segments, the observed shift in binding energy directly reflects the in-built potential of the p–n junction at the

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• confirmed by the matching orientations of the lattice planes, suggesting a coherent interface between the two materials. Similar results were reported by Chaudhuri et al. [19] and Elangoval and collaborators [20]. The XRD patterns reveal a relatively low contribution from the Ta2O5 and TaNO compounds, which

• interface between MgO substrate and TaN thin film. (d) Transversal section showing the interplanar spacing of TaN. (e) Indexed electron diffraction pattern of the TaN thin film. AFM image of the TaN film deposited at pN2 = 90 mTorr and T = 850 °C. Atomic composition of TaN thin films as function of pN2

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• (pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF), we enhanced the hole extracting material/perovskite junction quality in spiro-OMeTAD and in PTAA based devices. Measurements under illumination show that the improvement is caused by a reduced recombination rate at the perovskite/hole transporter interface. Keywords: cross-section

• /perovskite interface, in order to evaluate the effects of dopants such as BCF on the interfacial potential landscape in working devices. In this work we chose four HTL doping configurations that have been reported for high-performing solar cells [24][37][38]: (i) spiro-OMeTAD doped with LiTFSI and tBP, (ii

• illumination. Our results indicate that the inclusion of BCF has a passivating effect on iodide defects within the devices. Particularly, a major improvement on the diode character of the HTL/perovskite interface was observed, in both spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA cells. The details of device fabrication, ion milling

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• employed to determine structure and surface functionalities. Second, by employing TA, we aim to develop graphene layers rich in polyphenols to serve as a bioactive interface for cellular interactions. Given that TA possesses potential antioxidant properties, we assessed the in vitro free radical scavenging

• antioxidant characteristics. Given TA’s significant antioxidant potential due to its phenolic functional groups [17], it was hypothesized that graphene layers rich in phenols could serve as a biocompatible interface for PDL cells. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the FLG–TA biocomposite was evaluated by measuring

• partial antioxidant properties, creating an interface that reduces ROS and provides protection against oxidative stress for PDL cells (Figure 4). To investigate whether TA adsorption affects cell adhesion properties beyond ROS reduction, PDL cell growth was monitored at 24 and 48 h following treatment

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• understanding of material properties, particularly at the nanoscale, where phenomena such as quantum confinement, interface effects, and defect dynamics play a critical role. Innovations in characterization techniques have enabled researchers to explore these properties with unprecedented precision, paving the

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate (Fe(CO)4MA)) is studied in the gas phase using mass spectrometry and during electron-induced processes [7][8]. This issue also presents insights from initial studies using the novel (hfac)AgPMe3 precursor [9], which notably demonstrates a high level of purity at the interface with

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• interface materials being particularly rare. Currently, silicone rubber and, to a lesser extent, PU are the only elastomeric compounds that have demonstrated potential for such applications [133]. Aromatic PUs seem to be more stable than aliphatic PUs. PUs with no or few ether linkages have given rise to a

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• interdiffusion at the interface between the CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) alloy film and the Si wafer substrate [24]. This process initiates significant diffusion of Si atoms, starting at the film–substrate interface and extending into the thin film layer, leading to the formation of Si–O bonds. At an annealing

• temperature of 900 °C, Si diffusion intensifies, resulting in an increased thickness of the amorphous silicon oxide layer at the film–substrate interface [24]. The interdiffusion of Si, O, Cd, and Zn atoms near the SiOx layer (i.e., at the substrate–film interface) facilitates the formation of willemite

• Zn2SiO4 nanoparticles [24]. Previous investigations have elucidated that the out-diffusion of Zn2SiO4 nanoparticles from the film–substrate interface to the surface occurs with a larger unit cell volume (1569.22 Å3) compared to CdO (105.29 Å3) and ZnO (47.40 Å3) generating localized pressure [1]. This

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• ) approach. For instance, Bartoli et al. [8] reviewed the potential applications of nanostructured carbon coatings – such as nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based materials – to improve interaction on the interface between medical implants and living cells. Several biological materials exhibit

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• synthesis–attachment are long preparation times, the generation of hazardous organic solvent and ligand waste [15], and poor electrical contact at the nanoparticle–support interface, particularly for nanoparticles with surfactant-terminated surfaces [16]. Conventionally made nanoparticles rely on

• nanoparticles on supports. We surmise that our in situ decontaminated/activated carbon surfaces enabled immediate embedding of small nucleation sites, at which the laser made nanoparticles grow, resulting in superior physical and electrical contact at the nanoparticle–support interface (shown below). We used

• evidence for Au–C bonds in the XPS data, likely because the generated gold nanoparticles obscured any Au–C bonds that may have formed at the gold–carbon interface. XPS is surface-sensitive, with a typical probe depth limited to the top few nanometers of a material [63]. Therefore, underground (under the

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• than 5.78 eV, that is, the sum of CdTe electron affinity (4.28 eV) and bandgap (1.5 eV), would be required. Such a material is not available; therefore, the formation of a Schottky barrier is unavoidable. Because of the small 0.1 eV valance band offset at the CdTe/ZnTe interface, which is best for

• the interference of two beams, one reflected from the surface and the other from the film–substrate interface. The occurrence of interference fringes in the transmittance spectra implies that there is a well-defined boundary between film and substrate and that films with uniform thickness were grown

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• are desired. When exposed to visible light, electrons at a lower CB location on SC2 interact with holes on the VB of SC1 via the heterojunction interface (Figure 5e) or an intermediary conducting medium (Figure 5f). This enables the photocatalyst to maintain high redox capacity. Efficiency of

• heterojunction interface matching, and limited carrier transfer routes [85]. Bi-based materials for the degradation of antibiotics include various compounds such as Sillén-type BiOX, scheelite structures (BiVO4, BiOIO3, Bi2O3, and Bi2S3), Aurivillius-type Bi2MO6 (M = Mo, Cr, and W), and other composites

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• photodynamic therapy can be obtained [1][2][3][4][5]. It has been shown that CNs have an anti-amyloid aggregation activity, and some of them (i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) are able to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits and play an important role in the modulation of neurobiological

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• functional groups can drastically enhance MOF-membrane polymer compatibility [24]. Last, the rich MOF chemistry and tunability pave the way to advanced MMMs with specialized functionality for CO2 separation. For MOF-integrated MMM fabrication, the MOF–polymer matrix interface is crucial to its CO2 separation

• performance (as detailed further in section 3.5). Although the organic linkers within the MOF typically offer support to the membrane polymer matrix, the interface between the MOF and the matrix may still be suboptimal. In this case, the CO2 separation performance of the finalized MOF-based MMM may be

• considerably impaired compared to that of the pristine MOF [86]. The major issue arising from such incompatibility is the formation of void defects within the MMM due to insufficient adhesion between the MOF interface and the polymer matrix. Such voids act as non-specific permeation sites [80]. Consequently

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• PEDOT:PSS are the two HTLs that are analyzed concerning the double perovskite material LNMO. The HTL needs better conductivity, better electron blocking, and more hole mobility for better carrier transportation at the perovskite/HTL interface. It is hydrophobic with a wider bandgap and does not easily

• important part of a PSC. It blocks electrons, and only holes are captured to make carrier transportation feasible across the perovskite/HTL interface. Here, the impact of both inorganic Cu2O and organic PEDOT:PSS as HTLs is studied. The simulation of the FTO/WS2/LNMO/Cu2O/Au device with increasing thickness

• both HTL materials (Table 3 and Figure 3). The increase of the PCE with Cu2O signifies a better absorption of light with minimum reflection and, hence, increased carrier transportation across the interface. Cu2O is inorganic, and the high temperature leads to improved hole mobility and better charge

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• (reaction engineering, transport of diluted species, laminar flow, and chemistry interface), create the geometry of the sensor within a gas chamber, and select the materials. We then set up the physics with boundary conditions, mesh the geometry using tetrahedral and triangular elements, and define study

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• test users were engaged in assessing the tool’s usefulness and interface usability. Regular feedback during all phases of the development was crucial in guiding the development process with regards to defining and prioritising the requirements in terms of nodes and edges. An instance map can be created

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• , 15, 30, 35 and 40 °C using a self-made cryo-stage made from copper and equipped with a heater. The stage was cooled via a thick strand of copper wires connected to a Meissner trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. The temperature was controlled via a heating element inserted as an interface layer between