Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• carrier for other heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Pb, Co or Ni into the cells – a so-called Trojan Horse mechanism. Using an ensemble learning approach that implements gradient boosting and bagging algorithms, four models were developed (i.e., a random forest, AdaBoost, Gradient Boost, and Extreme Gradient

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• resistivity, especially metals, which, when applied in antennas, guarantee good radiation of electromagnetic (EM) waves into free space. Applications of wireless technology are constantly expanding regarding short-range connections, like wireless local area networks and Bluetooth, and wide-area coverage, like

• increased from 0.5 to 5.0 μm, the gain changed from 14% up to 70% [19]. MWCNTs were also mixed with conductive polymers [20][21] or with metals [22], showing sizeable improvements in the response. More recently, a novel material based on a 3D self-standing CNT assembly, often denoted as carbon nanotube

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• ], including pure metals [40][41][42][43], semiconductors [44][45][46][47], or dielectric materials [48][49], in organic [41][50] or inorganic solvents [41][50][51][52]. Although initial NP production rates via PLAL were limited to a few milligram per hour, recent advancements in high-power, high-repetition

• , which makes CLAL unfeasible for continuous or large-scale nanoparticle production [5]. Nanosecond pulses significantly reduce the thermal interaction with the liquid, but their pulse duration is longer than the typical material electron–phonon relaxation time, of the order of 0.1–10 ps for metals

• spread through the material. Prolonged energy deposition enables heat conduction, causing a significant increase in temperature over a wider area of the material, leading to gradual heating, melting, and vaporisation [182]. Since the pulse duration exceeds the thermalisation time of most metals [162

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• the normal layer with vF the Fermi velocity and l the electron mean free path. For typical Fermi velocities [36] and low-temperature mean free paths measured in normal metals, ξN lies in the range of tens to hundreds of nanometers. According to Belzig et al. [37], the superconducting correlation in N

• function of the magnetic field was investigated to understand how normal metals and ferromagnetic materials affect vortex motion. The experimental data show that the NbRe/Py bilayer exhibits larger critical vortex velocities than those of the NbRe/Au structure. Furthermore, the estimation of the energy

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• technique for nanoscale patterning, leveraging the precision of scanning probe microscopy, relying specifically on atomic force microscopy. This review explores the materials utilized in LAO experiments, including semiconductors, metals, insulators, two-dimensional (2D) materials, and emerging

• heterostructures. Semiconductors such as silicon and silicon carbide remain foundational due to their controllable oxidation kinetics, while metals like titanium and aluminum offer opportunities for plasmonic and optical applications. 2D materials, including graphene, graphene oxide, and transition metal

• aims to highlight the capability of LAO to pattern two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene [20][21][22], hexagonal boron nitride [23] (hBN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [21][24][25][26][27], metals [18][28][29], as well as traditional semiconductors such as silicon (Si) [6][10][30

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• type of transformation, particularly for the oxidative dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidone to the corresponding N-alkyl-2,3-dihydropyridin-4(1H)-one. Table 3 compares the N-methyl-4-piperidone substrate in this work with the best results reported in the literature using supported metals. Notably

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• three samples over the depth shown here, and to greater depth (>50 nm). Phosphorous is a common additive to copper metals during the smelting process, to aid removal of oxygen and improve the copper material performance, in terms of strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance, although there can be a

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• the first testimonies of protection of artworks, in particular of those made of metals, can be traced back to around 50 C.E., in the Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder [18], using organic substances (bitumen, pitch, and oil) for preservation purposes. Pliny cited De Agri Cultura, by Cato

• exhibited self-cleaning behavior by breaking down organic pollutants (Figure 4a,b). The optimal formulations preserved activity outdoors and under accelerated ageing conditions (Figure 4c,d). Overall, the adopted methodology did not require heavy metals and employed biodegradable, low-cost precursors. These

• protection of such substrates are mainly focused on providing superhydrophobic properties of the artworks (see the dedicated section on superhydrophobic coatings). Metal substrates Metals are exposed to a wide range of threats from the environment, as well as from human actions. Thus, approaches have been

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• Tc, in the ballistic regime, the pair amplitude decays exponentially in a NM according to the expression where the characteristic decay length is given by in clean metals and K−1 = ξn in dirty metals. Here, vn is the Fermi velocity in the NM, and z is the distance from the NS interface [2][7][26][27

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• detail due to the focus here on structurally intrinsic chiral plasmonic nanostructures (cPNSs). 2 Constructing chiral plasmonic nanostructures using CPL Light can drive the collective oscillation of the free electrons in metals, known as surface plasmons in a plasmonic metal nanostructure. Part of the

• with large g-factors. Section 2.3 will address this issue with the strategy of modifying the surface ligands on PNSs to create chiral PNSs. The non-radiative decay of hot carriers can heat the PNSs. Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, isolated PNSs usually feature uniform temperature

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• urban runoff have resulted in plastic pollution increasing in Nainital Lake, a popular tourist destination, threatening aquatic biodiversity [2]. Nazir et al. state that MPs pollute water bodies by accumulating in food chains and bearing toxic contaminants such as heavy metals. This problem is

• vulnerable to the action of plasticizers. Consumption of these substances interferes with metabolic processes and leads to bioaccumulation of toxic compounds, like heavy metals linked with MPs [11]. Altitude lake sediments contain high concentrations of MPs, which interfere with benthic assemblages and

• metabolic disturbance in aquatic life [114]. MPs also act as carriers of hydrophobic organic pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants, which are more harmful when ingested [23]. Trophic transfer issues are generated by the bioaccumulation of MPs in fish, with birds and

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• fixative used, as shown by Gruet et al. [10], and this could also explain the differences reported between studies. It is worth noting that a previous study conducted on S. alveolata found small amounts of iron and manganese in the glands’ periphery [10]. However, these metals were not detected in this

• , contains His-rich blocks that can form cross-links with transition metal ions, particularly copper ions [43]. These metals were not detected in this study, however. Another candidate, Sa-3C, was also identified through the in silico analyses. This candidate has a diblock copolymer structure containing a N

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• composition on the shape of the resulting NPs is demonstrated in Figure 5, where the TEM images of the NPs produced by Nd:YAG (1064 nm) nanosecond laser ablation of W and Ti targets in different solvents are presented. For both metals, the ablation in water produces spherical NPs, while in octane, the W

• to be quite versatile and applied to the nanosecond laser synthesis of nanowires of various metals including noble (Au [48][49], Cu [49]), alkali, and alkali-earth metals (Rb [49], Cs [49], Ba [49]) as well as refractory metals (Nb [50], W [50], Re [50] and Mo [50]). Upon interaction with a high

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• percentage values in Figure 4a. Figure 4b presents a visual representation of the ratio of gallium to the total metal content in the final structures. This allows for a comparison of gallium content to other metals within these structures, highlighting variations or trends among the different precursors. The

• data shows that, in the final metallic structures, precursor 1 yields a significantly higher gallium-to-other-metals ratio compared the other precursors. We also examined the relationship between ion fluence Fh and both the total metal content and the gallium content in the resulting structures. This

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• , particularly in dentistry. This scoping review examines the rising focus on these nanoparticles regarding their antimicrobial, regenerative, and therapeutic potential in dental applications. Among the metals studied, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles dominate because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial

• biomaterials [16][17]. Owing to their high adaptability to various metals, including silver, zinc, iron, and platinum, their operational simplicity, and the ability to control nanoparticle size and morphology by selecting plant extracts and reaction conditions, green synthesis is gaining increasing prominence

• (Figure 3). This increase may be primarily related to the recent pursuit of sustainable and biocompatible methods. Plants, metals, and methods used in green synthesis The predominance of plant families such as Lamiaceae (n = 15), Fabaceae (n = 12), Myrtaceae (n = 8), Asteraceae (n = 7), and Zingiberaceae

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• (MPs) related to public health and environmental risks have gained significant attention [1]. Because of their small size, high surface area, and hydrophobic properties, MPs can act as vectors for toxic chemicals, including heavy metals (lead, cadmium, or mercury) and persistent organic pollutants like

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• , and pronounced plasmonic effects in the visible spectrum [5]. These synergistic characteristics make Ag ions especially advantageous for multifunctional material modification [6]. Silver is one of the metals with the highest electrical conductivity, and its ion implantation is an effective method for

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• precious metals such as Rh, Pd, and Pt [14][15]. Their atom-level dispersion maximizes surface exposure and minimizes metal consumption, which is critical for both economic and environmental sustainability. However, their inherently low site density and metastability under reaction conditions present

• agglomeration, especially at elevated temperatures, requires advanced strategies. Accordingly, diverse approaches have been developed to realize stable SACs across a wide range of metals and supports. Among these, site-selective atomic layer deposition [16], supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other toxic contaminants, increasing their potential risks to living ecosystems and organisms [9][10]. MPs have low density, variable sizes, high persistence, and non-biodegradable nature. These characteristics make their removal difficult, especially in aquatic environments [11

• plankton development, lifespan and reproduction, and growth [45]. MPs function as carriers for heavy metals, resulting in their accumulation in the digestive systems of fish. This accumulation can negatively affect fish by impairing their activity, stunting growth, disrupting reproduction, and potentially

• contaminated with MPs. Meanwhile, a higher cost of these adsorbents limit their use for the removal of MPs [82]. Research is actively exploring alternative adsorbents, with a particular focus on nanomaterial-based options. Among these, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoscale metals, nanocomposites, and metal oxides

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• germanium-based alloys with various metals, as well as emerging heterostructure systems, to achieve tailored electronic and optical properties suited for diverse transient device architectures. Bioresorbable metals are also regarded as essential components for interconnects and electrodes in transient

• electronic systems. Traditionally studied bioresorbable metals include magnesium, zinc, and their alloy AZ31B [51][52]. Mg has been utilized as a transient conductive material in implantable pressure and temperature sensors, where it served as the interconnects and electrodes and underwent complete

• bioresorbable electronic platforms [52]. However, the available range of bioresorbable metals remains limited. Mg and Zn exhibit rapid degradation under physiological conditions, with rates reaching approximately 1.2–12 µm/day (Mg; pH 7.4 simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C) [54][55][56][57] and 3.5 µm/day (Zn

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• metals from water solution [28][29][30]. However, the poor dispersibility of bare CNTs in most solvents including water is a significant limitation to their wider applicability. Covalent modification of CNT surfaces with dendrimers of desirable functionality can improve their dispersibility and binding

• of trace heavy metals from aqueous solutions explaining the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption process. Results and Discussion Dendrimerized CNTs have been fabricated by pre-functionalizing the CNTs with MA via Diels–Alder reaction, excluding harmful chemicals and energy-intensive processes

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• . These techniques have been important for progress in this field of study. 1.1 Laser ablation in liquids Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) is a well-established technique for synthesizing nanomaterials such as metals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and alloys. Several review articles published since

• detailed discussion of their resulting applications is also available [11]. One of the earlier review articles (published in the year 2012) on laser ablation/irradiation explains how to attain nanostructures with various compositions (e.g., metals, alloys, oxides, carbides, and hydroxides) and morphologies

• engineering, and energy storage. LFL can be applied to a wide range of materials, including metals such as gold, silver, or copper, semiconductors, and perovskites materials. The method is versatile enough to cater to the synthesis of NPs across different compositions, making it a valuable tool for

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• modifiers, magnetic-derived amphoteric metals and cooperative microbes [31][32][33][34]. Traditional biochar synthesis aims to optimize specific surface area and structural stability by controlling reaction time, heating rate and reactor temperature [35]. For example, biochar produced from oilseed rape