Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• mark a decisive advance in the study of 2D semiconductors. Defects in TMDs and h-BN host localized excitonic states and robust single-photon emission [119], yet, their spectroscopic variability has remained enigmatic. Far-field optical probes have revealed striking spatial heterogeneity in emission

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• nanoparticulate morphology, improved nanostructural stability, and were more repellent for platelets. This is an important finding in terms of searching for robust and versatile hemocompatible coatings, as platelet–surface interactions are strongly influenced by nanoscale chemistry and topography. PTYR

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• ]. Ferroelectrics also host a wide variety of nonuniform topological soliton-like polarization states, especially at the nanoscale [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The presence of such topological states provides not only robust multistability but also new functional degrees of freedom, including topologically

• and −1 polarizations, the corresponding field trajectory is saved. These trajectories encode distinct input histories and illustrate how the reservoir transforms temporal sequences into spatial polarization patterns. Such behavior enables robust nonlinear signal processing and supports the

• supports multiple polarization states with hysteretic switching, enabling robust information storage and processing. The assembled ferroelectric reservoir exhibits behavior governed by a frustrated Ising-type energy landscape, where the polarization configuration minimizes the electrostatic energy of the

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• that NbRe thin films are polycrystalline with oriented grains of nanometric size, of the order of a few nanometers [20][21]. Furthermore, earlier investigations have demonstrated that the superconducting and transport properties of NbRe are robust against moderate thickness variations [19]. These

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• variability in CNT integration. For this reason, CNT tips may show excellent results in specific cases [62] but do not consistently outperform robust commercial Si tips. Conductive or semiconductive substrates facilitate the process, while insulating substrates may require additional surface treatments [63

• . Additionally, the stability and integration of SiO2 within semiconductor workflows make it a reliable choice for robust electronic devices. However, silicon’s limitations include dependence on stringent surface preparation, Si crystal orientation (higher reaction rate on the (111) surface than on the other

• suitability for high-temperature environments. The formation of mixed oxides [91] (SiOxCy) during LAO provides opportunities for tailoring electrical properties, making SiC valuable for robust microelectronic and power devices. Its self-limiting oxide growth allows for precise control of layer thickness

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• ), confirming its comparatively lower overall catalytic performance. This trend corroborates the earlier observation that Au-Cit/rGO is more effective for short reaction times, whereas Au-SiW9/rGO proves to be the most robust and efficient for prolonged catalytic processes. The catalyst Au@SiW9 also appears to

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• networks, where standardized information on nanomaterial properties and toxicity profiles can be used to train increasingly robust ML models. Overall, the synergy between the SSbD concept, advanced ML/AI algorithms, and comprehensive regulatory directives fosters a future-oriented model of nanotechnology

• , inconsistently formatted, and insufficiently annotated for robust ML/AI model training [63][64]. Moreover, these datasets often arise from disparate sources – academic research labs, industrial R&D facilities, and public databases – each with its own protocols and measurement standards. Such heterogeneity

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• ) layer. Subsequently, the authors incorporated the PCA-coated VCMs into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, significantly reducing the thermal conductivity of the coatings and improving their surface hydrophobicity. The coating provided robust protection for concrete, enhancing abrasion resistance and

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• of toepad evolution in Cyrtodactylus, Riedel et al. [43] identified two robust transitions towards macroscopically identifiable incipient toepads within the genus, one at the base of the brevipalmatus group and one at the base of the Melanesian trunk clade (the common ancestor of C. novaeguineae and

• encountered on rocks and rock formations. This diverse habitat type includes ecotypes living on granite outcrops, sandstone, karst formations, and in cave systems. Such species are associated with varying terrain roughness and incline. Species within the granite ecotype tend to be robust and are limited to

• ]. Species of the trunk ecotype are often the largest and most robust species in the genus [41][105][106] and are typically found on tree trunks or branches at varying heights, relying on natural features of the trunk surface for refugia. Structural niche preference and subdigital scale shape of the 27

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• force profile and the distance along which the NPs are pushed, offering a more robust measure of interfacial adhesion. To provide a reliable and accurate measure of the energy required to manipulate the NPs, the total work of manipulation (Wm) was calculated by taking the integral of lateral force (LF

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• of robust Nb-based technologies, whereas the electrodes of the transmission lines where the junctions are implemented can be fabricated using Nb compounds. In a work by Uzawa et al. the generation of up to 800 GHz was observed [29]. When a JJ array is properly matched to the load, its radiation power

• IVC of the JJ array when the PLL mode is active is shown in Figure 10. The current step induced by the PLL system is approx. 0.5 mA, which is three orders of magnitude higher than the characteristic noise level in the current bias system (≈0.5 μA) and thermal noise. This shows the robust nature of the

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• disruption of the native gel morphology by avoiding aggregation or artefacts associated with high fluorophore loadings, an effect previously observed in such systems [26]. As illustrated in Figure 3A,B, the DPP-BC-containing gels exhibited a robust network of interconnected fibres and bundles across the CLSM

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• stability of superconducting hybrid devices. For NS junctions with large positive curvature, that is, for quasi-low-dimensional structures, a robust proximity gap emerges, persisting over extended distances because of enhanced superconducting correlations. However, real systems often exhibit a soft gap in

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• conclusions are robust and not sensitive to the specific choice of these model parameters. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows results of numerically solving the BdG equations in a self-consistent manner for n = 12 and tA = 1.5. In this case, Fn=12 = 233; consequently, the number of atomic sites in the

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• impact of nanomaterials. These protocols should go over short-sighted strategies like recycling and usage restrictions. Similarly, to how systematic regulations exist for human cell research or radioactive materials, nanomaterial research must also be governed by robust guidelines to prevent uncontrolled

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• is particularly problematic at high altitudes, including the Himalayas. Implementation of sophisticated analysis methods and sampling is limited due to extreme climatic conditions like below-freezing temperatures, strong UV irradiation, and poor infrastructure [31]. Portable and robust field-friendly

• body upon ingestion as an emerging issue [10]. With increasing evidence of MP pollution in remote, high-altitude ecosystems, there is a pressing need to limit their impacts. Establishment of robust surveillance regimes, policy measures, and ecofriendly waste disposal methods in the Himalayas is

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , indicating robust crystallization. Moreover, the presence of prominent peaks aligning with (220), (311), (420), and (511) planes confirmed alignment with XRD results. Furthermore, utilizing particle size distribution analysis, the crystallite size of average particles was estimated, as illustrated in the

• ratio and enhanced surface reactivity [30]. These features, combined with the tunable surface chemistry of nanoparticles, allow for efficient interactions with free radicals and facilitate electron transfer reactions, resulting in robust antioxidant activity [49]. This activity involves scavenging free

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• essential to realise the clinical potential of CNM-based DDSs. Key priorities include developing robust protocols for assessing efficacy, reproducibility, and safety; such protocols are ideally tailored to account for nanocarrier-specific properties and cancer heterogeneity. The standardisation process

• . Translating CNM-based nanocarriers from conception to clinic demands a rigorous and standardised approach across all stages of development. Key considerations highlighted include the need for robust and reproducible synthesis and characterisation methods to ensure consistency and minimise batch-to-batch

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• employs non-resonant and higher eigenmode frequencies to achieve robust topographical and compositional mapping. Our experimental results indicate that the superposition of high-eigenmode vibrations, when applied at low amplitudes, does not significantly interfere with the topographical and nanomechanical

• ) and a stiff probe (NSC15/Al BS) demonstrates that our method yields closely matched topography (~4 nm step height between the thinner and thicker nanosheet regions), confirming the robust height fidelity of the present approach. Quantitative modulus maps exhibit pronounced probe-dependence; the soft

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• /s. For a displacement (εls) of 1 nm and a velocity () of 0.7 m/s, our load step time (Δtls) then corresponded to 1.4 ns according to Equation 11. The parameter study for our previous multiscale polymer models [47] showed that such an approach, in general, is robust with respect to the number of

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• adapted for chiral separations, providing robust, reproducible methods for enantiomeric resolution. Chiral chromatography is a pivotal technique in the separation and analysis of chiral compounds, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, where the distinction between different enantiomers of a

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• membrane applications. Thermal and crystalline analyses demonstrated improved thermal stability upon NE-βCp incorporation. Collectively, these results provide robust evidence for the feasibility of producing multifunctional nanofiber membranes that successfully integrate a polymer–lipid hybrid core

• advancements in the controlled release of diverse bioactive compounds [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Among the various nanostructured platforms explored for these purposes, nanofibers have gained attention due to their high surface area, adjustable porosity, and robust mechanical properties, which set them apart from